chunter 
chunter (chun'ter), f. i. [E. dial., also thunder, 
chioiHcr, chooncr, chuuntcr. Cf. elianiier 1 , chan- 
ted.'] To grumble; mutter; complaiu. 
chupah (cho'pa), w. [Native term.] A measure 
of capacity used in Sumatra and Penang (in 
the Strait of Malacca), equal in the former 
island to 63 cubic inches, in the latter to 68. 
It is about equal to a Winchester quart. 
chuparosa (cho-pa-ro'sa), n. [Sp., < ehupar, 
suck, extract the juice of (prob. < ML. pulp/trc. 
eat, < L. pulpn, the fleshy part, the pulp, as of 
fruit, etc. : see pulp), + rosa = E. rose. Other 
Sp. names for humming-birds are chupa-flons 
(Hares, flowers), cli upa-miel (mid, honey), chupa- 
iiiirtnx (ntirtox, myrtles), clmpa-romcros (rome- 
ros, rosemaries).] A name given to various 
California!! species of humming-birds. 
chupatty (clui-pat'i), .; pi. chiipfilties (-iz). 
[Anglo-Ind., < Hind, chapati, chapaln.'] In In- 
dia, an unleavened cake of bread (generally of 
coarse wheaten meal), patted flat with the hand 
and baked upon a griddle : the usual form of 
native bread, and the staple food of upper In- 
dia. Yule and Burnell. Also spelled chapati, 
chowpatty, chupaty. 
Bread was represented by the eastern scone ; but it was 
of superior flavor and far better than the ill-famed Chapati 
of India. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 477. 
In some parts of the country chupaties or cakes were 
circulated in a mysterious manner from village to village. 
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 628. 
The khitmutgar tells us there is grilled morghie, and 
eggs, and bacon, and tea, and beer, and jam for breakfast, 
ami plenty of hot chupattie*. 
W. H. Russell, Diary in India, 1. 150. 
chuprassy (chu-pras'i), n. ; pi. chuprassies (-iz). 
[Anglo-Ind., also chupra#see, <. Hind, cliaprasi, 
a messenger, beadle, orderly, peon, < cliapras, a 
plate worn on the belt as a badge of office, a 
corruption of chap o rdst, left and right : chap, 
left; o, and; rast, right.] In India, especially 
in Bengal, an office-messenger bearing a plate 
on which is inscribed the name of the office to 
which he is attached. Also called chapras. 
Lord William sent over a chuprassee to say we were not 
ready to receive him. 
W. H. Russell, Diary in India, II. 203. 
church (cherch), . and a. [< ME. chirche, 
clterche, churclie, also chireche, etc. (North. ME. 
kirke, > Sc. kirk, after Scand.), < AS. dree, 
ci/rce, cirice, cyrice OS. kirika, kerika = 
OFries. kerke, tzerke = D. kcrk = MLG. kerke, 
LG. kerke, karke = OHG. chirihha, chircha, also 
cMlihha, chilcha, MHG. G. kirctie, dial. chilcJie, 
= Icel. kirkja = Sw. kyrka = Dan. kirke (cf. 
ML. kyrica, kyrrica, kirrika, kirrica, kirchia, 
in MHG. and MLG. glosses), a church (build- 
ing), the church (of believers), borrowed, prob. 
through an unrecorded Goth. "kyreika, from 
LGr. KvpMK.6v, a church (later avptaKr/, fern., a 
church, earlier (sc. nn'tpa.) the Lord's day), lit. 
(sc. Suua) the Lord's house, neut. of Kvpiandf, 
belonging to the Lord (in common Gr. 'be- 
longing to a lord or master '), < nvpiof, the Lord, 
a particular application in eccles. writers of the 
common Gr. nupioc., lord, master, guardian, prop, 
adj. Kvptor,, having power or authority, domi- 
nant (cf. Kvpog (neut.), might, power, author- 
ity), < *Kvpof (= Skt. eura, strong, a hero, = 
Zend qura, strong), < \/ *OT, swell (in K'CCIV, KVUV, 
be pregnant, ty/ci'oc (= L. incieu(t-)s), pregnant, 
Kvfia, a (swelling) wave (see cyme), etc.), = Skt. 
f, swell, grow.] I. . 1. An edifice or a place 
of assemblage specifically set apart for Chris- 
tian worship. 
The pouere men of the parisshe of seynt Austyn begun- 
nen [a] gyide, in helpe and amendement of here pouere 
parish chirche. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 40. 
The assertions of some of the earlier Christian writers 
. . . that the Christians had neither temples, attars, nor 
images . . . should, it would appear, be understood not 
literally, for there is positive evidence of the existence of 
churches in the 3d century. 
Smith, Diet, of Christ. Antiq., I. 366. 
2. An edifice dedicated to any other kind of 
religious worship; a temple. [Rare.] 
Ye have brought hither these men, which are neither 
robbers of churchest nor yet blasphemers of your goddess. 
Acts xix. 37. 
3. The visible and organic body of Christian 
believers, especially as accepting the ecu- 
menical creeds of Christendom and as exhibit- 
ing a historic continuity of organized life. 
The great Church principle, that God has one Church. 
the mystical body of His Son that this Church is, by its 
very nature, a visible organized body, and yet that all the 
members of this Church are assumed to be in God's favour 
;tnd grace, or to have once been in it this great Church 
principle pervades the Apostolic Epistles, to the total ex- 
i Insion of any counter principle. 
.If. F. Sadler, Church Doctrine, Bible Truth, iii. S 2. 
994 
4. The invisible and inorganic community of 
all those who acknowledge a supreme allegi- 
ance to Jesus Christ as their Lord and Master. 
We believe that the Church of Christ invisible and spir- 
itual comprises all true believers. 
Congregational Creed (1883). 
I would wish to live and die for the assertion of this 
truth, that the I'niversal Church is just as much a reality 
as any particular nation is. F. D. Maurice, Eiog., I. HiO. 
5. A particular division of the whole body of 
Christians possessing the same or similar sym- 
bols of doctrine and forms of worship, and unit- 
ed by a common name and history; a Christian 
denomination: as, the Presbyterian Church; 
the Church of England; the Church of Rome. 
We insist that Christians do certainly become members 
of particular Churches such as the Roman, Anglican, "or 
Galilean by outward profession, yet do not become true 
members of the Holy Catholic Church, which we believe, 
unless they are sanctified by the inward gift of grace, and 
are united to Christ, the Head, by the bond of the Spirit. 
Davenant, Determinations, II. 474. 
6. The organized body of Christians belonging 
to the same city, diocese, province, country, or 
nation : as, the church at Corinth : the Syrian 
eJnirch; in a wider sense, a body of Christians 
bearing a designation derived from their geo- 
graphical situation, obedience to a local see, 
or affiliation with a national ecclesiastical or- 
ganization: as, the Eastern Church; the West- 
ern Church; the Roman Church; the Anglican 
Church. 7. A body of Christians worshiping 
in a particular church edifice or constituting 
one congregation. 
There stands poor Lewis, say, at the desk, delivering 
to his make-believe church his make-believe sermon of ten 
minutes. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 15 
8. The clerical profession. 
A fellow of very kind feeling who has gone into the 
Church since. Thackeray, Newcnmes, i. 
9. Ecclesiastical authority or power, in con- 
tradistinction to the civil power, or the power 
of the state. 
The same criminal may be absolved by the Church and 
condemned by the State ; absolved or pardoned by the 
State, yet censured by the Church. Leslie. 
10. By extension, some religious body not 
Christian, especially the Jewish : as. the Jewish 
church. 
This is he that was in the church in the wilderness with 
the angel whicli spake to him in the mount Sina. 
Acts vii. 38. 
[What constitutes a Christian church according to the 
Scriptures is a question on which Christian denominations 
widely differ. The three principal views may be distin- 
guished as the Human Catholic, the Protestant ecclesiasti- 
cal, and the voluntary. According to Roman Catholic theo- 
(Faith of Catholics, I. 9), and united to its visible head on 
earth, the Bishop of Rome. According to the Anglican and 
Protestant ecclesiastical view, the church of Christ Is " a 
permanent visible society" {Wordsworth on Mat. xvi. 18), 
divinely compacted, governed, and equipped, and having 
definite ends, a definite policy, and a historic continuity. 
(The Church Cyc.) According to the voluntary concep- 
tion, a church is a society of persons professing faith in 
the Lord Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Saviour 
of men, and organized in allegiance to him for Christian 
work and worship, including the administration of the 
sacraments which he has appointed. (R. W. Dale, Man- 
ual of Congr. Principles, Comp. West. Conf., xxxv. ; Thirty- 
nine Art. , xlx.) The second view is held by many, perhaps 
a majority, in the Episcopal, Lutheran, and other hierar- 
chical denominations ; the last by a majority of those in the 
non-hierarchical denominations, including the Methodist, 
Baptist, Presbyterian, and Congregational.] Advocate 
of the church. See advocate. Anglican Church, Broad 
Church. See the adjectives. Church militant, the 
church on earth, as engaged in a warfare with the world, 
the flesh, and the devil, or the combined powers of temp- 
tation and unrighteousness : in distinction from the church 
triumphant in heaven. Church Of England, the na- 
tional and established church in England ; the Anglican 
Church in England and the British colonies, in some of 
which it has been disestablished. The Church of England 
claims continuity with that branch of the Catholic Church 
which existed in England before the Reformation. In the 
first half of the sixteenth century, under Henry VIII., the 
spiritual supremacy and jurisdiction of the Pope were abol- 
ished ; the sovereign was declared to be the head of the 
church iu a sense explained in the thirty-seventh of the 
Thirty-nine Articles ; and a close union of church and state, 
known as the establishment of the church, took place. The 
clergy of the Church of England are composed of three 
orders, namely, bishops, who are appointed by the crown 
(see cangf. d'elire, under congf), priests or presbyters, and 
deacons. There are also two archbishops, the Archbishop 
of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York, the former 
being the primate of England. Twenty-four of the bish- 
ops and the two archbishops sit and vote in the House of 
Lords. Its chief ecclesiastical body is the Convocation. 
See convocation and episcopal. Church Of God, the 
title assumed by a denomination popularly called, from 
their founder, Winebrennerians. See Winebrenneriftn. 
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. See 
Mormon. Church of the Disciples. See disciple. 
Church of the New Jerusalem. See Svxdtnboryfa*. 
Church triumphant, the collective body of saints now 
glorified in heaven, or in the e]>oeh of their final victory. 
church-ale 
- Collegiate church, conventual church. See the 
adjectives. Eastern Church. Same as Greek Church 
(which see, under Greek). Established church, or 
state Church, an ecclesiastical organization established 
and in part supported by a state as an authorized expo- 
nent of the Christian religion. Thus, the Episcopal Church 
is established in England and Wales, the Presbyterian in 
Scotland, the Lutheran in Prussia, the Roman Catholic in 
Italy, Spain, Portugal, etc. In some countries of Europe, 
as France, all or many of the principal religious organi- 
zations receive state support. In the United States the 
church is entirely dissevered from all relations to the state. 
Fathers of the church, sue father. Free Church, 
Galilean Church, High Church. See the adjectives. 
Independent Evangelical Church of Neuchatel, 
free evangelical church organized in 1873 in the canton of 
Neuchatel, Switzerland. It is entirely independent of the 
state, and comprised in 1882 twenty-two parishes, with 
u membership of about 12,000. Irish Church Act. 
sue dt&ttabliihmmt.'Urw Church, see Iou>. Mother 
Church, the oldest or original church ; a church from 
which other churches have had their origin or derive their 
authority. Hence (a) The metropolitan church of a dio- 
cese. (6) The cathedral, or bishop's church, in distinction 
from the parish churches committed to simple presbyters. 
(c) A title given to the Roman Catholic Church by iu ad- 
herents. Quoad sacra church. Same as chapel of east 
(which see, under chapel). Relief Church. See relief. - 
The seven churches. See seven. Trustee Churcheti 
Act, an English statute of 1884 (47 and 48 Viet., c. 10) which 
relates to the transfer of church property in Ireland. 
Western Church, the historical or Catholic Church in the 
countries belonging to the Western Roman Empire or in 
those adjacent on the north ; the latin or, in a more es- 
pecial sense, the Roman Catholic Church ; used by Angli- 
can writers as including that church also : opposed to the 
Eastern or Greek Church. 
II. a. Pertaining to the church ; ecclesiasti- 
cal: as, church politics; a church movement; 
church architecture. church banner, a banner 
made and used exclusively for ceremonial purposes con- 
nected with the church. In the middle ages, and when 
national ensigns were less distinctive than now, church 
banners were often borne before an army ; in fact, there is 
no positive distinction between a consecrated banner like 
the old French oriflanime and a church banner. In modern 
times the church banner is borne only in church proces- 
sions, whether within or without the edifice. Church 
bench, a seat or bench in the porch of a church. Church 
brief. See brief, n., 2 (d). Church burial, burial ac- 
cording to the rites of the church. Church cadence, in 
mutic, the cadence formed by the subdominant and the 
tonic chords ; a plagal cadence : so called because very 
common in medieval church music, ami still retained in 
"Amens." Church court, a court connected with a 
church for hearing and deciding ecclesiastical causes ; a 
presbytery, synod, or general assembly. Church judica- 
tory, an ecclesiastical court or body exercising judicial 
powers. Church living, a benefice in an established 
church. Church modes, in music, the modes or scales 
first authorized for church use by Bishop Ambrose in the 
fourth century, and by Pope Gregory the Great in the 
seventh century. See node. Church music, (a) Music 
used in a church service, including hymns, chants, an- 
thems, and organ pieces, (b) Music, vocal or instrumental. 
in the style actually used in church services. Church 
plurality, the possession of more than one living by a 
clergyman. Milton. Church service, (a) The religious 
service performed in a church, (d) The order of public 
worship, especially in the Anglican Church, (c) A hook 
containing the calendar, order of Morning and Evening 
Prayer, Litany, Collects, Epistles and Gospels, Commu- 
nion Office, and Psalter, taken from the Book of Common 
Prayer, with the addition of all the Scripture Lessons. 
Church text, in printing, a slender and tall form of 
black-letter, so called because it is frequently used in 
ecclesiastical work. 
s 
church (cherch), 1. 1. [< ME. chirchcn, < chirche : 
see church, .] 1. In the Anglican Church, to 
perform with or for (any one) the office of re- 
turning thanks in the church, after any signal 
deliverance, as from the dangers of childbirth. 
He had christened my son and churched my wife in our 
own house, as before noticed. Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 1, 1663. 
It was the ancient usage of the Church of England for 
women to come veiled who came to be churched. 
Whfatly, Illus. of Book of Common Prayer. 
2. To accompany in attending church on some 
special occasion, as that on which a bride first 
goes to church after marriage: as, the bride 
was churched last Sunday; to church a newly 
elected town council. [Scotch.] Churching of 
women, a title popularly given to a liturgical form of 
thanksgiving for women after childbirth. The practice, 
borrowed from the Jewish church, is common to all litur- 
gical churches. 
church-alet (cherch'al), n. [< 'M.'E.*c1ierehe-aU; 
< church + ale.~\ 1. A strong ale of good qual- 
ity brewed especially for a church festival, and 
broached only on the day of the feast in ques- 
tion. 2. A convivial meeting on the occasion 
of a church festival, at which the ale specially 
brewed was served. 
The Church-ales, called also Easter-ales, and Whitsun- 
ales, from their being sometimes held on Easter-Sunday, 
and on Whit-Sunday, or on some of the holidays that fol- 
low'd them, certainly originated from the wakes. 
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 471. 
For the church-ale two young men of the parish are 
yearly chosen by their last foregoers to be wardens, who, 
dividing the task, make collection among the parishioners 
of whatsoever provision it pleaseth them voluntarily to 
