civilian 
2. A student of the civil law at a university. 
He kept his name in the- collc'_'r books and changed Ills 
commoner's gown for that of u firHimi. 
Gran 1 *, slicastone. 
3. One whose pursuits arc those' of civil life, 
not military or clerical ; especially, a non-mili- 
tary inhabitant of a garrisoned town. 4f. OIK; 
who, despising the righteousness of Christ, did 
yet follow after u certain civil righteousness, a 
jttytilid civilis of his own. ./'</'. I'nni-k. 
The mere naturalist or civilian, by whom I mean such an 
one as lives upon dregs, the very relittue.s anil ruins of the 
linage of God decayed. />. A'";/' '*. 
5. A covenanted civil servant in British India. 
II. a. Pertaining to or characteristic of a 
civilian. 
To the 'iri/iriu miinl it might seem that, when a king 
writes up an inscription to record his buildings, he wishes 
that inscription to he read of ail men for all time. 
K. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 290. 
ciyilisable, civilisation, etc. See civilisable, 
cii'ili-iitiiiii: etc. 
civilist (siv'i-list), ii. [< ML. cirilista, < L. civi- 
lix, civil : see riril.'] A civilian, or person versed 
in the civil law. n'arbiirton. 
civility (si-vil'i-ti), . ; pi. civilities (-tiz). [< 
ICE, dri/lite, citizenship, < OF. civilite, F. riri- 
/i/i'- = >Sp. civilidad = Pg. eivilidade = It. civilita, 
civilta, civility, < L. cicilita(t-)s, the art of gov- 
erninent, politics, also courtesy, < civilis, civil : 
see civil and -ity.~] If. Citizenship. 
I with nioche summe gat this ciitiflite. 
Wydif, Acts xxii. 28. 
2. The state of being civilized ; redemption 
from barbarity ; civilization. See first extract 
under civilization. [Obsolete or archaic.] 
The sweet civilities of life. Dryden, Cym. and Iph., 1. 184. 
Reducing Heathen people to ciuilitie and true Religion, 
bringeth honour to the King of Heauen. 
Ca.pt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 59. 
They (Malayans] are civil enough, engaged thereto by 
Trade : for the more Trade, the more civility ; and on the 
contrary, the less Trade the more barbarity and inhu- 
manity. Dumpier, Voyages, II. 115. 
Another step in civility is the change from war, hunting, 
and pasturage to agriculture. Emerson, Civilization. 
3. Relation to the civil law rather than to re- 
ligion. 
If there were nothing in marriage but meer civility, the 
magistrate might be meet to he employed in this service. 
Bp. Hall, Conscience, lii. 10. 
4. Good breeding ; politeness, or an act of po- 
liteness; courtesy; kind attention: as, to show 
one many civilities. 
A man has manners ; 
A gentleman, civility and breeding. 
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 2. 
The Insolent civility of a proud man. Chesterfield. 
I also received many civilities from the French mer- 
chants. Pococke, Description of the East, II. 85. 
Civilizable (siv'i-li-za-bl), a. [< civilize + -able ; 
= F. civilisable = Pg. civiligavel.] Capable of 
being civilized. Also spelled civilisable. 
civilization (siv'i-li-za'shon), . [< civilize + 
-ation; = F. civilisation = Sp. cil'iligacion = Pg. 
civilizacao = D. civilisatic = G. Dan. Sw. civili- 
sation.} 1. The act of civilizing, or the state 
of being civilized ; the state of being reclaimed 
from the rudeness of savage life, and advanced 
in arts and learning. 
I asked him [Johnson] if "humiliating" was a good 
word. He said he had seen it frequently used, but he did 
not know it to be legitimate English, 
mit civilization, but only "civility." 
He would not ad- 
Boswell, Johnson. 
The entire structure of civilisation is founded upon the 
belief that it is a good thing to cultivate intellectual and 
material capacities, even at the cost of certain moral evils 
which we are often able accurately to foresee. 
/...7,'/. Europ. Morals, I. 116. 
2f. The act of rendering a criminal process civil. 
Also spelled civilisation. 
civilize (siv'i-liz), v. ; pret. and pp. civilized, 
ppr. civilising. [< ciril + -ize ; = F. civiliser = 
Sp. Pg. civilizar = It. civilizsare = D. civiliseren 
= Gr. civilisiren = Dan. civilisere = Sw. civili- 
sera.~\ I. trans. 1. To reclaim from a savage 
or semi-barbarous state ; introduce order and 
civic organization among ; refine and enlight- 
en ; elevate in social and individual life. 
We send the graces and the muses forth, 
To civilize and to instruct the North. Waller. 
Such sale of conscience and duty in open market IB not 
reconcilable with the present state of civilized society. 
Quincy. 
I am conscious that life has been trying to civilize me 
for now seventy years with what seem to me very inade- 
quate results. Lowell, Harvard Anniversary. 
2t. To make subject to a civil instead of a crim- 
inal process. 3. To place under civil, as op- 
1021 
posed to military, control ; transfer from mili- 
tary to civil control. 
fl.t iiitntiin. To behave civilly or with pro- 
priety. [Kare.] 
I r//////.v, lest tlmt I 1MB "I'-cit'iic: 
But lrd (Thou know .it) I am vnrh:i-t. vnrlcaii. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, ii., Tin 1 tan 
Rigby, who had seen him MI i.ttcn ci>ni'' t" ii'-i: ;i guinea 
of Sir t'. \\ illiain.^, anil liathnrst, at who>c i:ith<-r - he had 
lived for victual-, nnilrrstood that dignity as little, anil 
pulled themselves chairs; on which lie ririlited. 
\Y(dijle, Letters, II. It;::. 
Also civilise. 
Civilizee(siv-i-li-ze'), . [(civilize + -ee 1 .] One 
who is civilized, or is in process of civilization. 
The creature that Whitman terms the cimlizre. 
The Century, XX \ I. U8. 
Ciyilizer(siv'i-li-zer), if. Onewhoortliat which 
civilizes. Also spelled di-ili.-n i . 
To nations at a certain stage of their life, which may be 
called the formative or receptive stage, commerce has al- 
ways proved the great civilizer. 
Stills, Stud. Mcd. Hist., p. 416. 
Civilly (siv'i-li), adv. In a civil manner, (a) 
In a manner relating to government, or to the rights or 
character of members of the community at large ; en*- 
cially, in a secular manner, as opposed to ecclesiastically. 
If you ask which is the better of these two, Civilly the 
lientleman of Blood, Morally the Gentleman by Creation 
may be the better. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 52. 
That a multitude should, without harmony, concur in 
thedoiiigof onething for this is ciin% to live ... fa 
not possible. Honker, Eccles. Polity, 1. 
It [the state in France] made, for instance, the marriage 
of priests invalid civilly. 
//. A r . Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 398. 
(6) In a manner relating to private rights : opposed to 
criminally. 
That accusation which is publick is either civilly com- 
menced for the private satisfaction of the party injured, 
or else criminally, that is, for some publick punishment. 
Ayh/e, Parergon. 
(c) Not naturally, but by law : as, a man civilly dead, (d) 
Politely ; considerately ; gently ; with due decorum ; cour- 
teously. 
I will deal civilly with his poems : nothing ill is to be 
spoken of the dead. Dryden, Pref. to Fables. 
(e\) Without gaudy colors or finery; soberly. 
The chambers were handsome and cheerful], and fur- 
nished CM'///.'/. Bacon, New Atlantis. 
civil-SUitedt (siv'il-su'ted), a. Somberly ar- 
rayed. 
Civil-suited Morn, . . . 
Not trick'd and frounc'd as she was wont 
With the Attick boy to hunt, 
But kercheft in a comely cloud. 
Hilton, II Penseroso, 1. 122. 
ciyism (siv'izm), . [< F. civisme, < L. civis, a 
citizen, + F. -isme, -ism.] Good citizenship ; 
devotion to one's country or city: a word of 
late French origin, more restricted in meaning 
than patriotism. Dyer. See incivism. 
civityt, n. [Early mod. E. cieitie (cf . city, early 
mod. E. citie), < L. civita(t-)s, a city: see city.'] 
A city. 
An ancient civitie. Stanihurst, Descrip. of Ireland. 
CJVOlt, n. See cibol. 
cizart, v. t. An obsolete spelling of scissor. 
cizarst, cizerst, n.pl. Obsolete spellings of scis- 
sors. 
0. J. An abbreviation of chief justice. 
Cl. The chemical symbol of chlorin. 
clabbert(klab'er),. [See bonny clabber.'] Same 
as bonnyclabber. 
clabber (klab'6r), v. i. [< clabber, .] To be- 
come thick in the process of souring: said of 
milk. 
clach (klach), n. [Gael.: see clachan.} Same 
as clachan, 1. 
clachan (klach 'an), n. [Gael., < clach, pi. 
clachan, a stone; ong., it is supposed, clachan 
meant ' a stone circle for sacred or sepulchral 
uses.'] 1. A rude stone sarcophagus ; specifi- 
cally, one large and massive enough to form a 
sort of monument. Also called clach and cist 
in England. Jour. ofArchteol., III. 107. 2. In 
Scotland, a small village or hamlet, especially 
one clustering around a parish church. 
The clachan yill [ale] had made me canty. 
Burns, Death and Doctor Hornbook. 
> Yonder are the lights In the Clachan of Aberfoyle. 
Scott, Rob Roy, xxviii. 
clack (klak), v. [= Sc. clake, claik, < ME. clacken, 
clakken, claken (not found in AS., but see below, 
and cf. clatter and crack) = MD. klacken, clack, 
crack, whack, shake, D. klakken, clack, crack 
(> OF. clacquer, claquer, clack, clap, clatter, F. 
claquer, clap in applause : see claque), = MLG. 
klaken, cluck (as a hen), = Icel. klukn, twitter, 
chatter (as a bird), wrangle, dispute, = Norw. 
klakka, strike, knock; cf. MLG. klacken, LG. 
clack-dish 
klakken, throw or daub on, as flay, mud, or 
other soft mass. = OHG. elrniiaii, i-lccliint, kle- 
l,i n, crack with a noise, cause to burst, MHO. 
klicln n. l.ln-l;< n, crack or burst with a noise, 
also as in i '. I. /<</. n, anil /,//, daub, smear; 
all beiiif; secondary forms of an assumed verb, 
agreeing nearly with dirk 1 , <[. v. : AS. as if "cle- 
ciin. | in -t. 'rliir, pp. "eloeeH, whence also AS. 
i-liii-riini, }'.. !/(/.' ami rliirk, make the peculiar 
noise of the hen, =Ollt;. rlilm-linu, </,/,<//</. 
cloccoii. strike, knock, whence also ult. E. </</</.-': 
see did:, r/m7.i, rlurl,-. duck. The words are 
all more or less imitative; cf. G. klark, klacks, 
iuterj., slap!; Ir. Gael, clue, make a din; Gr. 
/ivtis'ir, scream, bark, clash, rattle. The series 
clack, dirk 1 , nasalized dank, dang, dink, with 
the related clock 1 , cluck, and further cla/> 1 , clat- 
ter, clash, and crack, crash, with their numer- 
ous cognates, though of various historical ori- 
gin, maybe regarded as ult. imitative variations 
of a common root.] I. intrans. 1. To make a 
tjiiick sharp noise, or a succession of sharp 
sounds, as by striking or cracking; crack; rat- 
tle; snap. 
Tlie palace bang'd, and buzz'd, and dackt, 
Ami all the long-pent stream of life 
Daah'd downward in a cataract. 
Tennyson, Day- Dream, The Revival. 
The clacking loom 
Not long within the homestead still did stand. 
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 202. 
2. To utter sounds or words rapidly and con- 
tinually, or with sharpness and abruptness; 
let the tongue run or rattle. 
Talke discretelye, let not thy tongue go clack In an out- 
rage. Modes, Boke of Nurture (E. E. T. S.), p. 103. 
Let thy tonge not clakke as a mille. 
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 109. 
But ah ! the more the white goose laid, 
It clack'd and cackled louder. 
Tennyson, The Goose. 
II. trans. 1. To cause to make a sharp, short, 
snapping sound ; rattle ; clap : as, to clack two 
pieces of wood together. 2. To speak without 
thought ; rattle out. 
Vnweighed custom makes them clack out anything their 
heedless fancy springs. Feltham, Resolves, 1. 4. 
Clack (klak), . [< ME. clakke, clack (of a mill), 
= MD. klack, a crack, cracking, = MHG. klac 
(klack-), a crack, crash, loud threatening sound, 
= Sw. klfick, a sudden alarm; cf. OF. clac, a 
clacket, clacker, clapper, F. claque, a claque; 
from the verb: see clack, D.] 1. A sharp, 
repeated, rattling sound; clatter: as, the clack 
of a mill. 2. In a grist-mill: (a) That part of 
the mill that strikes the hopper, to move or 
shake it, for discharging its contents. 
Says John, just at the hopper will I stand, 
And mark the clack, how justly it will sound. 
Betterton. 
(b) A bell that rings when more corn is required 
to be put in the hopper. Johnson. 3. A valve 
of a pump. 4. A ball-valve connected with 
the boiler of a locomotive. See ball-valve and 
clack-box, 2. 5. A kind of small windmill with 
a clapper, set on the top of a pole to frighten 
away birds. Also called clack-mill, and for- 
merly clacket: 6. Continual talk ; prattle; gos- 
sip; tattle. 
A woman's clack, if I have skill, 
Sounds somewhat like a throwster's mill. Su>\ft. 
The clack of tongues, and confusion of voices in this 
new assembly, was so very great, that the goddess was 
forced to command silence several times. 
Addison, Vision of Justice. 
Weakness runs never to this, but always to unthinking 
clack and rattle. 
Bushnell, Sermons on Living Subjects, p. 18. 
clack-box (klak'boks), n. 1. In mach., the box 
in which a clack-valve works. 2. In a loco- 
motive, a box fitted to the boiler in which a 
ball-valve is placed to close the orifice of the 
feed-pipe, and prevent steam or hot water from 
reaching the pumps. The ball of the clack is raised 
from its seat by the stroke of the pump-plunger forcing 
water against it ; the water then passes into the boiler, 
but is prevented from returning by the instant fall of the 
ball. 
3. The tongue. [Prov. Eng.] 
clack-dish (klak'dish), a. A beggar's dish or 
receptacle for money, fitted with a lid so ar- 
ranged as to produce when agitated a clatter 
upon the edge of the vessel. Its use was aban- 
doned in the seventeenth century, and it was 
succeeded by the alms-pot. Also called clap- 
dish. 
His use was, to put a ducat in her clack-dish. 
Shak., M. for M., lit 2. 
Can you think I get my living by a bell and a clack- 
I MieUUtvn, Family of Love, iv. a. 
