citizen 
All persons horn or naturalized In the United States, and 
subject to the jttrUdlottOD thereof, are citiit'//* of the 
Ulltted StUte-S, and of Illc State \\llereill they IT.-, hlr. 
Count, of If. .S'., 14th Amendment. 
5. A private person, as opposed to a civil offi- 
cial or a soldier : as, a police officer in citizen's 
dress. Natural-born citizen, one who is a mi <mi T 
of a state or nati-iu by \ irtnr nt hjrth. Whether it is nere.s 
Siiry to thin that the father .should be u eiti/en is disputed ; 
those jurists who follow the doctrine of national character 
prevailing in e.uitinentul Kurope hold that it is; Aim-ri- 
can jurists generally hold that it is not. The KiiJish 
courts, while lii'lilinu that a ehild horn within tlie alle- 
giance and jurisdiction is a natural-horn British subject 
irrespective of alien parentage, held also, after much con- 
flict of opinion, and in disregard of abstract consistency, 
that a chilli horn in a foreign country of British parents 
was also a natural-horn llritish subject. The American 
nili- is that a child horn and remaining within the exclu- 
sive jurisdiction of the I niteil States is aciti/en, and within 
Its allegiance anil protection, irrespective of the liirth or 
nationality of its parents. Naturalized citizen, one of 
foreign hirth who has hecoine a citizen hy adoption or nat- 
urali/ati as distinguished from u native-horn or natural- 
horn citizen. 
II. t " Having tlie qualities of a citizen; 
town-bred; effeminate. [Bare.] 
Hut not so citizen a wanton, as 
To seem to die, ere sick. 
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 
citizeness (sit'i-zn-es), . [< citizen + -ess; 
made to represent F. citoyenne, fern, of citoyen, 
citizen: see citizen.'} A female citizen. 
"Good day, citizvitcxH." 
"Good day, citizen." 
This mode of address was now prescribed by decree. 
Dickem, Tale of Two Cities, iii. 5. 
Cltizenize (sit'i-zn-lz), v. t. [< citizen + -ize.] 
To make a citizen of, whether of foreign or na- 
tive birth; naturalize. [Rare.] 
Talleyrand was citiifnizal in Pennsylvania when there in 
the form of an emigrant. T. Pickering. 
In 1843 Congress passed a law declaring them [Stock- 
bridge Indians] civilized, Christianized, and citizenized. 
New York Evanuelixt, March 25, 1869. 
citizenry (sit'i-zn-ri), . [< citizen + -ry.] 
The general body of citizens ; the inhabitants 
of a city as opposed to country people, or the 
mass of people in common life as opposed to 
the military, etc. 
The salutary checks and pauses tn the high and rushing 
tide of greasy citizenry. Lamb, Decay of Beggars. 
No Spanish soldiery nor citizenry showed the least dis- 
position to join him. Carlyle, Life of Sterling, xlii. 
citizenship (sit'i-zn-ship), . [< citizen + -shi]>.] 
The state of being vested with the rights and 
privileges of a citizen. See citizen. 
Our citizenship, as saith the apostle, is in heaven. 
Bp. Horne, Occasional Sermons, p. 158. 
It is possible for a person, without renouncing his coun- 
try, or expatriating himself, to have the privileges of cili- 
zenxhip in a second country, 
although he cannot sustain 
the same obligations to both. 
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. 
(Law, 66. 
Citolet, n. [ME. citole = 
MHO. zitole, zitol, < OF. 
citole, citolle, nitole = Pr. 
citola = OSp. citola (ML. 
citola), < L. cithara, cith- 
ern: see cithara, cith- 
ern.} A small dulcimer 
used in the thirteenth, 
fourteenth, and fifteenth 
centuries. 
citolert, [< OF. cito- 
leor, citoleur (= OSp. eitolero), < citoler, play on 
the citole, < citole, citole.] One who plays on 
the citole. 
citraconic(sit-ra-kon'ik),a. [< Citr(us) + Acon- 
(itum) + -ic.] Derived from or relating to 
plants of the genera Citrus and Aconitum cit- 
raconic acid, <'ijH 8 O4, a blbasic acid forming deliques- 
cent crystals, which are odorless and have a bitter acid 
taste. It is prepared from citric acid, and is also called 
vyrocitric acid. 
citramalic (sit-ra-mal'ik), a. [< citr(ic) + -a- 
H- malic.'] Composed of citric and malic acids. 
Citrate (sit' rat), n. [< citr(ic) + -afel ; = F. 
citrate = Sp. Pg. citrato (NL. citratum).] In 
diem., a salt of citric acid. 
citrean (sit're-an), a. [< L. citreus (see citre- 
ous) + -an.} Same as citrine, 1. 
citrene (sit'ren), n. [< citr(ic) 4- -ene.} A ter- 
pene (CigHts) found in the oil of lemon, it is 
a colorless liquid, of agreeable odor, and combines direct- 
ly with hydrochloric acid to form a crystalline compound. 
citrepus (sit're-us), a. [< L. citreus, of or per- 
taining to the'citron-tree, < citrus : see citrus.} 
Of a lemon-yellow color ; citrine. 
citric (sit'rik), a. [= F. citriquc = Sp. citrico = 
Pg. It. citrico, < NL. citriciis, < L. citrus, citron- 
tree: see citrus, citron, and -ic.] Pertaining to 
or derived from lemons or citrous Citric acid, 
Citole. From a drawing in the 
British Museum. 
1019 
< V h tU I 7 , all acid contained in many fruits, but in the largest 
quantity in limes and lemons, lemon-juice yielding from 6 
to 7 percent. It is colorless, inodorous, atnl .\treiu. l\ -lial|i 
in its taste, and crystalli/eum rhombic prisms, readily olu- 
bli- in water. It is used as a discharge in calico printinj;, 
and as u substitute forlemnn in making saline <li aiiKhts. 
citril (sit'ril), 11. [Appar. a corruption of eU- 
riiK- or citron : cf. citrul, and the specific name 
citriiiclla : see citrine, citron.] A common t'rin- 
gillinc bird of southern Europe, also called 
citril-liiicli, /''rini/illii or Cliri/sninitri.-' citrinrlla : 
so called from the color of its luvn-t. 
citril-finch (sit'ril-fineli), n. Same as eitril. 
citrination (sit-ri-na'shpn), H. [< ME. citrina- 
CKIIIII, < ML. citri>tcio(ii-), < "citrinarc, < citri- 
IIHX, citrine: see citrine.] The process of be- 
coming citrine in color; the state of being so 
colored. Also citroimtinn. 
Kek of our materes encor]orinx. 
And of our silner citi-tinn'inim. 
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale (ed. Skcat), 1. 816. 
Citrine (sit'rin), a. and n. [< ME. citrine, < OF. 
citrin = Sp. citrino, cetrino = Pg. It. eitrino, < 
ML. citrinus, lemon-colored, < L. citrus, a lemon 
or citron: see citrus.] I. a. 1. Of a lemon- 
color; yellow or greenish-yellow; specifically, 
of a color differing from yellow only in its 
greatly reduced chroma and somewhat re- 
duced luminosity. Also citrean, citrinous. 
Over against the West was a dull citrin? glare, like the 
smoke that overhangs a battle-field on a sunlit day. 
Harper'i May., LXXVI. 204. 
2. Pertaining to the genus Citrus ; having the 
characters of or resembling the citron, lemon, 
lime, or orange Citrine lake. Same as bnim pink 
(which see, under kruu'n). Citrine Ointment, the com- 
mon name of an ointment made of nitrate of mercury. It 
consists of 3 parts of mercury, 7 of nitric acid, and 33 of 
lard. U. S. Pharmacopoeia. 
II. . 1. Citron-color. See extract. 
Citrint, or the colour of the citron, is the first of the ter- 
tiary class of colours, or ultimate compounds of the pri- 
mary triad, yellow, red, and blue; in which yellow is the 
archeus or predominating colour, and blue the extreme 
subordinate. Field, Chromatography, p. 310. 
2. A yellow pellucid variety of quartz. Dana. 
Citrinella (sit-ri-nel'a), n. [NL. (Kaup, 1829), 
dim. of ML. citrinus, citrine, yellow : see citrine, 
andcf. citril.] 1. A genus of old-world emberi- 
zine birds, of the family FringillidtE, containing 
the yellowhammer, the cirl-bunting, the orto- 
lan, etc. 2. A name given by Bonaparte (1838) 
to a genus of birds of which the citril is the 
type. See citril. 
citrinous (sit'ri-nus), a. [< citrine + -oits.] 
Same as citrine, 1. 
citrometer (si-trom'e-ter), n. [< citr(ic) + L. 
metrum, a measure.] An instrument used to 
measure the amount of citric acid contained in 
the juice of limes or lemons. Spon, Encyclo- 
paedia. 
Citron (sit'ron), n. [Early mod. E. also cidron; 
< F. citron = It. citrone, cedrone (Florio) = D. 
citroen = Or. citrone = Dan. Sw. citron, < ML. 
citro(n-), aug. of L. citrus, the citron-tree; cf. 
citreum (sc. malum, apple), a citron, < Gr. nirpov, 
a citron, > nirpiov, also Kirpia, Kirpia, the citron- 
tree; said to be of Ar. origin. Cf. citrus, citer- 
tree.] 1. The fruit of the citron-tree, a variety 
of Citrus medico, distinguished from the lemon 
by the absence of an umbo at the summit and 
by its very thick rind. The rind Is candied and used 
In confections and pastries. The fingered citron is a vari- 
ety in which the fruit is curiously divided into large finger- 
like lobes. 
2. The citron-tree, Citrus mediea. 3. A round 
and nearly solid variety of the watermelon, C- 
trullus vulgaris, with white and almost flavor- 
less flesh, sometimes used as a preserve. 4. 
Same as citron-mater. 
Drinking oi/ron with his Grace. 
Swift, Pope, and Arbuthnot, Misc., IV. 222. 
citronation (sit-ro-na'shon), n. [< citron(ize) 
+ -ation.] Same as citrination. 
citronella (sit-ro-nel'a), n. [NL., < ML. - 
iro(n-), citron, + dim. -etta.] A fragrant grass, 
Andropogon Nardus, extensively cultivated in 
Ceylon and Singapore for an oil (citronella-oil) 
which is obtained from it. The oil is esteemed in 
India as a remedy for rheumatism, and is used in Europe 
and America by soap-makers and perfumers. 
citronizet, v. i. [< citron + -ize.] To become 
citrine in color. 
Eight, nine, ten days hence, 
He will be silver potate ; then three days 
Before he citronite. S. Jonson, Alchemist, iii. 2. 
citron-tree (sit'ron-tre), n. [< citron + tree. 
Cf. ME. citur-tre,'cytyr-tre.] The tree, Citrus 
mediea, which produces the citron, n has an 
upright smooth stem, with a branchy head, rising from 6 
to 15 feet, adorned with large, oval, spear-shaped leaves. 
city 
citron-water (sit'rqn-wu !<]), H. A liquor dis- 
tilled from the rind of citrons. Also citron. 
Like ritnm water* matrons' checks inlUiine. 
K .1 th.- l.,,iv. 69. 
citron-wood (sit'rqn-wud), . The wood of 
the I'allilrin <]H<l<lrirft/rix, ;i cypress-like tree of 
Algeria. The stems are frequently burned off liy the 
Arabs, and the root- roh-se<tlleutl\ l,,.rnlur lal^e anil knot- 
ted, prodnciiiL- an intricately tiled train, much vain, d 
in cabinet-work. IiillVrcnt kinds of it are known a 
wood and iKinthfr-wootl. Al-n call' ii '/-"/"<,./. .- 
citron-yellow (sit'ron-yel'6), . A pigment 
composed of chromate of zinc, of a bright pale- 
lemon color, of little strength, and not very per- 
manent. 
Citrul (sit'rul), n. [< F. citmuUlr, formerly also 
eiti-nlle, a pumpkin, < It. i-iti-iunln, n trimiln, a cu- 
cumber, < L. citrus, the citron-tree: see citrus.] 
The watermelon, 6'i<r//.f ruli/arix. Also citrule. 
Citrullus (si-trul'us), n. [NL. (so culled from 
the color of the fruit when cut), < F. citrouille, a 
pumpkin: see citrul.] A genus of cucurbita- 
C6OU8 plants. C. Coloeimtltix yields the well-known 
cathartic drug called ,-../r,,-/,i/,. c , .,/,,, ;, is the water- 
melon. A third species is found in South Africa. See cut 
Illltlrr <'uln<-,l,,n<. 
citrus (sit'rus), . [= Sp. Pg. cidra = It. ce- 
ilr/>, < L. citrus, the citron-tree: see citron.'] 
1. A citron-tree ; in general, any tree or fruit 
of the genus Citrus: as, ct(r*-culture; the f- 
rus trade. 2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of small 
trees, natural order Butacece, with pinnate but 
apparently simple coriaceous and punctate 
leaves upon usually winged petioles. The flowers 
are white and fragrant, with numerous stamens united by 
their filaments into several irregular bundles. The fruit 
is pulpy, with a spongy rind. To this genus belong tlie 
orange, C. Aurantium, of which the kuuuiuat is a variety ; 
the shaddock and pumelo, C. decumana ; the lemon and 
citron, C. mediea; and the lime, which probably originated 
from C. Ilygtrix. 
citrus-tree (sit'rus-tre), n. [In earlier form 
citer-tree, q. v.] Any tree of the genus Citrus. 
Oitta (sit'a), n. Same as Pitta. 
cittern, n." See cithern. 
cittern-headt, . An empty-headed person. 
Shall brainlesse ci/ferm head*, each jobernole 
Pocket the very genius of thy soule ? 
Margton, Scourge of Villanie, Prol. 
city (sit'i), . and a. [Early mod. E. citie; < ME. 
cite, citee, < OF. cite, citet, citeit, F. cM = Pr. ciu, 
ciufat, cieutat, ciptat = Cat. ciulat = Sp. ciudad 
= Pg. cidade = It. cittate, cittade, now cittA (also 
in place-names civita) =Wall. cctate = Albanian 
kjoutet, Jtyoutete, < L. cirita(t-)s, the condition of 
a citizen, the body of citizens, the state, later a 
city,<era,OL.ceirw, a citizen, prob. akin to AS. 
hiw, family (see hind?), perhaps connected with 
auies (> E. quiet), rest, and with Gr. neicBai, lie 
down, rest, Skt.v'ft, lie down : see quiet and cem- 
etery. Hence (from L. cinta(t-)s) ult. E. citadel, 
and (from am) civic, civil, civility, civilize, etc.] 
1. .; pi. cities (-iz). 1. A large and important 
town ; any large town holding an important po- 
sition in the state in which it is situated, in the 
United States a city is properly an incorporated munici- 
pality, usually governed by a mayor, aldermen, and com- 
mon council. The number of inhabitants required to con- 
stitute a city is commonly over 10,000 ; but it differs greatly 
in different States, some (especially in the west) having 
incorporated cities of fewer than 3,000 inhabitants. In 
Great Britain the term is applied in a narrower sense to a 
town corporate which is or has been the seat of a bishop 
and of a cathedral church. The word is often used, like 
town, in opposition to country. 
And who so had be thence a myle or twayn, 
Vppon the feld to loke or cast his le, 
It shuld liym seme a town or a Citee. 
Generydet (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1981. 
In the United States nearly all citiett have come from 
the growth and expansion of villages, with such occasional 
cases of coalescence as that of Boston with Roxbury and 
Charlestown. J. Fitkf, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 64. 
2. The inhabitants of a city, collectively. 
I do suspect I have done some offence, 
That seems disgracious in the city's eye. 
Skak., Rich. III., ill. 7. 
City Of Refuge, (a) Any one of six cities, three on the 
east of the river Jordan (established by Moses), and three 
on the west (established by Joshua), to which those per- 
sons who had inadvertently slain a human creature might 
flee for refuge. They were Bezer, Ramoth. and Golan on 
the east, and Hebron, Shechetn, and Kadesh on the west. 
(6) Medina in Arabia, where Mohammed took refuge when 
driven by conspirators from Mecca, his native city, A. . 
622. Free dty or town, a city or town having its own 
government and laws, independently of the country with 
whose territory it is immediately connected that is, form- 
ing a state by itself. Tlie towns of the Banseatic league in 
Germany and northern Europe, in the middle ages, were 
generally free ; some of those in Germany were also called 
imperial cities, as members of the German empire. The 
only free cities remaining are Hamburg, Lulieek, and Bre- 
men, which since 1871 have been sovereign members of the 
present German empire. Frankfort-on-the-Main was a 
free city till 1886, when it was annexed to Prussia. Holy 
dty. See My. The City of London, that part of 
