circular 
Benter is really the person entitled to receive the money. 
Circular number, in math., a nmnhcr the powers of 
which arc expraned by numbers the last llgnre in which 
is the unrulier iUelf. Thus. :> ami t; are circular nninlieis, 
because 5-' = 25, li-'=.'i(i, 5=125, 3=21B, etc. Circular 
plane, in itmtlt., a plane tangent to the absolute. Circu- 
lar points at Infinity, in math., two fictitious points in 
eve! \ plane through which every circle in that plane is con 
ceive.i to pass. See <iiw:/ titi-. //.. L'. Circular polariza- 
tion. See iHilurizatuin. Circular sailing, the method 
of sailing on the arc of a great circle. See xaiiiit'i. Cir- 
cular saw. Sec !. Circular sinus, in anat., a ve- 
nous ring lying in the sella turcica, ami connecting tin- 
right and left cavernous sinuses. Circular system, in 
nl. liift.. a name sometimes given to the quinary systems 
of classiticatiou used l>y Mael.eay and by Swainson. See 
1009 
or circuit ; movement in such a manner as to 
go forth and return to the starting-point: as, 
the cin-Hliiiiiiti of tin' blood (see phrases below). 
2. The act or state of being diffused or dis- 
tributed ; the act of passing from point to point 
or from person to person; diffusion: as. the 
i-'ii-nliiiiiiii of sap in a tree; the circulation of 
money ; the circulation of a piece of news. 
Tli true doctrines of astronomy appear to have hail 
some popular lirwdatfoa, '!, "". 
'Ihils the endless circulations of the divine charity nour- 
ish man. . Kuirrsiiii, Satuiv. 
circum- 
Circulator (ser'ku-la-tor). n. [< NL. circulator; 
cf. L. i-irriiliilnr, a peddler, later a mountebank, 
quark, ML. ii ptililir crier, < <-irri<lt>ri, collect 
people iivnlinil line's self: see i-imitillr. c.] 1. 
One who or that which rirniliites: speeifically 
n|i]i]ieil ID a cii-culating decimal fraction. Sep 
iin-iiiiiil. 2t. A juggler; a mountebank; one 
who goes about showing trirks. 
ii'iinui-H. Napier's circular parts, in math., live parts 3. The extent to which a thing circulates or is 
of a right angled or .1 quadrantal spherical triangle. They diffused or distributed : as, t he circulation of the 
are the legs, the complement of the hypotenuse, and the two perio dicals was about 300,000 COpies.-4. 
complements of the two oblique angles. If anyone part is 
called the miil'lt'- part, the two next to it are the adjacent 
part*, and the other two the opposite. Napier's rules for 
the circular parts serve for the solution of all cases of 
right angled spherical triangles. 
II. . 1. A letter, notice, or printed paper 
containing information, or an announcement, 
or a request, etc., intended for general circu- 
lation or for circulation among a particular 
class or circle of persons; a circular letter : as, 
a business circular ; a diplomatic circular. 
The Government loudly proclaims to Europe reforms 
for Poland. It informs the various Courts of them by 
diplomatic circulars. 
II. S. Edwards, Polish Captivity, II. I. 
2. [Cf. cyclas, ciclaton.~\ 'A kind of long cape 
. 
A repetition of a series of things or events in 
the same order. 
For the sins of war thotl seest fit to deny us the bless- 
Ings of peace, and to keep us in a circulation of miseries. 
Kikun Katilikf. 
5. The amount of coin, notes, bills, etc., in ac- 
tual use as currency: as, the circulation of the 
national banks. 
It conies with something solid In aid of the credit of the 
paper circulation. Burke. 
6. In chem., the repeated vaporization and con- 
densation of a substance in distillation. 7. In 
mil tli., the amount of flow round a closed path 
orcircuit; the line-integral round a closed curve 
These new Onostlcks, ... a kiml nf tfipsy-Christians, 
or a race "1 Tmnl.l.Ts, ami Taylcr, in tin- 
Oiurch. 1,1'. <iuden. Tears of the (.'hurch, p. -Jim. 
3. A function of two whole numbers, a variable, 
q, and a period, a, of the form 
AOO./ + Aid,/ 1+ .... Aa lOq a+l, 
where ay, etc., are circulating elements, and 
AO, etc., are numerical coefficients. Also called 
circulating function Prime circulator, a circula- 
tor vthtiM.' numerical coefficients natisfy the toUon ini! equa- 
tions for every value of 6 which exactly divides the pe- 
riod a: 
Aa 1 
=0, etc. 
or sleeveless cloak worn by women : as, a fur of the component velocity of a fluid along the 
circular. 
circularity (ser-ku-lar'i-ti), n. [< ML. circu- 
lfirittt(l-)x, < LL. circularis, circular: see circu- 
lar.'] The state or quality of being circular; a 
circular form or space: as, "the circularity of 
the heavens," Sir T. Browne. 
circularize (ser'ku-lar-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. 
circularized, ppr. circularizing. [< circular + 
-izc.l To make circular. 
circularly (ser'ku-lar-li), adv. In a circle ; in 
a circular manner ; in the form of a circle ; so 
as to return to the starting-point. 
Trade, which, like blood, should circularly flow. Dryden. 
And then for fruit, the best way is to have walls built 
circularly one within another. Pepys, Diary, II. 417. 
A ray of light polarized in a plane is equivalent to two 
rays polarized circularly. 
Atkitufon, tr. of Mascart and Joubert, I. 577. 
circularyt (ser'ku-la-ri), a. [< LL. circularis: 
see circular.'] Circular. Hooker. 
Circulate (ser'ku-lat), v. ; pret. and pp. circu- 
lated, ppr. circulating. [< LL. circulatus, pp. 
of circulare, make circular, encircle, a later col- 
lateral form of L. circulari, form a circle (of 
men) around one's self, < circulus, a circle : see 
circle, n. and v.'] I. trans. If. To travel round; 
make a circuit of. 
They sente out their shallop againe with 10 of their 
principall men, & some sea men, upon further discovery, 
intending to circulate that deepe bay of Cap-codd. 
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 83. 
His head hath been intoxicated by circulating the earth. 
Bp. Croft, On Buruefs Theory of the Earth, Pref. 
2. To cause to pass from place to place or from 
person to person ; spread ; disseminate : as, to 
circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. 
Cimtlale the money of the great among the ingenious, 
and from them to the lower rank of people, and encourage 
arts and sciences. 
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 277. 
One tract, written with such boldness and acrimony that 
no printer dared to put it In type, was widely circulated 
in manuscript. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi. 
II. intrans. 1. To move in a circle or cir- 
cuit ; move or pass through a circuit back to the 
starting-point: as, the blood circulates in the 
body ; the bottle circulated about the table. 
Our knowledge, like our blood, must circulate. 
Sir J. Denham, Progress of Learning. 
2. To be diffused or distributed; pass from 
place to place, from person to person, or from 
hand to hand: as, air circulates in a building; 
money circulates in the country ; the report cir- 
culated throughout the city. 
The whisper'd tales that circulate about. 
Crabbe, Lady Barbara. 
curve Circulation of the blood, the passage of the 
Mood from the heart into the arteries, from them into the 
veins, anil through the veins back to the heart. The blood 
passes from the right auricle to the right ventricle, and 
from the right ventricle by the pulmonary artery to the 
capillaries of the lungs, where it gives off carbon dioxid 
and takes up oxygen. From the capillaries of the lungs 
it returns to the heart, and flows into the left auricle 
through the four pulmonary veins ; thence it goes to the 
left ventricle, and thence by the aorta to distribute itself 
over the body. Passing from the arteries through the 
capillaries Into the veins, it returns to the right auricle 
through the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood- 
vessels form a continuous system without visible pores ; 
but there is continual leakage of the blood-plasma into 
the tissues, as well as passage of oxygen through the walls 
of the vessels ; and while there is some reentrants of sub- 
stances from the tissues into the blood, there Is also pro- 
vided in the lymphatic vessels a system of drains which 
takes up from the tissues the leakage from the blood-ves- 
sels, changed as it is by all that it has received from and 
given up to the tissues. These lymphatics pour their con- 
tents into the thoracic duct, which discharges into the veins 
at the union of the veins from the head and neck on the left 
side ; except that the lym- 
phatics from the right side of 
the head and the right arm 
and shoulder empty into the 
veins at the corresponding 
pointon the right side. The 
velocity of the circulation 
is greatest as it leaves the 
heart, diminishes as it pro- 
ceeds to the capillaries, and 
increases as it comes back to 
the heart again in the great 
veins. It is estimated as 
from 15 to 20 inches per sec- 
ond in the aorta, on the aver- 
age, and In the capillaries 
as .02 to .03 of an inch per 
second. The time for the 
complete circuit in man is 
a little less than half a min- 
ute. The tension of the 
blood in the human aorta 
is probably between 5.90 
and 7.87 Inches of mercury 
above the atmospheric pres- 
sure. It diminishes continu- 
ously in the arteries, capil- 
laries, and veins, and in the 
large venous trunks near the 
heart, as the subclavian, be- 
comes slightly less than the 
atmospheric pressure, and is 
called negative. The circu- 
lation of the blood was first 
correctly described and fully 
established by Harvey(1628); 
but the exact way in which 
by 
The determination of blood 
Circulating capital, decimal, library, medium, etc. pressures and velocities and 
See the nouns. Circulating element, in math., a func- the functions of the vasomo- 
tion A// of two whole numbers a and q, such that Aj=l 
if q is exactly divisible by o, and Ao=0 if there is a re- 
mainder. Circulating function. Same as circulator, 3. 
Circulate (ser'ku-lat), n. [< LL. circulatus, pp. : 
seo the verb.] A circulating decimal. 
circulation (ser-ku-la'shon), n. [= P. circula- 
tion = Sp. circuldcion = Pg. circulacSo = It. 
Diaeram of the Human Heart 
and vessels, showing the course 
of the Circulation, viewed from 
behind, so that the proper left of 
the observer corresponds with the 
left side of the heart in the dia- 
gram. 
LA. left auricle; LY. left ven- 
tricle; Ao, aorta ; A\, arteries to 
upper part of the body ; -/ -, ar- 
tenes to lower part of the body ; 
the blood passed from the HA * hepatic artery, which sup- 
arteries to the veins was un- gjjjjj . J,, 1 '"",-"" 11 , Vf* 
known until Malpighi dis- part of the 
covered the capillaries(1661). 
In the mean time the main 
features of the lymphatic 
system had been worked out 
by Bartholin and others. 
of the uppei 
body ; KS, veins of 
the lower part of the body ; VP. 
vena portae ; HV, hepatic vein ; 
YCI, inferior vena cava ; V CS, 
superior vena cava ; RA, right 
auricle ; Rf, right ventricle ; PA, 
pulmonary artery; l.g, fung; 
Pf, pulmonary vein ; Let, lac- 
teals; Ly, lymphatics; 7"AAtho- 
racicduct; ^/.alimentary canal: 
Lv, liver. The arrows indicate 
tor nerves has been the work the course of the blood, lymph, 
almost entirely of the pres- and 9"> rle - The vessels which 
pnt ppntnrv Pnl 1 a tava 1 contain arterial blood have dark 
t lelltlirj . Collateral contours , while those which carry 
Circulation, m J'hysiol., the venous blood have light contours. 
passage of the blood from 
one part to another of the same system of vessels by col- 
lateral communicating channels. It is much more frequent 
in the veins than in the arteries. 
circulatorioust (ser'ku-la-to'ri-us), a. [< L. 
rn-i-i/ldtoritiii: see circulatory.'] Traveling in a 
circuit, or from house to house. 
Cirrttlatorious jugglers. Barrow, Sermons, II. xx. 
Circulatory (s6r'ku-la-to-ri), a. and . [= F. 
circulatoire = 8p. "Pa. t'irculatorio = It. circu- 
latorio, circulatory, < L. circulatorius (which, 
however, has only the special sense of 'relating 
to a mountebank'), < circulator: see circulator. J 
1. a. 1. Moving over or through a circuit. 
Horde's circulator!/ peregrinations, In the quality of a 
quack doctor. T. Wartun, Hist. Eng. Poetry, III. "B. 
2. Pertaining to circulation, as of the blood : 
as, the circulatory vessels. 
In the circulatory system [of the blood], pressure has 
doubtless played an important part. 
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 355. 
Warming should not be continued after the circulatory 
action [of the air! has commenced. 
J. Constantine, Pract. Ventilation, p. 29. 
Circulatory letter*, a circular letter or circular. John- 
son. 
Il.t ! pfc circulatories (-riz). In old diem., 
a glass vessel in which a fluid was submitted 
to the process of circulation. Several kinds 
were in use, but the two chiefly used were 
called the pelican or blind alembic and the diota. 
E. Phillips, 1706. 
circulett (ser'ku-let), . [< L. circulus (see cir- 
cle) -f- dim. -et.'] A circlet. Spenser. 
circuli, . Plural of circulus. 
circulinet (ser'ku-lin), a. [< L. circulus (see 
circle) + -inc 1 .] Moving in a circle ; circular; 
circulatory. 
With motion circuline 
Let turn altout. 
Dr. II. tlore, Psychathanasia, III. ii. 33. 
circulus (ser'ku-lus), n. ; pi. circuit (-Ii). [L. 
(ML., NL.) : see circle.'] 1. A circle. Specifi- 
cally 2. A time-signature in early music, in 
the form of a complete circle, it denoted triple time ; in 
that of an arc only, duple time. 
3f. A glass-makers' tool for cutting off the necks 
of glass vessels. E. Pliilliiis, 1706. 4. In anat., 
a circle ; a ring : especially applied to vascular 
structures. 6. The head-band of a miter. Since 
miters in the middle ages were commonly made of stuff, 
either embroidered or plain, and not stiffened in any other 
way than by a lining of buckram or similar material, the 
circulus was an Important feature ; in very rich miters it 
becomes the auriphrigiuni. Clrculus artlculi vascu- 
Ipsus, the vascular circle of a joint ; the vascular liorder 
of the synovial membrane about an articular cartilage. 
Circulus cephallcus (cephalic circle), in ichth., the arte- 
rial circle formed lieneath the base of the skull. 
The anterior branchial vein gives off, at its dorsal ter- 
mination, a considerable carotitl trunk, which passes for- 
ward under the base of the skull ; and this is united with 
its fellow by a transverse branch so that a complete arte- 
rial circle, the circulwt cfphalicu*, is formed. 
Uuxley, Anat, Vert., p. 140. 
Circulus in arguendo. Same as arrrument in a circle. 
See circle, n., 10. Circulus In definlendo. Same as 
circle in dejinition (which see, under circle). Circulus 
major, circulus minor, the greater and lesser vascular 
rings around the pupil of the eye. Circulus tonslllarls, 
a plexus of small branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve 
over the tonsil. Circulus yenosus, a venous vascular 
ring around the base of the nipple of the mammary gland. 
Circulus Willlsll, the circle of Willis (which see, 
under circle). 
circum-. [= F. circom-, circon-, circum- = Sp. 
circun-, circum- = Pg. circum- = It. circon-, cir- 
co-, circun-, circu-, circum-, circom-, < L. circum-, 
before a vowel usually circu-, combining form 
of circum, adv. and prep., around, about, orig. 
ace. of circus, a circle, ring : see circus and cir- 
cle. Cf. G. rings, around (< ring = E. ringl), 
and E. around, round?, adv. and prep.'] A pre- 
