cital 
cital (si'tal), n. [< cite + -/.] 1. The act of 
citing to appear; a summons. [Rare.] 2. 
Recital ; mention. [Rare.] 
He made a blushing citnl of himself, 
And chid his truant youth. 
Shale., 1 Hen. IV., v. 2. 
3f. Quotation; citation. Johnson. 
citation (si-tu'shon). . [< ME. citacion, -oun, 
= F. Pr. citation " Sp. citacion = Pg. citaqao = 
It. citazione = G. Dan. citation (prob. < F.), < 
ML. citatio(n-), < L. citare, pp. citatus, cite: 
see cite.] 1. A summons; an official call or 
notice given to a person to appear in a court 
and answer to a demand; a call or notice to 
appear. 
The remonstrants were ready according to their cita- 
tion. ,S'V ,)/. Hale, Letter from Synod of Dort, p. 24. 
The courts had their own methods of process, derived 
in great measure from the Roman law, with a whole ap- 
paratus of citations, libels, and witnesses. 
Stubbs, Const. Hist. (2d ed.), 724. 
2. The paper containing such notice or call. 
3. The act of citing or quoting a passage from 
a book, or a statement in the words of the one 
who made it; hence, the passage or words quot- 
ed; a quotation. 
It is the beauty and independent worth of the citat ions, 
far more than their appropriateness, which have made 
Johnson's dictionary popular even as a reading-book. 
Coleridge. 
4. Specifically, in law, a reference to decided 
cases, or to statutes, treatises, or other authori- 
ties, to maintain a point of law. 5f. Enumer- 
ation; mention. Harvey Edlctal citation. See 
edictal. Law of citations, a law of Theodosius II. (A. 
D. 426) prescribing the relative authority to be conceded 
to the writers upon Roman law. 
citator (sl-ta'tor), n. [= F. citateur = Sp. Pg. 
citador, < L. as if *citator, < citare, pp. citatus, 
cite: see cite.] One who cites. [Rare.] 
citatory (si'ta-to-ri), a. [= F. citatoire = Sp. 
Pg. citatorio, < LL. "citatoritis (in neuter cita- 
torium, n., a summoning before a tribunal), < 
L. * citator : see citator.} Citing; summoning; 
having the force or form of a citation. 
If a judge cite one to a place to which he cannot come 
with safety, he may freely appeal, though an appeal be 
inhibited in the letters citatory. Ayliffe, Parergon. 
cite 1 (sit), . t.; pret. and pp. cited, ppr. citing. 
[= D. citeren = Gc. citiren = Dan. citere = Sw. 
citera, < F. citcr = Pr. Sp. Pg. citar = It. citare, 
< L. citare, cause to move, excite, summon, freq. 
of ciere, cire, pp. citus, rouse, excite, call, = Gr. 
KICIV, go, caus. mvttv, move. Hence, in comp., 
accite (of which, in its early form, acite, assite, 
cite is partly an abbreviation), concite, excite, 
incite, recite.] 1. To call upon officially or 
authoritatively to appear; summon before a 
person or tribunal ; give legal or official notice 
to appear in court to answer or defend. 
The cited dead 
Of all past ages, to the general doom 
Shall hasten. Milton, P. L., iii. 327. 
He hath cited me to Rome, for heresy, 
Before his Inquisition. 
Tennyton, Queen Mary, v. 2. 
2f. To call to action ; rouse ; urge ; incite. 
And had I not been cited so by them, 
Yet did I purpose as they do entreat. 
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. 
3. To quote; name or repeat, as a passage 
from a book or the words of another. 4. To 
refer to in support, proof, or confirmation: as, 
to cite an authority or a precedent in proof of 
a point in law. 
The devil can cite scripture for his purpose. 
Shak., M. of V., i. 3. 
Multitudes of incarnations can be cited, from the various 
pagan mythologies. 
Bushnell, Nature and the Supernat., p. 376. 
5f. To mention; recount; recite. 
We cite our faults, 
That they may hold excus'd our lawless lives. 
Shak., T. G. of V., Iv. 1. 
6f. To bespeak ; argue ; evidence ; denote. 
Yourself, 
Whose aged honour cites a virtuous youth. 
Shak., All's Well, i. 3. 
=Syn. 3 and 4. Recite, Adduce, etc. See adduce and 
quote. 
Clteet, Cite 2 t, Middle English forms of city. 
citer (si'ter), . 1. One who cites. 2. One 
who summons into court. 3. One who quotes. 
[Rare.] 
I must desire the citer henceforth to inform us of his 
editions too. Bp. Atterburi/. 
citer-treet (sit'er-tre), . Same as citron-tree. 
Eke Citurtree this moone in places colde 
Is forto graffe, as is beforne ytolde. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p, 144. 
1018 
citesst (sit'es), n. [< cit + -ess.] 1. A city 
woman: feminine of cit. [Rare.] 
('its and citasws raise a joyful strain, 
'Tis a good omen to begin a reiyn. 
Dryden, Prol. to Albion and Albanius, 1. 43. 
2. A female citizen : a translation of the French 
citoycnite in use during the French revolution- 
ary period. Pickering. 
eithara (sith'a-rii), . [As applied to mod. 
instruments usually in the form cither or (by 
confusion with gittern) cithern, cittern, q. v. ; = 
F. cithare = Pr. cidra = Sp. citara = Pg. cithara 
= It. citera, cetera, formerly also citara, citara, 
cetra (also with variant term., OSp. citola = 
Pr. citola = OF. citole (> MHG. zitole, zitol = 
ME. citole : see citole) ; ML. citola) = AS. 
cytere = OHG. cithara, cythara, ci/thcra, zitera, 
MHG. zitter, G. zittcr (G. also, accom. to the 
L., cithar, cither, zither) = D. cither = Dan. 
cither = Sw. cittra, a cithara, guitar, etc. ; < L. 
cithara, < Gr. Ki6apa, a kind of lyre: see def. 
The word, as derived through the L. , shows in 
E. five forms, cithara, cither, cithern, cittern, ci- 
tole (as well as zither, from the G.) ; as derived 
through the AT. and Sp. it shows two other 
forms, gittern and guitar: see these words.] 
1. An ancient Greek musical instrument of 
the lyre class. See lyre. 2. [cap.] [NL.] In 
zool., a genus of prosobranchiate gastropodous 
mollusks. 
Citharexylum (sith-a-rek'si-lum), . [NL., < 
Gr. Kiddpa, a lyre, + JiAov, wood.] A genus of 
trees and shrubs, of the natural order Verbena- 
cece. There are about 20 species, natives of tropical and 
subtropical America. The wood is very hard and tough. 
See fidtllewmid. Also Citharexylon. 
Citharinina (sith"a-ri-m'na), n. )>l. [NL., < Ci- 
t/iarinus + -ina%.] In Giinther's classification 
of fishes, a group of Characinido! with an adi- 
pose fin, imperfect dentition, and a rather long 
dorsal fin. 
Citharinus (sith-a-ri'nus), n. [NL. (Cuvier, 
1817), < Citharus 4- -inus.] An African genus 
of characinoid fishes, giving name to the Citha- 
rinina. 
citharist (sith'a-rist), . [= F. cithariste = 
Pg. citharista = Sp. It. citarista, < L. citharista, 
< Gr. Ki6aptaT>K, < Ki6ap%eiv, play on the cithara, 
< Kidapa, cithara.] A player on the cithara. 
First the flute players and next the cithariits, stepping 
to a slow and stately tune. 
A. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, II. 40. 
citharistic (sith-a-ris'tik), a. [= F. citharis- 
tique = Sp. citaristico, < Gr. KiBapiariK&f, < Ki0a- 
piariK: see citharist and -ic.] Pertaining to the 
cithara, or to other stringed instruments on 
which the sounds are produced by plucking with 
the fingers or with a plectrum. Also kithanstie. 
It is true that the ancients also had an instrumental 
music separate from poetry ; but while this in modern 
times has been coming more and more to be the crown of 
musical art, it was confined in antiquity to the kitharistic 
and auletic nonies. ./. Hadley, Essays, p. 90. 
Citharust (sith'a-rus), n. [NL., < L. cithara : 
see cithara.] A' genus of fishes. 
Cither (sith'er), n. [= G. cither, zither, zitter = 
Dan. cither, etc., < L. cithara ; see cithara, and 
cf. cithern.] Same as cithern. 
cithern, cittern (sith'-, sit'ern), n. [Early mod. 
E. citherne, citterne, cyterne, citheron, citron, etc. ; 
same as cither, with form accom. in part to that 
of gittern, < ME. gttterne, giterne: see cither, and 
also gittern, which is ult. of the same origin, 
namely, < L. cithara : see cith- 
ara.] A musical instrument 
having metal strings which are 
played with a plectrum. In 
medieval times it was a kind of lute or 
guitar, having 8 strings strung over a 
neck and a body, and held vertically. 
In modern times it is a four-sided 
harp, having between 30 and 40 
strings, and laid horizontally upon a 
table. The melody is played upon 
strings the length of which may be 
varied by stopping on a fret-board ; 
the accompaniment is played on 
open strings. Also cither, zither. 
Others who more delighted to write 
songs or ballads of pleasure, to be 
sung with the voice, and to the harpe, .. 
lute, or citheron & such other musi- London, 
cal instruments; they were called 
melodious Poets [melici], or by a more common name Li- 
rique Poets. Puttenham, Art of Eng. Poesie, p. 20. 
She held a little cithern by the strings, 
Shaped heartwise, strung with subtle-coloured hair. 
Swinburne, Ballad of Life. 
citheront, n. Same as cithern. 
citicismt (sit'i-sizm), . [Also citycism ; < city 
+ -c- + -ism. Cf. Atticism, criticism, witticism.] 
Cithern. South 
Kensington Museum, 
citizen 
The characteristics of dwellers in cities; the 
manners of a cit or citizen. [Rare.] 
Although no bred courtling, yet . . . reformed and 
transformed from his original citi/cism. 
B. Jonsun, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2. 
citied (sit'id), a. [< city + -erf 2 .] 1. Belong- 
ing to a city; having the peculiarities of a city. 
[Kare.] 
The loathsome airs of smoky citied towns. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 166. 
2. Occupied by a city or cities ; covered with 
cities: as, "the citied earth," Jietttfi. 
Citigrada (sit-i-gra'da), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
oi' I'iti/jradus : see citigrade.] A group of vaga- 
bond spiders with two pulmonary sacs, com- 
prising forms which run swiftly, as the Lyco- 
sidce, etc. : opposed to the Saltigrada, or those 
which leap. 
citigrade (sit'i-grad), a, and n. [= V. citigrade, 
< NL. citigradus, < L. citus, swift (prop. pp. of 
ciere, cire, move, arouse : see cite), + ijrudi, go.] 
1. a. Swiftly moving; specifically, pertaining 
to or having the characters of the Citigrada. 
II. . One of the Citigrada. 
citinert (sit'i-ner), . [Sc. also citinar; early 
mod. E. also cittiner; < ME. cyttenere, < cite, city, 
+ -H- + -ere, -er 2 .] One born or bred in a city; 
a cit. 
You talk like yourself and a cittiner in this, i' faith. 
Slargton, Jonton, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, v. 1. 
citizen (sit'i-zn), n. and a. [(1) < ME. citizen, 
citezein, citeseyn, citesayne, citcsyn, eytcsyn, cite- 
ceyn, < OF. (AF.) *citezein (found once, spelled 
sithezein) (the s appar. repr. orig. z = y = i be- 
tween two vowels), prop, citeein, citeien, citecn, 
(Alien, citeain, citaain, citaen, citocn, citoien, F. 
citoyan = Pr. ciutadan, ciptadan (now citoycn, 
after F.) = Cat. ciutadd = Sp. cindadano = 
Pg. cidadao = Wall, cetatsean, a citizen; prop, 
adj., OF. citeein, citeien, citeen, etc., citoen, ci- 
toien, F. citoyen = Sp. ciudadano, pertaining to 
a city, civil, < ML. as if "civitatamis; cf. (2) 
OF. citadin, F. citadin = It. cittadino, a cit- 
izen, prop, adj., It. cittadino, pertaining to a 
city, < ML. as if *civitatin>is; (3) ML. civitaten- 
sis (rare, the usual word being civis or burgcn- 
sis: see burgess), a citizen; with suffixes -anus 
(E. -an, -en), -iniis (E. -ine 1 ), and -ensis (E. -ese, 
-ess), respectively, < L. cirita(t-)s, a city, a 
state, > It. citta = Wall, cetate Cat. cititat = 
Sp. ciudad = Pg. cidade = F. cite, OF. cite, > E. 
city, q. v. Citizen is thus etymologically equiv. 
to city + -an; cf. obs. citiner, equiv. to city + 
-er 2 . Hence by abbr. cit."] I. n. 1. A native 
of a city or town, or one who enjoys the free- 
dom and privileges of the city or town in which 
he resides ; a freeman of a city or town, as dis- 
tinguished from a foreigner or one not en- 
titled to its franchises. 
I am a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, ... a citizen of 
no mean city. Acts xxi. 39. 
All inhabitants within these walls are not properly citi- 
zens, but only such as are called freemen. 
Sir W. Italeigh, Hist. World. 
2. Any inhabitant of a city or town, as opposed 
to an inhabitant of a rural district ; a towns- 
man. 3. In a restricted sense, a person en- 
gaged in trade, as opposed to a person of birth 
and breeding. 
Sweep on, you fat and greasy citizens ; 
'Tis just the fashion : wherefore do yon look 
Upon that poor and broken bankrupt there ? 
Shak., As you Like it, it 1. 
4. A member of the state or nation ; one bound 
to the state by the reciprocal obligation of al- 
legiance on the one hand and protection on the 
other. Persons of the following classes are citizens of the 
United States : (1) Persons born in the United States and 
not subject to any foreign power (except untaxed Indians). 
This includes children of alien parents other than those of 
foreign ambassadors, etc. (2) Children born elsewhere to 
fathers who were, at the time of their birth, citizens at 
some time resident in the United States. (3) Naturalized 
persons, including some in effect naturalized by treaty, etc. 
(4) Women (though not born here nor naturalized) if not 
incapable of naturalization, and married to citizens. (5) 
Freedmen under the act of emancipation. (6) Indians 
born within the United States who have withdrawn from 
the tribal relation, entered civilized life, and are taxed. 
(7) Indians who have accepted lands allotted in severally 
under the Dawes Bill (1887) ; but there may be a question 
whether they practically become citizens before their 
reservation is thrown open. A person may be a citizen of 
the United States without being a citizen of any particular 
State, as, for instance, an inhabitant of the District of Co- 
lumbia. The two citizenships are distinct in legal contem- 
plation, although one is usually held by any person who 
holds the other ; and practically, as a general rule, citi- 
zenship in a State consists of citizenship of the United 
States plus a domicile (that is, a fixed abode) in the State. 
The right to vote or hold office is not a test of citizenship, 
for minors and women are commonly citizens without 
those rights, and there are cases where aliens may hold 
office. 
