chirurgery 
OP. ciritrgeric, a rare form (with the term, con- 
formed to that of nouns in -me, E. -ery, as in 
popery, etc. ) of cirurgie, sirurgie, later and mod. 
P. chirurgie = Pr. cimrgia = Sp. cirugia = Pg. 
firurgia = It. cirugia, now chirurgia = D. G. 
chirurgie = Dan. kirurgi = Sw. chirurgi (= mod. 
E. as if *cliirargy), < LL. chirurgia, ML. also 
cirurgia, chirurgery, surgery, in L. a violent 
remedy, < Gr. ^upavpyia, the art or practice of 
surgery, any handicraft, a working by hand, < 
Xei/Mvpyoc, working by hand, as noun a chirur- 
geon, surgeon: see chirurgeon, and cf. surgery 
and sitrgeonry .] Surgery. [Archaic.] 
Gynecia having skill in chirurgery, an art in those days 
much esteemed. Sir P. Sidney. 
The garden and beehive are all her physic and chirur- 
gery. Quoted in Walton's Complete Angler, p. 82. 
The disease of the nation was organic, and not func- 
tional, and the rough chirurqcrif of war was its only rem- 
edy. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 83. 
chirurgie (ki-rer'jik), a. [= F. chirurgique = 
Sp. quiriirgico = Pg. cirurgico = It. chirurgico 
(formerly cirugico, ciroico, n.), < LL. chirunji- 
cus, ML. also eirurgicus, surgical, < Gr. xeipovp- 
yiKof, of or for surgery or handicraft, surgical, 
manual, < xeipovpyia, surgery, handicraft: see 
chirurgery and chirurgeon, and cf. surgical.'] If. 
Manual; relating to work done by the hand. 
Bp. Wilkins. 2. Surgical. [Archaic.] 
" t "'*-"" r ''" 01 . (ki-rer' ji-kal), a. [< chirurgie + 
968 
2. To make by cutting or engraving with a 
chisel: as, to chisel a statue from stone. 3. 
Figuratively, to cut close, as in a bargain; 
gouge ; cheat : as, to chisel one out of his share. 
[Slang.] 
I don't suppose any one ever had lower motives than the 
Duchess when she chiselled me about Silverbridge. 
A. Trollope, The Prime Minister, xl. 
chisel-draft (chiz'el -draft), n. The dressed 
edge of a stone, which serves as a guide in cut- 
ting the rest. 
chiseled, chiselled (chiz'eld), p. a. [Pp. of 
chisel, v.~\ Worked with a chisel, or as with a 
chisel; clear-cut; statuesque. 
Tlie delicate and chiseled beauty of the student's fea- 
tures. Bulwer, Eugene Aram, iii. 17. 
chiselmanship (chiz'el-man-ship), n. The work 
of a stone-cutter ; carving. [Rare.] 
No climbing plant was permitted to defile this elaborate 
piece of chiselmanship. Peacock, Half Skirland (1870), i. 80. 
chisel-point (chiz'el-point), n. A point shaped 
like a chisel: as, the chisel-point of a rose-nail. 
chisel-shaped (chiz'el-shapt), a. Shaped like 
a chisel: in entom., specifically applied to the 
mandibles when they are curved at the tip and 
truncate, with a cutting edge turned inward. 
Also called scalpriform. 
chisel-tooth (chiz'el-tb'th), n. The scalpriform 
perennial incisor of a rodent : so called because 
surgical : as, " chirurgical lore," Longfellow, 
Golden Legend, vi. [Archaic.] 
ChiTUS (ki'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. %dp, the hand.] 
A genus of fishes, typical of the family Chirida;, 
or referred to the Triglidw. 
chisel 1 , chesil (chiz'el, chez'il), n. [E. dial., 
also cnissel, chessil; < ME. chisel, chesel, chesil, 
< AS. ceosel, cysel, cisil (= OD. kesel, kijsel, D. 
kiezel (in comp.) = OHG. cUssil, MHG. kisel, G. 
kiesel=Dan. Sw. kisel (in comp.) ), gravel; dim. 
of simpler form, MHG. Ms, G. kies = Dan. kis, 
gravel; cf. D. kei, flint, gravel. See chessom.] 
1. Gravel. 
As sond in the see dothe ebbe and flowe 
Hath cheselys many innumerable. 
Coventry Mysteries, p. 56. 
2. Bran ; coarse flour; the coarser part of bran 
or flour : generally in the plural. [Prov. Eng. 
in both senses.] 
chisel 2 (chiz'el), n. [Early mod. E. also chisel; 
< ME. chisel, chysel, chesel, also scheselle, sce- 
selle, < OF. cisel, F. ciseaii = Sp. cincel = Pg. 
sinzel = It. cesello, a chisel ; cf . ML. cisellns, for- 
ceps, sciselum, a chisel (as if connected with 
L. scindere, cut ; so scissors, q. v.), prob. for 
*ca>sellus, a dim. form based on L. ctesus, in 
comp. -cisus, pp. of ccedere, cut. Cf. scissors.'] 
A tool consisting of a blade, commonly flat, but 
sometimes concavoconvex, having a beveled 
or sloping cutting edge at one extremity and a 
handle at the other, designed to cut under the 
impulse of a blow from a mallet, or under pres- 
sure of the hand or in a lathe. In common use it 
is a paring, gouging, splitting, or cutting-out instrument, 
and in the lathe it performs many different kinds of turn- 
ing, according to the shape of the cutting edge. Chisels 
are usually named from their shape or use, as chasing- 
chisel, ice-chisel, dental chisel, pruninff-chisel, tuming- 
chisel, etc. 
There is such a seeming softness in the limbs as if, not 
a chisel had hewn them out of stone, but a pencil had 
drawn and stroaked them in oil. Sir II. Wotton. 
Boasting-chisel, a broad chisel used to dress roughly 
the surface of stone. Calking- chisel, a chisel with a 
short bezel, used for closing seams between iron plates. 
Carving-Chisel, a chisel with an oblique edge, having a 
bezel on each side. Chisel In marteline, a boasting- 
chisel with steel points, employed in working marble. 
Cpld chisel. See cold-chisel. Corner-chisel, a chisel 
with two edges projecting rectangularly from a corner. It 
is used for cutting mortise-corners. Cross-cut chisel, a 
chisel with a narrow cutting edge, used to make a groove 
in metal where it is to be broken. Dental chisel a 
Chisleu (kis'lu), n. [Heb. Eisleu.~\ The ninth 
month of the sacred year of the Jews, now the 
third, answering to parts of November and De- 
cember. Also written Cisleu and Kisleu. 
chisley (chiz'li), a. [< chisel 1 + -ey 1 = -y 1 .] 
Having a sandy and clayey character ; contain- 
ing a large admixture of gravel and small peb- 
bles: said of soils. 
Chismobranchiata (kis-mo-brang-ki-a'ta), n. 
ill. An erroneous form of Schism obranetiiata. 
cnissel, n. See chisel 1 . 
chit 1 (chit), n. [< ME. *chit or "chitte (not found 
in the sense of ' shoot' or ' sprout'), < AS. cith (= 
OS. kidh = OHG. "chtdi, *kidi, MHG. kide, G. 
dial, keid), a shoot, sprout, sprig, germ, seed; 
from Teut. -\/ *ki, sprout, germinate : see chine 1 , 
and cf. chifi.] 1. The germ or embryo of a 
seed. See cut under wheat. 
The chit or sprit at the root end. Mortimer, Husbandry. 
At the other [end of the wheat-berry] is the chit, or germ, 
which contains the germinal principle. 
The Century, XXXII. 41. 
2f. A pimple ; a wart. 
chit 1 (cnit), v. i. ; pret. and pp. chitted, ppr. chit- 
ting. [< chit 1 , n. Cf. ehick&, j,.] To sprout; 
shoot, as a seed or plant. 
I have known barley chit in seven hours after being 
thrown forth. Mortimer, Husbandry. 
chit 2 (chit), n. [< ME. chitte, a young animal, 
whelp, = LG. kitte = Q. kitze, kieze, a kitten ; 
appar. a dim. of cat 1 : see cat 1 , and cf. kit 1 , 
kitten, kitting, and chat 3 , and cf. L. catulus, a 
whelp, dim. of catus, a cat.] If. A young ani- 
mal ; a whelp. 
There hadde diches the yrchoun [urchin], and nurshede 
out litle chittes [L. enutrivit catulos], 
Wyclif, Is. xxxiv. 15 (Oxf.). 
Specifically 2f. A young cat; a kitten. E. 
Phillips, 1706. 3. A child or babe; a pert 
young person, especially a girl. [Colloq.] 
A squealing chit. Tatter, No. 89. 
My girl moved with so much grace and vivacity, that 
my wife could not avoid discovering the pride of her heart, 
by assuring me that, though the little chit did it so cleverly, 
all the steps were stolen from herself. 
Ooldanith, Vicar, ix. 
chit s t, n. [Also written chitt, appar. a var. of 
chafi.~\ A kind of bird. Archceologia, XIII. 350. 
chit 4 (chit), n. [Cf. chit 1 and chine 1 .] An in- 
strument for cleaving laths. 
chisel having the comers ground off obliquely E }/ 
Knight. Dog-leg chisel, a chisel with a crooked shank, 
used to smooth the bottoms of grooves. Driving-chisel, 
a chisel having a slope or bezel on each face. Entering- 
chisel. Same as spoon-chisel. Mortise-lock chisel a 
chisel of a peculiar shape adapted for pulling out the wood 
in making the holes in door-styles to receive the locks. 
Bound-nosed Chisel, in marble-working, a kind of file 
the serrated end of which is bent over ; a riffler. It is used 
to sink and even the surface of marble. Spoon-chisel a 
bent chisel with a bezel on each side, used by sculptors. 
Also called enteriny-chisel. 
chisel 2 (chiz'el), v. t. ; pret. and pp. chiseled or 
chiselled,_ppr. chiseling or chiselling. [< chisel?, 
.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a 
chisel : as, to chisel marble. 
One or two of them [the columns] are none the better 
for being new chiselled in modern times. 
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 252. 
Chaucer. 
chit 6 , chitty 3 (chit, chit'i), . [Also chitee and 
chittah ; < Hind, chitthi, abbrev. chit, Beng. chiti, 
etc., a note or letter, also Hind, chitthd, Beng. 
chitd, etc., a memorandum, rough note, or ac- 
count.] In the East Indies, China, Japan, etc., 
a note or letter; a short writing of any kind, 
as a letter of recommendation, a note of in- 
debtedness, an order, a pass, etc. The form 
chitty is not in use in China and Japan. 
I paid off all my other servants ; . . . gave them all 
chittys or notes describing their virtues and services 
W. H. Russell, Diary in India, II. 46. 
chitai(che'tl'), n. [Chinese, <chi, govern, + tai, 
a title of respect given to officers.] A Chinese 
governor-general or viceroy. See teung-tuh. 
chiton 
chital (chit'al), n. [Anglo-Ind. chittul, < Hind. 
rliititl, spotted, a spotted snake, chitd!, a spotted 
deer. Cf. chitra.] 1. A venomous water-snake 
or sea-serpent of the genus Hydropkis, of tlie 
East Indian seas. 2. Tlie Indian spotted deer, 
.Ij'i.f mai-ulata. 
chitarah (chit'a-ril), n. [Turk.] A silk and 
cotton fabric manufactured in Turkey. McEl- 
ratli. Com. Diet. 
chit-book (chit'buk), n. In India, and among 
foreigners in China, Japan, etc., a memoran- 
dum-book in which chits, notes, or parcels sent 
by messenger are registered, with a space for 
the initials or signature of the receiver as proof 
of delivery ; a delivery-book sent with chits. 
chit-chat (chit'chat), . [A varied redupl. of 
chat 1 , q. v., imitative of continual talking; cf. 
Hind, hich kich, kach kach, chit-chat, gossip.] 
Familiar or careless talk or conversation ; prat- 
tle; gossip. 
Nothing can be more unlike than the inflated finical 
rhapsodies of Shaftesbury and the plain, natural chit-chat 
of Temple. Lamb, Genteel Style in Writing. 
This chit-chat is to yourself only, . . . and must only be 
read to Sally, and not spoken of to any body else. 
Franklin, Life, p. 428. 
The common chit-chat of the town. Tatler, No. 197. 
Chitin. chitine (ki'tin), n. [< Gr. x'T&v, a tunic, 
+ -n 2 , -jne 2 .] The name given by Odier to the 
organic substance which forms the elytra and 
integuments of insects and the carapaces of 
Crustacea, and which may be obtained by ex- 
hausting the wing-cases of May-beetles or 
June-bugs with water, alcohol, ether, acetic 
acid, and boiling alkalis. The residue retains the 
form of the wing-cases. It is solid, transparent, and of 
horny aspect. Its composition is regarded as being CI B 
HofiN^Ojo. Also called entonwlin. 
chitinization (ki"ti-ni-za'shon), n. [< *chitinize 
(in chitinized) + -ation.] 1. Conversion into 
chitin; the act or process of being chitinized. 
2. The state of being chitinized ; hardness of 
the integuments resulting from the presence of 
chitin. 
Also spelled chitinisation. 
chitinized (ki'ti-nizd), a. [< chitin + -ize + 
-ed 2 .] Become chitinous ; made into chitin ; 
hardened by the deposition of chitin ; chiti- 
nous. Also spelled chitinised. 
Those [muscles] of the body and limbs are often attached 
by chitinined tendons to the parts which they have to 
move. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 223. 
chitino-arenaceous (W'ti-uo-ar-e-na'shius), a. 
Resembling chitin and sand: as, the chitino- 
arenaceous test of miliolites. 
chitinocalcareous (ki"ti-no-kal-ka're-us), a. 
Chitinous and chalky ; composed of a substance 
resembling chitin mixed with calcareous mat- 
ter : said of the tests of some infusorians. 
Chitinogenous (kl-ti-noj'e-nus), a. [< chitin + 
-genous.'] Producing chitin: as, a Chitinogenous 
organ. 
chitinous (ki'ti-nus), a. [< chitin + -OMS.] 1. 
Consisting of or having the nature of chitin. 
"When the chitinous textures of Insects are to be thus 
mounted, they must be nrst softened by steeping in Oil 
of Turpentine. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., 210. 
2. Containing chitin in greater or less propor- 
tion: in the articulate animals, applied to any 
definitely hardened part of the integument, 
chitlin (chit'lin), n. [For 'chitting, < *chit for 
chat* + -ling 1 .] A small piece ; a fragment. 
BoU. [Local.] 
chitling (chit'ling), n. Same as chitterling, 1. 
Hot corn-pones, with chitlings. 
Mark Twain, A Tramp Abroad, xlix. 
chiton (ki'ton), n. [< Gr. x tT &v, a tunic, prob. 
of Eastern origin.] 1. A tunic; a usual gar- 
ment of both men and women among the an- 
cient Greeks. The chiton was essentially an undergar- 
ment, though very frequently the only garment worn, and 
was made in widely different styles ; either very short, and 
commonly confined at the waist by a belt, or falling in volu- 
minous folds to the feet ; and either sleeveless or, especial- 
ly after the Persian wars, with short or long sleeves. The 
materials used were various, and either plain white or col- 
ored and embroidered. 
These figures are all draped in a chiton, or tunic, falling 
to the feet, and with sleeves as far as the elbows, over 
which is a mantle wound round the body. 
C. T, Newton, Art and Archseol., p. 76. 
2. Inzool. : (a) [cap.] [NL.] The typical genus 
of the family ChitonidfE (which see), in the older 
systems it was used for all the Chitonittce or Polyt>lacopho- 
ra, but in recent systems it is restricted to a small group of 
species, (ft) A member of the genus Chiton or 
family Chitonideg Dorian chiton, the form of tunic 
typical among branches of the Dorian race, but not confined 
to them. In its characteristic form it was a rectangular 
piece of woolen stuff, sleeveless, fastened on the shoulders 
with buckles, usually worn with a belt, more or less open 
on the right side, and extending to about the middle of 
the thigh. See cut under Artemis. Ionian chiton, the 
