chapter 
the end ; wholly ; entirely ; to the close, as of life or of a 
course of action. 
chapter (chap'ter), T. t. [< chapter, n,, after F. 
chapitrer (< chapilre), reprimand in presence of 
the whole chapter, censure : see chapter, n.] If. 
To bring to book; tax with a fault; correct; 
censure. 
He more than ouce arraigns him for the inconstancy of 
his judgment, and chapters even his own Aratus on the 
same head. Dryden, Char, of Polybills. 
2. To arrange or divide into chapters, as a lit- 
erary composition. [Rare.] 
chapteral (chap'ter-al), a. [< chapter + -al.] 
Of or pertaining to a chapter of a religious body, 
an order, or a society. 
There was held at Dijon only one out of the twenty-three 
chapters [Order of the Golden Fleece] which took place 
before the Papal authority dispensed altogether with the 
obligation of chapteral elections. N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 81. 
chapter-house (chap'ter-hous), n. [< ME. 
cliapitrc-liom, also chapitel-hous ; < chapter + 
house.] A building attached to a cathedral or 
religious house in which the chapter meets for 
the transaction of business. Chapter-houses are of 
different forms, some being parallelograms, some octag- 
onal, and others decagonal. Many have a vestibule, and 
crypts are frequently found under them, chapter-houses 
serving not unfrequently as burial-places for clerical dig- 
nitaries. Many are among the most notable monuments 
of medieval architecture. See cut under cathedral. 
That mighty Abbey, whose chapter-house plays so great 
a part in the growth of the restored freedom of England. 
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II. 333. 
In 1352 the chapterhouse is regarded as the chamber of 
the commons. Stubbs, Const. Hist. (2d ed.), 749. 
chapter-lands (chap'ter-landz), n. pi. Lands 
belonging to the chapter of a cathedral, etc. 
Chaptia (chap'ti-a), . [NL. (Hodgson, 1837) ; 
from a native name.] A genus of drongo- 
shrikes, of the family Dicruridce. The tail is forked 
and has only 10 rectrices ; the plumage has a scaly or span- 
gled appearance, due to the metallic luster of the tips of 
the feathers ; and dense frontal plumules are extended on 
the base of the upper mandible. There are several spe- 
cies, as C. ceiiea, C. malayensis, and C. brauniana, rang- 
ing throughout India, Burma, the 
Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, 
and Formosa. Also called Prepop- 
terus (Hodgson, 1844) and Entomo- 
letes (Sundevall, 1872). 
chaptrel (chap ' trel), n. 
[Dim. of chapiter 1 .] The 
capital of a pillar or pilas- 
ter which supports an arch: 
more commonly called im- 
post. 
chapwoman (chap'wum"- 
an). 
pi. ckapwomen 
Chaptrel (<?). 
(-wim"en). [< chap, as in 
chapman, + woman."] A 
woman who buys and sells ; a female trader. 
Massinger. [Rare.] 
char 1 , chare 1 (char, char), n. [< ME. char, 
charr, cher, cherre, pi. charres, cherres, also 
chare, chere, pi. chares, clieres (the form chare 
being due rather to the verb form chare), a par- 
ticular time, a particular thing to do, also, 
rarely, a turn or turning, < AS. cerr, cierr, cirr, 
cyrr, m., a particular time, a particular thing 
to do, an affair (with short vowel, but orig. long, 
cerr), =MD. D. keer, m., a turn, circuit, tour, 
time, = MLG. here, LG. her, f ., a turn, direction, 
= OHG. cher, MHG. leer, m., also OHG. chera, 
MHG. leere, t., G. kehr, f., a turn, turning, di- 
rection; not found in Scand. or Gothic. See 
char 1 , chare 1 , v. In the sense of ' a particular 
thing to do, a job,' the word exists also in the 
form chore, formerly also spelled choar, with 
a var. choor, also spelled chewer, early mod. E. 
chewre, pointing to a ME. *chore or *chore. See 
chore 1 , n. Hence in comp. ajar for *achar; cf. 
charQ.] If. A turn. 
Thanne he maketh therto char. 
Bestiary, 1. 843 (Old Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris). 
2f. A particular time. 
The thridde time riht also, and [the] feorthe cherre, & 
te vifte cherre. Ancren Riwle, p. 36. 
3f. A motion ; an act. 
Bote as tou [thou] here me aboute, ne migt I do the leste 
char. 
Debate of Body and Soul, 1. 157 (Latin Poems attrib. to 
[Walter Mapes, ed. Wright, p. 334). 
While thou holdes mete in nionthe, be war 
To drynke, that is un-honest char, 
And also fysike for-bedes hit, 
And sais thou may be choket at that byt. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 302. 
4. [In this use regularly, in the U. S., chore: 
see etym.] A particular thing to do ; a single 
piece of work ; a job ; in the plural, miscellane- 
ous jobs ; work done by the day. See chore 1 . 
For beof ne for bakoun, ne for swich stor of house, 
Unnethe [hardly] wolde eny don a char. 
Political Songs (ed. Wright), p. 341. 
926 
And drowse his swerde prively, 
That the childe were not war 
Ar he had done that char. 
Cursor Muntli. (Halliwell.) 
The maid that milks, 
And does the meanest chares. 
Shak., A. and C., iv. 13. 
Intellectual ability is not so common or so unimportant 
a gift that it should be allowed to run to waste upon mere 
handicrafts and chares. Huxley, Universities. 
char 1 , chare 1 (char, char), v. ; pret. and pp. 
charred, chared, ppr. charring, charing. [< ME. 
charren, cherren, also charen, cheren, < AS. cer- 
ren, cierran, cyrran, orig. cerran, turn, return, = 
OFries. kera = MD. keren, D. keeren = LG. 
keren = OHG. cheran, cheren, keran, keren, cher- 
ran, cherren, MHG. keren, G. kehren, turn, re- 
turn: see char 1 , chare 1 , n. For the senses cf. 
turn and wend!] I. trans. If. To turn ; give 
another direction to. 
Satenas [Satan] our wai will charre ; 
Forthi behones us be waire 
That we ga bi na wrange sties. 
Metrical Homilies, p. 52. 
2f. To lead or drive. 
The lorde hym charred to a chambre. 
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 850. 
Take good eyd to our com 
And chare away the crowe. 
Coventry Mysteries, p. 325. 
3. To stop or turn back: in this sense only 
chare. [North. Eng.] 
Charyn, or geynecopyn [var. agen stondyn], sisto. 
Prompt. Parv., p. 70. 
4. To separate (chaff) from the grain : in this 
sense only chare. [Prov. Eng.] 5. [Seecftar 1 , 
chare 1 , n., 4, and cf. chore 1 , r.] To do; per- 
form; execute. 
All's char'd when he is gone. 
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 2. 
II. intrans. If. To turn; return. 
He charde ajein sone eft in to Borne. 
Layamon, III. 182. 
2f. To go ; wend. 
Tharvore anan to hire cherde 
Thrusche and throstle. 
Owl and Nightingale, 1. 1656. 
Leue askede hem horn to faren 
With wines and childre thethen [thence] charen. 
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1611. 
3. [In this sense usually chare.'] To work in 
the house of another by the day ; do chares or 
chores ; do small jobs. 
" Mother goes out charinq, sir," replied the girl. 
Thackeray, The Curate's Walk. 
char 2 (char), v. t. ; pret. and pp. charred, ppr. 
charring. [Due to char- in charcoal, rather 
than to char 1 , ME. charren, turn, return, which 
does not occur in ME. in a sense connected with 
that of c/idr 2 . See chark% and charcoal.] 1. To 
burn or reduce to charcoal. 
A way of charring sea-coal wherein it is in aboxit three 
hours or less . . . brought to charcoal. 
Boyle, Works, II. 141. 
2. To burn the surface of more or less: as, to 
char the inside of a barrel (a process regularly 
employed for some purposes) ; the timbers were 
badly charred. =Syn. See scorch. 
char 2 (char), n. [See char 2 , v., and charcoal.'] 
Charcoal. 
The sun itself will become cold as a cinder, dead as a 
burned-out char. H. W. Warren, Astronomy, p. 21. 
A filter is a big iron drum containing ten thousand 
pounds of animal bone-black. The "char" must be washed 
with hot water every two days and dried in a kiln. 
The Century, XXXV. 113. 
char 3 (char), v. t. ; pret. and pp. charred, ppr. 
charring. [Origin uncertain; perhaps a par- 
ticular use of char 1 or char 2 .] In building, to 
hew; work, as stone. Oxford Glossary. 
char 4 (char), n. [Formerly also written charr, 
chare, < Gael, ceara = Ir. cear, red, blood-col- 
ored; cf. Gael, and Ir. cear^ blood. The W. 
name is torgoch, lit. red-bellied, < tor, belly, + 
coch, red,] A fish of the family Salmonides and 
Char, or A-nerican Brook-trout (Satvtlinus foHtinalis}. 
( From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.) 
genus Salvelinus. All the species were formerly 
ranged in the genus Salmo, and several fishes which are 
properly chars are called salmon or trout. There is but 
characinid 
one generally recognized species in Europe, Kalvelimu 
alpinw, the common red char, formerly called Salmo 
umbla, of which the so-called Windennere char and the 
Welsh torgoch or redbelly are by most considered to be 
varieties. It inhabits clear cold waters of Switzerland. 
Germany, Scandinavia, and Great Britain. The American 
char nearest the European is known as the Raiiyelcy lakr. 
(in Maine) trout, Salvelinus oquassa. The -Floebcrg char 
of arctic America is S. arcturu*. The common American 
brook-trout, S. fontinalis, is also a char. Chars are among 
the most beautiful and delicious of the salmon family. 
They are distinguished fruin the true trouts by having the 
vomer boat-shaped and without teeth in its shaft. The 
colors also are characteristic. 
char 5 t, chare 3 t, " [ME., also cJiarre, an assibi- 
lated form of car 1 , q. v.] A car; a chariot. 
About his char ther wenten white alauns. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1290. 
[She] passes owte of the palesse with alle hir price may- 
denys, 
Towarde Chestyre in a charre thay chese hir the wayes. 
Morte Arthnre (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3917. 
Therby also, not ferre frome Jordan, is the place where 
Elyas the prophete was rauysshed into heuyn in a golde 
chare. Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 42. 
char 6 (char), adv. and a. [Short for "achur 
foTajar: see ajar.] Ajar. Halliwell. [North. 
Eng.] 
char 7 (char), n. [Appar. a particular use of F. 
char, a car, wagon.] An old wine-measure. In 
Geneva it was about 145 United States gallons. 
char 8 (char), n. [E. Ind.] An island or sand- 
bank formed in a stream. 
The great Indian rivers, therefore, not only supply new 
ground by depositing chars or islands in their beds, etc. 
W. W. Hunter, The Indian Empire, p. 44. 
The gradual formation of chars and bars of sand in the 
upper part of its [the Brahmaputra's] course has diverted 
the main volume of water into the present channel of the 
Jamuna. Encyc. Brit., XV. 295. 
Chara 1 (ka'ra), n. [NL., < Gr. x a P a , delight, 
< x a 'P uv > rejoice.] 1. A genus of cellular 
cryptogamous plants, natural order Characem 
(which see). They grow in pools and slow streams, 
rooting in the ground and growing erect. Some species, 
as Chara fcetida, when taken out of the water emit a very 
disagreeable odor, like that of sulphureted hydrogen. 
They occur all over the world, but chiefly in temperate 
countries. 
2. [I. c.] A plant 
of this genus. 
Chara 2 (ka'ra), n. 
The name of the 
southernmost of 
the two hounds in 
the constellation 
Canes Venatici. 
char-a-bancs(shar- 
a-bon'),i. [F.char- 
& -banes: char, a 
car; a, with; banes, 
benches: see car 1 , 
bank 1 , and bench.] 
A long and light 
vehicle furnished 
with transverse 
seats, and general- 
ly open at the sides 
or inclosed with 
curtains. Some- 
times charabanc. 
We were met by a sort of char-d-bancs, or American 
wagon, with three seats, one behind the other, all facing 
the horses. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. xiv. 
Characeae (ka-ra'se-e), . pi. [NL., < Chara + 
-acea;.'] A small group of submerged chlorophyl- 
bearing cryptogamous plants, nearly related to 
the algse and consisting of slender-jointed stems 
which bear whorls of leaves at regular intervals. 
The leaves bear leaflets and the organs of fructification. 
The antheridia are spherical bodies composed externally 
of eight triangular shield-shaped segments, inclosing a 
great number of filaments. In each joint or cell of the 
latter is produced one antherozoid coiled spirally. The 
carpogonium consists of a central cell which, after fertili- 
zation, becomes the fruit and is inclosed by 6 cells twisted 
spirally around it. The species are usually grouped in 
two families, each containing two genera. In the Cha- 
rece, represented by Chara, the stem and leaves are some- 
times covered with a cortical layer of cells and are some- 
times naked. The leaves are in whorls of from 6 to 12, and 
the leaflets are always one-celled. In Nitelleai, represented 
by NiteUa, the stems are never corticated, and the leaflets 
are in whorls of from 5 to 8, and often more than one- 
celled. The circulation of the protoplasm is easily ob- 
served in the cells of many Characece. Several species are 
incrusted with lime and are very brittle. 
characeous (ka-ra'shius), a. In lot., belong- 
ing to or resembling the Characece. 
characin (kar'a-sin), . A fish of the family 
Characinicke. 
Characinae (kar-a-si'ne), n. pi. Same as Cha- 
racinina>. 
characine (kar'a-sin), a. Of or pertaining to 
the Characinina;'oT Characinida?. 
characinid (ka-ras'i-nid), n. A fish of the fam- 
ily Characinidai. 
