church-work 
church-work (cherch'werk), n. [= SP. kirk- 
iverk, < ME. cMrcheweork ; < church + work.] 
Work on or in a church, or in connection with 
a church ; work in behalf of a church, or of 
the church generally; hence, proverbially, slow 
work. 
This siege was church-work, ami therefore went on 
slowly. ///<, Holy War, p. 111. 
church-writ (cherch'rit), n. A writ from an 
ecclesiastical court, ll'ychcrley. 
churchy (cher'chi), n. [< church + -y 1 .] Per- 
taining to the church or to ecclesiasticism ; 
given to or supporting ecclesiasticism : as, very 
churchy in tastes or language. [Colloq.] 
One of the seceders pithily explained the position of the 
controversy when he said that he and his fellows were 
leaving the Kirk of Scotland, not became she was too 
churchy, but because she was not churchy enough. 
J. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, x. 
churchyard (cherch'yard), . [= Sc. kirkyard, 
< ME. chirchegeard, -gerd, < late AS. *eyrie- 
geard, cyrceicerd (the earlier term being ME. 
ehereh-toan, < AS. cine-tun : see church-town) (= 
Icel. kirkjugardhr = Sw. kyrkogard = Dan. kir- 
kegaard), < cyrice, cirice, church, + genrd, yard: 
see church and yard 2 . Cf. equiv. D. kerkhof= 
Q. kirchhof.~] The ground or yard adjoining a 
church ; especially, such a piece of ground used 
for burial ; hence, any graveyard belonging to 
a church. 
Provided alle wyse, that yf the citezens dwelling w'yn 
the chmche yordes, or fTraunchesies aioynynge to this, the 
citee, be priuyleged as citezen denesyn. 
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 893. 
Like graves i' the holy churchyard. 
Shak., Cor., iii. 3. 
I give five hundred pounds to buy a church-yard, 
A spacious church-yard, to lay thieves and knaves in. 
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 5. 
Churchyard beetle, lilaps mortisarra. See Blaps. 
churia (cho'ri-a), n. [Mex.] A Mexican name 
of the chaparral-cock or ground-cuckoo, Geo- 
cocci/x californianus. 
churl (cherl), n. and a. [X ME. churl, usually 
cherl, cheorl, < AS. ceorl, a man, husband, free- 
man of the lowest rank, churl, = OFries. kerl 
(in eomp. huskerl), mod. Fries, tzerl, tzirl = OD. 
keerle, D. kerel, a man, churl, fellow, = MLG. 
kerle, LG. kerl, kerel, kirl (> G. kerl), a man, 
fellow, churl: see carZ.] I. n. 1. A rustic; a 
peasant ; a countryman or laborer. 
It was not framed for village churls, 
But for high dames and mighty earls. 
Scott, L. of L. M., Int. 
Specifically 2. In early Eng. hist., one of the 
lowest class of freemen ; one who held land 
from or worked on the estate of his lord. 
The word Churl has come to be a word of moral repro- 
bation. . . . But in the primary meaning of the words, 
Eorl and Ceorl form an exhaustive division of the free mem- 
bers of the state. The Ceorl is the simple freeman, the mere 
unit in the army or in the assembly. 
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, I. 55. 
3. A coarse, rude, surly, sullen, or ill-tempered 
person. 
The churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or 
falsehood. Sir P. Sidney. 
The churl in spirit, howe'er he veil 
His want in forms for fashion's sake, 
Will let his coltish nature break 
At seasons thro' the gilded pale. 
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxi. 
4. A miser; a niggard. 
The vile person shall be no more called liberal, nor the 
churl said to be bountiful. Isa. xxxii. 5. 
When a few words will rescue misery out of her distress, 
I hate the man who can be a churl of them. 
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 15. 
Il.t a. Churlish. Ford. 
churlish (cher'lish), a. [< ME. cherlish, -isch, 
of the rank of a churl, rustic, rude, < AS. ceorl- 
isc, cierlisc, cyrlisc, of the rank of a churl, < 
ceorl, churl, + -isc: see churl and -ishl.] 1. 
Like or pertaining to a churl, (a) Rude; ill- 
bred; surly; austere; sullen; rough in temper ; 
uncivil. 
Ill-nurtured, crooked, churlixh, harsh in voice. 
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 134. 
But that which troubleth me most is my churlixh carriage 
to him when he was under his distress. 
Bunyttn, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 235. 
Much like uncourteous, unthankful, and churlish guests, 
which, when they have with good and dainty meat well 
filled their bellies, depart home, giving no thanks to the 
feast maker. Sir T. More, Utopia, Ded., p. 14. 
(6) Selfish; narrow-minded; avaricious; nig- 
gardly. 
My master is of churlish disposition, 
And little recks to find the way to heaven 
By doing deeds of hospitality. 
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4. 
Hence 2. Of things, unpliant; unyielding; 
unmanageable. 
996 
Take it [iron] out of the furnace, audit grows hard again; 
nay, worse, churlixh and unmalleable. 
Abp. Sancroft, Sermons. 
Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions tread, 
And force a churlish soil for scanty bread. 
Goldsmith, Traveller, 1. 168. 
= Syn. ClinrnMi, Loutish, etc. See boorish. 
churlishly (cher'lish-li), adv. In a churlish 
manner; rudely; roughly. 
churlishness (cher'lish-nes), . [< churlish + 
-i/t'xx.] The quality of being churlish ; rudeness 
of manners or temper ; surliness ; indisposition 
to kindness or courtesy ; niggardliness. 
Small need to bless 
Or curse your sordid churlishness, 
Because methinks, without fresh curse, 
Each day that comes shall still be worse 
Than the past day. 
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 72. 
churl's-head (cherlz'hod), n. An old name for 
the knapweed, Centaurea iiigra, from its rough 
hairy involucre. 
churl's-treacle (cherlz ' tre " kl), . An old 
name for garlic, from its being regarded as a 
treacle (theriac) or antidote for the bite of 
animals. 
churly (cher'li), a. [< ME. chcrlich, < AS. ccor- 
Kc for "ceorllic, < ceorl, churl, + -lie : see churl 
and -ly 1 .] Churlish. [Bare.] 
The churliext of the churls. Longfellow. 
churmti '' and n. An obsolete spelling of chirm. 
churn (chern), n. [< ME. cherne, chime, also 
kyrn (> Sc. kirn), < AS. cyrin (once, glossed 
sinum) ("cyren, *ceren, not authenticated), a 
churn, = D. kern, learn = Icel. kirna = Sw. 
kiirna, OSw. kerna, = Dan. kjwrnc, a churn: 
see the verb.] A vessel in which cream or milk 
is agitated for the purpose of separating the oily 
parts from the caseous and serous parts, to make 
butter. Churns are of various kinds. The older forms 
consist of a dasher moving vertically in a cask shaped like 
the frustum of a cone. The more modern kinds have re- 
volving dashers within cylindrical vessels, either upright 
or horizontal. In some forms the vessels themselves are 
moved in various ways to dash the contents about. 
Rise, ye carle coopers, frae making o' kirns and tubs. 
Fray of Suport (Child's Ballads, VI. 118). 
Her awkward fist did ne'er employ the churn. 
Gay, Pastorals. 
Atmospheric Churn. See atmospheric. 
churn (chern), v. [North. E. and Sc. kern, kirn ; 
< ME. chernen, chirnen (AS. *cyrnan, "cerncm, 
not authenticated) = D. kernen, karnen = G. 
kernen (perhaps from D.) = Icel. kirna = Sw. 
kdrna, OSw. kerna, = Dan. kjcerne, churn, curdle ; 
appar. from the noun. Some erroneously take 
the verb to be earlier than the noun, assuming 
it meant orig. 'extract the kernel or essence,' 
as if < Icel. kjarni = Sw. kdrna = Dan. kjame 
= D. kern = OHG. kerno, MHG. kerne, kern, G. 
kern, a kernel, the pith, marrow, essence, re- 
lated, through E. corn, with E. kernel : see eorl 
and kernel.] I. trans. 1. To stir or agitate in 
order to make into butter: as, to churn cream. 
2. To make by the agitation of cream : as, to 
churn butter. 3. To shake or agitate with vio- 
lence or continued motion, as in the operation 
of making butter. 
Churn'd in his teeth the foamy venom rose. 
Addison, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph. , iii. 
The muddy river, churned into yellowish buttery foam. 
H'. //. Jiumell. 
II. intrans. To perform the act of churning, 
or an act resembling it. 
Are you not he, 
That frights the maidens of the villagery ; 
Skim milk ; and sometimes labour in the quern, 
And bootless make the breathless housewife churn? 
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 1. 
There are who cry, 
"Beware the Boar," and pass determined by. 
Those dreadful tusks, those little peering eyes 
And churning chaps, are tokens to the wise. 
Crabbe, The Borough. 
churn-drill (chern'dril), . A drill which is 
worked by hand, and not struck with a ham- 
mer; a "jumper": so called from the similarity 
of the motion made in using* it to that made in 
using the old-fashioned upright churn. 
churning (cher'ning), n. [Verbal n. of churn, 
v.] 1. The act of operating a churn. 2. The 
motion of a churn, or a motion which resembles 
that of a churn. 3. As much butter as is made 
at one time. 
churn-jumper (chern'jum"per), n. In stone- 
working, an iron bar 7 or 8 feet long, with a 
steel bit at each end, used as a drill. It is 
worked by two men with a spring-rod and 
line. 
churn-milk (chern'milk), . Same as butter- 
milk. 
chyle-bladder 
churn-owl (chern'oul), . [Prob. f or ch u rr-owl : 
cf. chirr and jr 1 .] A local British name of 
the European goatsucker or night-jar, Capri- 
IHII///IIX ciirojtieus. 
churn-Staff (chem'staf), n. 1. A staff with a 
flat, disk at one end, used in churning by hand 
in an upright churn. 2. A name of the sun- 
spurge, Euphorbia helioscopia, from its straight 
stem spreading into a flat top. 
churr 1 , r. i. See chirr. 
churr 2 (cher), n. [Prob. ult. imitative. See 
chirr.] A name for the whitethroat, Sylvia d- 
nerea. Macgillivray. 
churro (cho-ro'), n. [Sp. churro, coarse-wooled, 
a coarse-wooled sheep.] The coarse-wooled 
Mexican sheep, used extensively in crossing 
with the merino, in Texas, northern Mexico, 
California, etc. 
churrus, charras (chur'us, char'as), n. [Also 
written cherrus, repr. Hind, charas.] The East 
Indian name of the resin which exudes from the 
Indian hemp, Cannabis Indica. See Cannabis, 
I/null ish, and bhang. 
churr- worm (cher'werm), n. A local name for 
the fan-cricket or mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa vul- 
(jaris. [Eng.] 
chuset, ' A former common spelling of choose. 
chusite (cho'sit), n. An altered chrysolite from 
the basalt of Limburg in Breisgau, Baden. 
chusst (chus), 11. [Origin obscure ; perhaps 
Amer. Ind.] The squirrel-hake, Phycis chuss, a 
gadoid fish. The name was current during the revo- 
lutionary war, according to Dr. Schoepff, but is now obso- 
lete. [New York.] 
chute (shot), n. [< F. chute, a fall, OF. cheutc, 
cheoite = Pr. cazuta = Sp. caida = Pg. caida, 
cahida, fall, ruin, queda, fall, declivity, descent, 
= It. caduta, a fall, a falling, orig. fern, of ML. 
*cadutus (> OF. cheut, F. chu = It. caduto), *ca- 
ditus (> Sp. Pg. caido), later popular pp. of L. 
cadere (pp. camis), fall: see cadent, easel, and 
cf. cascade. Chute coincides in pronuncia- 
tion and sense with shoot, n., < shoot, v.; but 
the two words are independent of each other.] 
1. An inclined trough or tube along which 
things can slide from a higher to a lower 
level; a shoot. 
Near the centre of the room is a chute, lined with plate- 
glass (so as to be readily kept clean), and passing direct 
to the furnace below. Science, III. 351. 
2. A waterfall or rapid ; a fall over which tim- 
ber is floated. 3. An opening in a dam through 
which to float timber. 4. In Louisiana and 
along the Mississippi, a bayou or side channel ; 
also, a narrow passage between two islands, or 
between an island and the shore. 
Now through rushing chutes, among green islands, where 
plume-like 
Cotton trees nodded their shadowy crests. 
Lontffelloif, Evangeline, ii. 2. 
5. In mining. See shoot. 
chutney (chut'ni), n. [Also written chutnee, 
< Hind", chattii.] In the East Indies, a condi- 
ment compounded of sweets and acids. Ripe 
fruit (mangos, tamarinds, cocoanuts, raisins, etc.), spices, 
sour herbs, cayenne, and lime-juice are the ordinary in- 
gredients. They are pounded and boiled together, and 
either used immediately, as with curries or stews, or bot- 
tled. 
chuva (cho'va), n. The South American name 
of a kind of spider-monkey, of a brown color. 
chylaceous (ki-la'shius), . [< chyle + -oceans.] 
Belonging to chyle ; consisting of chyle. 
chylaqueous (ki-la'kwe-us), a. [< NL. chylus, 
chyle, + aqua, water. Cf. aqueous.] Composed 
of water containing corpuscles resembling the 
white corpuscles found in chyle, lymph, and 
blood in being nucleated and in exhibiting 
amoeboid movements. 
The corpuscles are nucleated cells, which exhibit amoD- 
boid movements ; and the fluid so obviously represents 
the blood of the higher animals that I know not why the 
preposterous name of chylaqueouit fluid should have been 
invented for that which is in no sense chyle, though, like 
other fluids of the living body, it contains a good deal of 
water. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 480. 
chyle (kil), . [Also, formerly, chile; = F. chyle 
= Sp: quilo = Pg. chylo = It. chilo, < NL. chy- 
lus, chyle, LL. the extracted juice of a plant, 
< Gr. ^fAof, juice, moisture, chyle, < %Av (y *x v ), 
pour, connected with E. gush. Cf. chyine 1 .] 1. 
A milky fluid found in the lacteals during the 
process of digestion. It contains emulsionized fat 
and other products of digestion, as well as chyle-corpus- 
cles, fibrin-factors, and other proteids. 
2. The liquid contents of the small intestine 
before absorption. 
chyle-bladder (kil'blad"er), . The dilatation 
at the beginning of the thoracic duct which re- 
ceives the lacteals from the intestine ; the eis- 
