clavotrapezius 
trapezius, in special relation with the clavicle, 
which in some animals is quite distinct, extend- 
ing from the occipital region to the clavicle. 
clavula (klav'u-la), H. ; pi. clavula; (-le). [NL., 
dim. of L. clava, "a club.] 1. lu hot., the elon- 
gated clavate portion of the receptacle in cer- 
tain fungi. 2. In cool. : () One of the ciliated 
clavate setaa or knobbed bristles found on the 
fascicles of sea-urchins, as spatangoids. 
In the Spatangidu! there are peculiar bands upon the 
upper surface, the fascioles or semitje, upon which . . . 
knobbed bristles with active cilia (daculte) are distributed. 
Clout, Zoology (trans.), I. 2%. 
(b) In sponges, a rod-like spicule pointed at one 
end and having a knob or disk at the other; a 
tylotate or knobbed rhabdus. W. J. Sollas. 
Also clarule. 
ClaVTllaria 1 (klav-u-la'ri-a), n. [NL., < cla- 
vula + -aria (fern, sing.).] The typical genus 
of Clavulariidte. Quay and Gaimard. 
Clavularia 2 (klav-u-'la'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., < 
clavula + -aria (neut. pi.).] In Sollas's c-lassi- 
fication of sponges, a tribe of dictyonine hexac- 
tinellidau Silicispongio!, having uncinate spic- 
ules in the form of clavules, represented by 
the single family Farreidce. 
Olavulariidse (klav"u-la-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Clavwlarial + -idee."] ' A family of polyps, named 
from the genus Clavularia. Also Clai-idariada>. 
J. E. Gray, 1840. 
clavule (klav'ul), n. Same as clavula. 
clavus (kla'vus), . ; pi. clavi (-vi). [L. (ML. 
NL.) clavus, a nail, a corn, a tumor, a purple 
stripe on the tunica, etc., prob. from same root 
as clavis, a key. Cf. E. clore* and cloyi, both ult. 
< L. ctowus.] 1. In costume: (a) [L.] In Bom. 
antiq., a vertical stripe or band of purple color 
in the tissue of the tunic. Senators were dis- 
tinguished by the broad stripe or laticlavus; 
knights and others wore the narrow stripe or 
angusticlavus. See laticlave and angusticlave. 
(b) [LL. ML.] Under the Byzantine empire 
and in church vestments, (1) a plain border; 
(2) a round spot supposed to resemble a nail- 
head, used chiefly in groups or clusters at the 
edge of the stuff, forming a border. 2. [NL.] 
A grain of rye, or other cereal or grass, affected 
with ergot : applied to the immature or sclero- 
tium stage of the fungus, which was formerly 
known as Sclerotium clarus. 3. [NL.] In pa- 
thol., a pain in the head 
limited to one spot, as if a 
nail were being driven in. 
4. [NL.] In en torn., the 
nail; the interior basal 
part of the hemielytruin 
of a heteropterous insect. 
It is generally of a somewhat different texture from the 
rest of the corium, and in repose it is partially or entirely 
covered by the scutellum and border of the pronotum. 
clavyt (kla'vi), n. ; pi. dames (-viz). [Origin 
uncertain.] In arch., a mantelpiece. Also 
called clavel. 
The glory whereof [alabaster] appeareth especially in 
the workemanship betwixt the clavie of the chimney, and 
the roofe of the chamber. Coryat, Crudities, I. 43. 
claw (kla), n. [< ME. claw, clau (also clce, cle), 
pi. clawes, clowes (also dees, clecn), < AS. clatvu 
or cldwu (not *dd), pi. dawa, dawe, clawu (also, 
rarely, pi. cled, cleo), a claw, hoof, = OS. klawa 
= OFries. klewe, Fries, klauwe = I), klaauw = 
OHG. chlawa, chldiva, chloa, cloa, MHG. kldwe, 
kid, G. klauc, dial, kid, klow, klou, kloa, = Icel. 
klo = Sw. Dan. Mo, a claw. See the verb.] 1. 
In zool. : (a) A sharp, hooked, horny end of the 
limb of a mammal, bird, reptile, or other ani- 
mal ; a pointed and especially a curved nail of 
a vertebrate, consisting of thickened and har- 
dened epidermal tissue, like horn, borne usual- 
ly on a bony basis or core ; technically, an un- 
guis, as distinguished from a hoof or ungula. 
(6) A sharp, hooked end of a limb of an animal, 
of whatever character, (c) The whole leg, foot, 
or other appendage of. certain animals, termi- 
nating in a sharp hooked end or in a pincer-like 
extremity; a chela, cheliped, or chelicera, as 
in insects, arachnidans, crustaceans, etc. See 
cuts under chela*-, chelicera, and scorpion. (d) 
Some part of an animal resembling or likened 
to a claw. 2. Figuratively, the human hand; 
hence, in the plural, grasp; clutch; hold: as, 
to get one's claws on a thing. 
What's justice to a man, or laws, 
That never comes within their claws' 
S. Butler, Hudibras. 
3. In mech., some part of a tool or tackle re- 
sembling a claw: as, the claw or cleft end of 
a hammer, used in drawing out nails; the elate 
Claw. 
Petal of a cru- 
ciferous flower 
ithe wallflower). 
Wing-case of Nepa cinerra. 
a, clavus; *,corium; c.ap- 
pendix ; d, membrane. 
1034 
of a crowbar; the claw of a grapnel. 4. In 
bot., the narrow base of a petal, especially when 
it is long, as in the pink and wall- 
flower. 5. Inlocksmithiiig, a spur 
or talon which projects from a 
bolt or tumbler Artery-claw. See 
artm. Crab's claws. See crM. 
Devil's Claw (naut.), a very strong hook 
and chain used as a stopper for a chain 
cable. Retractile claws, claws which 
may be retracted and protruded by ap- 
propriate muscular mechanism, as in the 
cat family. Claws not so disposed are 
termed non-retractile. 
claw (kla), v. [< ME. clawen, 
clowen, < AS. clawian (rare) = D. klaauwen = 
MLG. kleien = LG. kleien, klaucn = OHG. kid- 
wean, G. klaucn, klauen = Dan. k/ii, dial, k/aa, = 
Sw. kla = Icel. reflex, kloa-stk, claw, scratch: 
all weak verbs, from the noun. The Icel. kid 
(strong verb, pret. kid, pp. ktenimi), scratch, 
rub, is perhaps not related.] I. trans. 1. To 
tear, scratch, pull, or seize with or as if with 
claws or talons. 
But age, with his stealing steps, 
Hath claw'd me in liis clutch. 
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1, song (Globe ed.). 
Like wild beasts shut up in a cage, to claw and bite each 
other to their mutual destruction. Burke, Rev. in France. 
2. To scratch ; relieve by or as if by scratch- 
ing ; scratch, as an itching part, with intent to 
relieve irritation. 
They [ben] counseilours of kinges ; Crist wot the sothe, 
Whou [how] they [curry] kinges & her back claweth! 
Piers Ploinman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 365. 
I clawe, as a man or beest dothe a thyng softely with his 
nayles. Clawe my backe, and I will clawe thy toe. 
Palsgrave. 
The French king neither liking of his errant, nor yet of 
his pompous speech, said somewhat sharply, I pray thee, 
good fellow, clawe me not where I itch not. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 228. 
Hence 3f. To fawn on. 
Rich men they claw, soothe np, and flatter ; the poor 
they contemn and despise. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 13. 
4. To make or affect by the use of a claw or 
claws of some sort: as, to claw a hole in a 
carpet ; to claw up a heap of dirt ; to claw the 
leaves away. TO claw awayt. Same as to claw 
of, (a). 
The jade Fortune is to be claw'd away for 't, if you should 
lose it. Sir R. L' Estrange. 
To Claw it Off), to escape the consequences of an act ; get 
out of difficulties. 
Ant . You mistake the weapon : are you not hurt ? 
Mart. A little scratch ; but I shall claw it of well 
enough, Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, v. 2. 
To claw Offt. (a) To rail at ; scold. 
Mr. Baxter . . . claws off the Episcopal party as a set 
of Cassandrian priests. Bp. Nicholson, To Mr. Yates. 
(b) To get rid of. 
A thousand pound to a penny she spoil not her face, or 
break her neck, or catch a cold that she may ne'er claw 
off again. Dekker and Webster, Northward Ho, iii. 2. 
To claw on the backt, to pat approvingly. To claw 
on the gall 4 , to rub the wrong way ; irritate. 
II. in trans. 1. Naut., to beat to windward, 
in order to avoid falling on a lee shore or on 
another vessel: with off; hence, figuratively, 
to get off; escape: as, to claw off from an em- 
barrassing situation. 2. To fawn; flatter. 
Here [in Spain] it is not the Stile to claw and compli- 
ment with the King, or idolize him by Sacred Sovereign, 
and Most Excellent Majesty. Howell, Letters, I. iii. 10. 
clawback (kla'bak), n. and a. [< claw, v., + 
obj. back 1 , n.~\ I. n. If. Literally, one who 
claws the back; hence, one who fawns on an- 
other; a sycophant; awheedler. Mir. for Mags. 
These flattering clawbacks are original roots of all mis- 
chief. Latitner, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549. 
Parasite [F.], a Parasite, a trencher-friend, . . . a claw- 
back, flatterer, soother, smoother for good cheer sake. 
Cotgrave. 
2. Same as back-scratcher, 1. 
Il.t a. Flattering. Bp. Hall. 
clawbackt (kla'bak), v. t. [< clawback, .] To 
fawn on ; curry favor with. Warner. 
claw-balk (kla'bak), n. A balk or beam used 
in making floating bridges. See extract. 
Each two men carrying a claw-balk, or timbers Iii in I 
with a claw, one of which held the gunwale of the boat, 
the other the shore abutment. The Century, XXIX. 280. 
claw-bar (kla'bar), . A hand-bar with a bent 
claw-shaped point for drawing spikes from rail- 
road-ties. 
clawboardt, An obsolete form of clapboard. 
clawed (klad). a. [< claw, n., + -ed$.] Fur- 
nished with claws; unguiculate: in zool., spe- 
cifically distinguished from ungulate, or hoofed : 
as, clawed quadrupeds. 
claw-fpot (kla'fut), n. and a. I. n. A foot, as 
of a piece of furniture, carved in wood or cast 
clay 
in metal in the shape of the foot of a bird or 
beast of prey. 
II. a. Having claw-feet : as, a claw-foot table. 
claw-hammer (kla'ham"er), M. 1. A hammer 
having one end cleft or divided into two claws, 
for use in drawing nails out of wood. 2. A 
dress-coat; a swallow-tailed coat: so called 
from the shape of the tail. [Colloq. or slang.] 
claw-hand (kla'hand), n. In pathol., a hand 
in which the wrist and metacarpophalaugeal 
joints are extended while the interphalangeal 
joints are flexed : due to paralysis of the lum- 
bricales and interossei muscles. 
claw-joint (kla'joint), n. 1. In anat., the ter- 
minal or ungnal phalanx of a digit which bears 
a claw or nail ; a rhizonychium. In those cases 
where a claw is well developed, as in a beast or bird of 
prey, the claw-joint furnishes a bony core to the claw. 
2. Iii eiitom., the last joint Of an insect's tarsus, 
the one to which the ungues or claws are at- 
tached. 
clawker (kla'ker), H. [Prob. a var. of dial. 
clatcher or cleuker for clutcher, < clutch 1 or its 
variants.] In a knitting-machine, the feed- 
pawl or hand of a ratchet. 
Claw-sick (kla'sik), a. Suffering, as sheep, from 
foot-rot or claw-sickness. 
claw-sickness (kla'sik // nes), n. Foot-rot, a 
disease in cattle and sheep. 
claw-wrench (kla'reneh), . A wrench having 
a loose pivoted jaw and a relatively fixed one, 
so arranged as to bite together when they are 
made to grip an object. 
clay (kla), n. and . [< ME. clay, cley, clei, < 
AS. elceg = OFries. klai = MD. kleye, D. klei = 
MLG. LG. klei (> G. klei) = Dan. kla-g, clay; re- 
lated through dial. var. dag (see clagl, claggy) 
to dog, q. v. ; and perhaps ult. to LL. glm, 
L. gluten (> E. glue, gluten, q. v.), to Gr. -y)j>t6f, 
ytotd, sticky oil, gum, yUvr], yMfl>q, gum, y'Ma, 
flue, and to OBulg. glina, clay, gloiu, slime.] 
. n. 1. The material resulting from the de- 
composition and consequent hydration of the 
feldspathic rocks, especially granite and gneiss, 
and of the crystalline rocks in general. As thus 
formed, it almost always contains more or less sand, or 
silicious material, mechanically intermixed. After this has 
been separated, the clay itself is found to consist of a hy- 
drated silicate of alumina, but it is not yet positively 
made out that there is one definite combination of this 
kind constituting the essential basis of all the substances 
to which the name clay is applied. All clays contain hygro- 
scopic water, which may be expelled by heating to 212" F. ; 
but they also contain water in chemical combination, and 
when this is driven off by ignition the clay loses its plas- 
ticity, which cannot be restored. Ordinary clay contains 
more or less lime and other impurities, which render it to 
a certain extent fusible. The purer varieties are refrac- 
tory, and are known as fire-day (which see). (See also 
pipeclay, china-clay, porcelain-clay, and kaolinite.) The 
plasticity of clay is of great importance, as without this 
quality it could not be easily worked into the various 
shapes for which it is used. On what condition it depends 
has not as yet been clearly made out. 
2. Earth in general, especially in the Scrip- 
tures, as the material from which, according to 
the account in Genesis, the body of the first 
man was formed. 
I also am formed out of the clay. Job xxxiii. 6. 
Arv. Are we not brothers? 
/mo. So man and man should be ; 
But clay and clay differs in dignity, 
Whose dust is both alike. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 
3f. Moist earth ; mud ; slime. 
He spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle. 
John ix. 6. 
4f. Any viscous plastic mixture used as mortar 
or cement. 
Cleme hit [sc. the ark] with clay comly with-inne. 
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 312. 
He tok a ionket of resshen, and glewide it withe glew- 
ishe cley [L. bitumine] and with picche. 
Wyclif, Ex. ii. 2 (Oxf.). 
Cley maad with hors or maunes heer, and oile 
Of tartre, alum, glas, berm, wort, and argoile, 
Resalgar, and our materes enbibing. 
Chanter, Canon's Yeoman's Tale (ed. Skeat), 1. 812. 
5. The human body; especially, a dead body. 
[Poetical.] 
Their spirits conquered when their clay was cold. 
J. Baillie. 
6. Figuratively, anything which is easily mold- 
ed, shaped, or influenced. 
All the land 
Was clay in Slavery's shaping hand. 
Whittier, Snow-Bound. 
Bradford Clay, in geol., a bluish, slightly calcareous clay 
of the Oolite, well developed near Bradford in England, 
and remarkable for the number of apiocrinites in it. 
Clay process, the method of making a stereotype print- 
ing-plate from a mold of prepared clay. This clay is a 
combination of potters' clay, kaolin, powdered soapstone, 
and plaster of Paris. Drawn clay, clay which is shrank 
or decreased in volume by burning. Long clay, clay pos- 
sessing a high degree of plasticity. Oxford clay, in fieol. , 
