chiroplast 
invented by J. B. Logier in London, about 1810, 
for training the hands of beginners in piano- 
forte-playing. It consisted "I complex aiTanacments 
to sustain and ^uide tltt- wrist ami I In- lingers. A >nnpli 
Mention of tlic machine, invented by Katklireimrr in 1818, 
is still in occasional use. 
967 
+ NL. -item.] The fore limb or anterior mem- 
ber of a vertebrate animal developed in a h;i mi- 
like manner, or having the same morphologic*] 
elements as a hand: contrasted with i 
chiropod (ki'ro-pod), . [< NL. 'Clttromu, pi. 
Chiro/iiMlii, < Or. X"P< hand. + -/'; (7ro<t-) = E. 
foot.] One of the Chiro/Miiln ; a mammal with 
hands, nr IVct resembling hands. 
Chiropoda (ki-rop'o-dii), it. pi. [NL., pi. of 
"Cliiropiix: see flWropod.] Hand-footed mam- 
mals: a name given by Ogilby to an artificial 
group of the Miiniiiitiliii containing those whose 
limbs terminate in hands, or feet that may be 
used as hands. They are dlrldad Into !Mima,Qadru- 
nun*", and I'ediniaHa or 'foot-handed' animals, such as 
some of the monkeys, the lemurs, and the opossums. [Not 
In use.) 
chiropodist (ki-rop'6-dit), H. [< Gr. x t! P, hand, 
+ Troi'if (n-orf-), = E. foot, + -/*<.] One who 
treats diseases or malformations of the hands 
or feet; especially, a surgeon for the feet, 
hands, and nails; a cutter or extractor of corns 
and callosities ; a corn-doctor. 
chiropodous (ki-i-op'o-dus), a. [As cliiropod + 
-OK*.] Of or pertaining to the Chiropoda ; hav- 
ing feet like hands ; hand-footed. 
chiropody (ki-rop'6-di), n. [< Gr. x e 'P, hand, 
+ 7roi>f (jrorJ-) = E. foot. Cf . chiropodist.'] The 
art of treating diseases, callosities, or excres- 
cences of the hands and feet. 
chiropompholyx (ki-ro-pom'fo-liks), n. [NL., 
< Gr. x s 'P, hand, + majSkuf, a bubble (blis- 
ter), < iro/i<t>6f, a blister.] In pathol., a skin-dis- 
ease affecting the hands and sometimes the 
feet, characterized by itching and burning fol- 
lowed by the appearance of vesicles on the fin- 
gers and palms. It chiefly affects women, and 
has a strong tendency to recur. 
chiropter (kJ-rop'ter), n. A mammal of the or- 
der Chiroptera; a bat. 
Chiroptera (ki-rop'te-ra), n. pi. [NL. (Blu- 
menbach, 1799), neut. pi.' of chiropterus, wing- 
handed: see chiropterous.~\ The bats; an order 
of ineducabilian placental mammals, having the 
fore limbs modified for true flight by the enor- 
mous development of the ma n us or hand, upon 
the elongated and divaricated metacarpal and 
phalangeal bones of which a wing-membrane 
is spread out and connected with the sides of 
the body and with the hind limbs. The forearm 
is also elongated, and consists of a long, slender, curved 
radius, with a rudimentary ulna ankylosed at its proximal 
end : the thumb is short and has a claw, which is wanting 
on the other digits of the wings ; the hind limbs are pecu- 
liarly rotated outward so that the knee is directed back- 
ward, and connected together by an interfemoral mem- 
brane, which also incloses a part or the whole of the tail, 
and is supported in part by a peculiar tarsal process, 
the calcar (which is occasionally wanting). The order is 
also characterized by a discoid deciduate placenta. The 
teeth are heterodont and diphyodont, consisting of spe- 
cialized incisors, canines, premohirs, and molars, 38 or 
fewer in number ; the body is furry ; the wings are more 
or less naked ; the penis pendent ; the testes inguinal or 
abdominal ; the mammae thoracic ; and the cerebral hemi- 
spheres smooth and small, leaving the cerebellum exposed. 
The Chiroptera are extremely modified Insectivora whose 
organization is adapted for Bight; they are among the 
most volitant and aerial of all creatures, being scarcely 
able to move except on the wing. Most of the bats are 
insectivorous or carnivorous, but some are frugivorous. 
The order is divided into the Meyachiroptera or f'mgieora, 
and the Microchiroptera or Animalicora. The number of 
species is about 400, of which those of the microchirop- 
teran family Vespertttionidee constitute considerably more 
than one third (about ISO) ; the macrochiropterans, frugiv- 
orous bats, or Pteropodidce, are about 70 in number. The 
order is nearly cosmopolitan, being absent only from arc- 
tic and antarctic regions, but is most numerously repre- 
sented in the tropical regions of both hemispheres ; the 
fruit-eating bats are not found in America. See bat?. 
Also Cheiroptera. 
chiropteran (ki-rop'te-ran), a. and n. I. a. Of 
or pertaining to the Chiroptera. 
H. n. A chiropter; a bat. 
chiropterous (M-rop'te-rus), a. [< NL. chirop- 
terus, wing-handed, < 'Gr. x f 'P, hand, + nrepov, 
a wing, = E. feather. Cf. Chiroptera.] Wing- 
handed, as a bat ; specifically, belonging to the 
Chiroptera; having the characters of a chirop- 
ter or bat. 
Dr. O. E. Dobson pointed out that many of the most 
characteristic species of the chiropterous fauna of Aus- 
tralia have their nearest allies not in the Oriental but in 
the Ethiopian region. Science, IV. 261. 
Chiropterygian (kl-rop-te-rij'i-an), a. [< chi- 
ropterygium + -a.] Of or pertaining to or of 
the nature of the chiropterygium. 
chiropterygious (ki-rop-te-rij'i-us), a. [< chi- 
ropterygiuiu + -ou#.] Same as chiropterygian. 
chiropterygium (ki-rop-te-rij'i-um), n. ; pi. ehi- 
ropterygia (-a). [NL., <! Gr. x"P, hand, + 
TrffWf (irrepvy-), wing (< nrepfo = E. feather), 
. 
chirosophical (ki-ro-sof i-kal), . [< eA//-.w- 
/<//// + -i'<:/.] Pertaining to chirosophy ; chi- 
rognomic or chiromantic. 
Chirosophist (ki-ros'o-fist), H. [< rhimsiiphy + 
-ixt. ( f. siijihist.'} One versed in chirosophy ; 
a palmist; a chiromancer. 
chirosophy (ki-ros'o-fi), n. [< Gr. x 
skilled with the hands, < x f 'P, hand, 
wise.] Knowledge of a person's character and 
probable future asserted to be derived from in- 
spection-of the hand; the so-called science nl' 
palmistry; chirognomy or chiromancy. Also 
spelled cheirosophy. 
The author seeks to divorce cAi'rox>///n/ from all asso- 
ciation with astrology and other studies of the kind, and 
to bring it to the test of truth. 
JV. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 528. 
Chirotes (kl-ro'tez), n. [NL. (Dumeril and 
Bibron) (cf. Gr. x ci P UTO S, verbal adj. of ^pott', 
subdue), < Gr. X"P, the hand.] The typical ge- 
nus of the family Chirotidce. c. canalintla/i is a 
species of subterranean habits, like the other amphisbie 
noids, about the thickness of the little finger, and 8 or lo 
inches long. It is a native of Mexico. Also Cheirottt. 
chiroteuthid (ki-ro-tu'thid), n. A cephalopod 
of the family ( 'liirnti ntliidte. 
Chiroteuthidae (kl-ro-tu'thi-de), n. pi. [NL., 
for *Chiroteuthidid<e,'< Chiroteuthis (-thid-) + 
-id(K.~\ A family of teuthidoid decacerous 
cephalopods, typified by the genus Chiroteuthis. 
They have free arms ; lacrymal sinuses ; a small siphon 
destitute of valve or dorsal bridle, and no nuchal or audi- 
tory crests; very elongated clavigerous arms, tipped witli 
a spoon-shaped organ opening backward and with rows of 
singular small suckers ; a swollen bulb on a long pedicel 
on the club ; the buccal membrane 7-angled ; aud 6 buc- 
cal aquiferous openings. 
Chiroteuthis (ki-ro-tu'this), . [NL. (D>Or- 
bigny), < Gr. x 'P> hand, + TivOic, a squid.] A 
genus of cephalopods, typical of the family 
Chiroteuthida?. 
chirotheca (kl-ro-the'ka), . ; pi. chirotheca- 
(-se). [ML., < Gr'. x e 'P, hand, + thi/a/, the case.] 
1. The episcopal glove. See glare. 2. In ar- 
mor, a gauntlet, either the early glove of chain- 
mail or the later elaborate one of wrought steel. 
Chirotidae (kl-rot'i-de), n. pi. [NL. (J. E. Gray. 
1840), < Chirotes + -idce.~\ A family of amphis- 
baanoid lizards, characterized by the presence 
of a small pair of fore limbs. It is typified by 
the genus Chirotes. 
chirotony (ki-rot'o-ni), n. [= F. chirotonie, < 
Gr. xe'poTovia, an extending of the hands, < x et ~ 
porovof, stretching out the hands, < x c 'P< hand, 
+ rciveiv, stretch: see tone, tension, etc.] 1. In 
Gr. antiq., voting by show of hands. 2. Im- 
position of hands in ordaining priests. 
Ohirox (ki'roks), . [NL. (so called from the 
cross-shaped fissure of the crowns of the pre- 
molar teeth), < Gr. x'', the letter X (a cross), + 
piif (puy-), a cleft, fissure, < prrynvat (i/ *'pay), 
break.] A genus of extinct mammals, typical 
of the family Chirogida. E. D. Cope. 
chirp 1 (cherp), v. [< ME. chirpeti, chyrpen (= 
G. zirpen, schirpen), chirp, an imitative word, a 
variation of chirken : see chirk 1 , and cf . cheep, 
chip 2 , etc. Lengthened forms are chirrup*, clie- 
rup, cheerup^: see these words, and chirr.] I. 
intrans. 1. To make a short, sharp, cheery 
sound, as is done by small birds and various 
insects. 
A mocking-bird perching on a chimney-top . . . was car- 
olling, whistling, mewing, chirping, screaming, and trill- 
ing with the ecstasy of a whole May in his throat. 
G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 231. 
2. To utter inarticulate sounds expressive of 
satisfaction or pleasure. 
How would he chirp and expand over a muffin ! 
Lamb, South-Sea House. 
II. trans. To sound or utter in a chirping 
manner. [Bare.] 
That she might sound 
Her Mother's counsels, in whose joyfull ear 
She chirps the favor Herod otfer'd her. 
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 182. 
Whilst happier birds can spread their nimble wing 
From shrubs to cedars, and there chirp and sing, 
In choice of raptures, the harmonious story 
Of man's redemption and his Maker's glory. 
Qwtrtes, Emblems, v. 10. 
chirp 1 (cherp), n. [< cWrpi, .] A short, sharp, 
cheerful note, as of certain birds and insects. 
I hear a chirp of birds. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxix. 
chirp 2 (cherp), v. i. [Cf. chirp*, v., cheentp*, 
and cftirfcs.] To cheer; enliven: known only 
in the present participle. 
chirurgery 
The flttijini't Kid iit.nl. r:i(r bottle. B. Jonwn. 
He tak. , hi. i-/ii,j,ini/ pint, and rrckn his jokes. 
I'l,,,,'. Moral l,.,;n... iii. 868. 
chirper (cher'pi-r), //. A bird or an insect that 
chirps; one who chirps or is cheerful. 
Tin' (/>// . . . lu'KiiiK his noli s in Hi,- middle of Mun-h. 
l,,ll,.',-t U'/uf,-. Nut. l\l,(. of SullHirilC, XVi. 
chirpingly (cher'ping-li), adv. In a chirping 
manlier. 
chirpy (<-li<Vpi), . [< (Mrs* + -yl,] Inclined 
to chirp; full of chirping; hence, figuratively, 
lively; cheerful; talkative. [Colloq.] 
Tlu-y wrn- as steady as i -lorks an.l fl'ii-jni :^ crickets, in- 
dulging in many a jest hcnr \crthc attention of our friends 
behind was slackened. S. A. ll>v., c.X.X \ 
chirr (cher), r. i. [Also written chirre. churre 
(MK. not found, but cf. eliirk* and chirp*), < 
AH. ceorran, murmur, complain, = OHG. kerran, 
cherran, qnrriiii. MHO. l.-i-n-fii (strong verb), 
cry, murmur, grumble (cf. MI), kiirifii, kiieren, 
!.<>: fa n, I). l;irrin, coo, moan, = late MHG. 
G. larreu = Dan. kurre, coo; cf. also MHG. 
gcrreii, i/urn n. yarren, G. girren, coo : deriv. 
forms showing imitative variation) ; prob. orig. 
(Teut.) "kersan = L. garrire (for 'garitire), talk. 
chatter (see garrulous); cf. Gr. ;/pi)f, speech, 
Skt. gir, the voice: see call 1 . From the same 
root are chirk*, chirp*, etc.] 1. To murmur or 
coo as a pigeon. 2. To utter a tremulous, rat- 
tling sound ; make a shrill jarring noise, such 
as that made by the cricket or cicada ; chirp. 
The chirring grasshopper. Herriclr. 
Sot a cricket chirr'd. Tennytnn, In Memoriam, xcv. 
chirrup 1 (chir'up), v. i. ; pret. and pp. chirrup- 
ed or chirrupt, ppr. chirruping. [A lengthened 
form of chirp*. Cf. cherttp, c/ieen/p 2 .] To chirp. 
The cricket chirrups in the hearth. Goldsmith, Vicar, viii. 
And whit, whit, whit, in the bush beside me chirrupt the 
nightingale. Tennyeon, The Grandmother, st. 10. 
chirrup 1 (chir'up), . [< chirrup*, t\] A chirp. 
The sparrow's chirntp on the roof. Tennyson, Mariana. 
chirrup 2 (chir'up), v. t. [Same as cheerup*, 
mixed with chirrup* = cheerupV.] To quicken, 
enliven, or animate, as by making a chirping 
sound; cherup: as, to chirrup one's horses. 
chirrupy (chir'up-i), a. [< chirrup* + -y 1 .] 
Cheerful; lively; chirpy. 
chirtt (chert), v. t. [Also written chert; cf. 
jert, jerk."] To squeeze; press out suddenly. 
chirtt (chert), n. [< cMrt, v.~\ 1. A squeeze. 
2. A squirt, or a squeeze through the teeth. 
With c we spil the aspiration, turning it into an Italian 
chirt ; as, charitle, cherrie. 
A. Uume, Orthographic (E. E. T. S.), p. 13. 
chiru (chir'6), w. [Hind. (Tibetan) chiru.] A 
kind of antelope of western Tibet ; a species 
of the genus Pantholops. Also chira. 
chirurgeon (kl-rer'jon), n. [This word, in early 
mod. E. also chiritrgion, now made to conform, 
as to its first syllable, in spelling with the mod. 
F. chiruraien, and in spelling and pronunciation 
with mod. E. words (as chirography, etc.) hav- 
ing the same ult. Gr. element chir-, would be 
reg. "cirurgeon (pron. si-rer'jon), < ME. cirur- 
gien, cirurgian, sirurgien (once miswritten co- 
rurgien), < OF. cirurgien, mod. F. (conforming 
with the L. spelling) chirurgien = Pr. cirurgien 
(after F.) = Sp. cirujano = Pg. cirurgiSo, < 
ML. as if "chirurgianus, 'cirurgianus (with suf- 
fix -anus: see -an, -eon), equiv. to the common 
ML. chirurgicus, cirurgicus (> It. cirugico, ci- 
roico (Flono, Veneroni), a surgeon, now only 
adj., chirurgico : see chirurgic), a chirurgeon, 
surgeon, prop, adj., < LL. chirurgicus, adj. (< 
Gr. x e 'P v Py iK 6s)i surgical (see chirurgic), < L. 
chirurgus, ML. also cirurgus, a chirurgeon, sur- 
geon, < Gr. ;ff</xny^of, a chirurgeon, surgeon, an 
operating medical man, prop, adj., working or 
doing by hand, practising a handicraft, < x c 'P, 
the hand, + Ipyov, work, "Ipyetv, v., work, = E. 
work, q. v. The ME. cirurgien, sirurgien, was 
more common in the contracted form surgien, 
surgen, surjon (AF. ci/rogen, sirogen, surigien, 
etc.), whence the usual mod. form surgeon : see 
surgeon, and cf. chirurgery, surgery, chirurgical, 
surgical, etc.] A surgeon. [Archaic.] 
The loss 
Of a tooth pulled out by his chiruryion. 
Maminffer, Believe as you List, L 2. 
chirurgeonly (ki-rer'jpn-li), adv. [< chirurgeon 
+ -/y 2 .] In the manner of a chirurgeon or sur- 
geon. Shale. 
chirurgery (kl-rer'je-ri), n. [In mod. use a re- 
version (with the initial spelling and pronun- 
ciation as in chirurgeon) to the orig. form of 
surgery, namely ME. "cirurgerie (found, how- 
ever, only in the contracted form surgerie), < 
