clearstarch 
clearstarch (kler'starch), v. t. To stiffen and 
dress with clear orpure starch : as, to c/t'tir.ittirrlt 
muslin. 
He took his lodgings at the mansion-house of a tailor's 
whtmv, who washes and can clrnr-xtiiri-h his hands. 
clearstarcher (kler'stiir'cher), n. One who 
clearstarches, 
clean linen come home from the clcar-starcher's. 
DMou 
clearstory, clerestory (kler'sto'ri), n.; pi. 
clearstories, drri-ntiirii-x (-riz). [The spelling 
fli'i'i-xtorii is archaic, 
rlrarstory, which oc- 
curs in early mod. 
E., being also the 
proper present spell- 
ing ; < dear + sto- 
ry*; so called be- 
cause furnished with 
windows. Cf. ////</- 
story.] 1. The upper 
story of a church, 
perforated by a 
range of windows, 
which form the prin- 
cipal source of light 
for the central por- 
t ions of the building. 
It is immediately over the 
triforium, where a trifo- 
riuni is present. Where 
there is no triforiuni it 
rests immediately ,, the tlcarstory ._ A of B Ca . 
arches of the aisles; or, in thedral, NormanS^ .4, clearstory ; 
- f, blind-story, or triforium. 
eases where sueh arches 
are not present, it occu- 
pies the corresponding position ii 
walls. 
the upper part of the 
A meruelous howse was bylded at Gynes, . . . so grete 
In quantyte, so statly, and all with c If re story lyghtys, lyk 
a lantorne. Arnold's Chronicle (1502), p. 11. 
Hence 2. The raised part of the roof of a 
railroad-car, which contains the ventilating 
windows. 
clearweed (kler'wed), . The PiUa puntila, a 
low nettle-like plant of the United States, with 
a smooth, shining, and pellucid stem, growing 
in moist shaded places. Also called richweed. 
clearwing (kler'wing), . A sphinx-moth in 
which the wings are transparent in the middle : 
as, the thysbe clearwing, Hemaris thysbe. 
cleat 1 (klet), n. [E. dial., < ME. clete, var. of 
"elite, < AS. elite : see cKte 1 .] If. The burdock. 
2. Butter-bur. [Prov. Eng.] 
cleat 2 (klet), n. [Formerly spelled elect, clete ; 
same as E. dial, elate, a wedge ; ME. clete, clyte, 
also clote, a wedge (< AS. "cledt (f ), not found), 
= MD. Mot, kloet, T>. kloot, a ball, globe, = 
OHG. chloz. a ball, a bowl, MHG. also a knob, 
wedge, G. kloss, a clod, dumpling, = Icel. Mot, 
knob, = Norw. klot, klaate = Sw. klot = Dan. 
klode, a bowl, ball, globe. The forms and senses 
are not easily separated from those of the re- 
lated cloti and clafl.] 1. Naut. : 
(a) Apiece of wood or iron con- 
sisting of a bar with arms, to 
which ropes are belayed. (6) 
A piece of wood nailed down to 
secure something from slipping. 
2. A piece of iron fastened 
under a shoe to preserve the 
C iUashe d n toIrtay h sole. 3. A piece of wood nailed 
on transversely to a piece of 
joinery for the purpose of securing it in its 
proper position or of strengthening it. Hence 
4. A strip nailed or otherwise secured across 
a board, post, etc., for any purpose, as for sup- 
porting the end of a shelf. 6. A trunnion- 
bracket on a gun-carriage. E. H. Knight. 
cleat 2 (klet), v. t. [< cleat*, n.] To strengthen 
with a cleat or cleats. 
cleat 3 (klet), n. [Origin obscure.] In coal- 
mining, the principal set of cleavage-planes by 
which the coal is divided. Bituminous coal is more 
or less distinctly stratified that is, divided by planes par- 
allel to the bedding of the rocks above and beneath it It 
is also almost always divided into thin layers by two sets 
of joint-planes nearly at right angles to each other and to 
the bedding. Of these two sets one is usually more dis- 
tinct, and this is called the cleat. The surfaces exposed 
in mining on the line of this cleat, which are in reality 
joint-planes of the coal, are called fates and backs. Called 
in England board. 
cleavability (kle-va-bil'i-ti), . [< cleavable: 
see -bility.] Capability of cleavage. 
Hardness and clravability of grains. 
S. 0. Williams, Applied Geology, p. 67. 
cleavable (kle'va-bl), a. [< cleave 1 * + -able.'] 
Capable of being cleft or divided. 
1039 
cleavage (kle'vaj), . [< cleave* + -age.] 1. 
The act of cleaving or splitting, or the state of 
being cloven. 
There is little to look upon with pleasure amidst this 
cleavaye of party ties and rending of old associations. 
l-\,,-i,i<,,l,ti:i Rev., V 8., XI.. ::. 
2. In mineral., the property possessed by many 
crystallized minerals of breaking readily in one 
or more directions, by which means surfaces 
more or less smooth are obtained. The cleavage 
shows the direction in which the force of cohesion Is least. 
(l '"iiipare i'"'' 1 ' 11 ''-) It is defined as pfrfei-t or i-nt! iful . 
n/i//' i I- .-I, inl- ,-,-"/'''./. etc., according to the ease with 
which the fracture takes place, and the smoothness of the 
resulting surface; also ci//V. <>< -ttiln, 1,-nl. ,-!,<, , f <!":)i> -'li-ul. 
i'i-i*i,it!<-, ttitrtitl, etc., according to the direction of the 
fracture. 
3. In geol., the property possessed by certain 
rocks of being easily split or divided into thin 
layers. It is chielly the argillaceous rocks in which 
cleavage IB highly developed, and It seems to be the result 
of metamorphism combined with pressure. The ch^n a^e 
of roofing-slate is the best illustration of this structure. 
(See i-iii ; i tlate, under clay.) Some rocks split into thin 
layers as a result of stratification, hut this is not what is 
properly understood by cleavage. Tyndall has shown that 
wax may have planes of cleavage developed in it by pres- 
sure ; but the only rocks in which cleavage-planes exist 
in perfei tion are those which have also undergone some 
metamorphism. See //i'Mmo/-y>/;/\,/i. 
4. In rmliriiiil., segmentation, specifically of the 
vitellus: distinctively called ii/ii-Hnii-nye or 
yolk-cleavage. See segmentation Cleavage-cav- 
ity, in enilirf/iil., the cavum segmentarium or hollow of a 
segmented vitellus or yolk which has Itecome a vesicular 
niorula; the interior of a blastula ; the cavity of a blasto- 
sphere; a blastocit-le or blastocueloma. Cleavage-glob- 
ule, cleavage-cell, a blastomere (which see). Cleav- 
age-mass, in t'Htbryol., any cell resulting from the seg- 
mentation of the vitellus or yolk of a germinating ovum- 
cell ; a morula-celt. 
The flrst step in the development of the embryo is the 
division of the vitelline substance into cleavage-manses. 
Huxley, Anat. Veri.., p. 10. 
cleave 1 (klev), v. i. ; pret. and pp. prop, cleaved, 
pret. also occasionally clave, by confusion with 
pret. of cleave^, ppr. cleaving. [< ME. eleven, 
clevien, deovien, divien, diven (weak verb, pret. 
devede, pp. deved), < AS. cleofian, clifian (weak 
verb, pret. difode. pp. clifod) = OS. klibhon = 
MD. D. kleven = MLG. kleven, LG. kliren = OHG. 
ehleben, MHG. G. kleben (= Sw. refl. klibba) 
= Dan. klcebe (not in Goth.), cleave, stick, ad- 
here ; a secondary verb, with orig. strong verb 
AS. "clifan, etc.: see dive 1 . Cf. climb.] 1. To 
stick ; adhere ; be attached ; cling : often used 
figuratively. 
If any blot hath cleaved to mine hands. Job xxxi. 7. 
Let my tongue cleace to the roof of my mouth. 
Ps. cxxxvii. 0. 
Orpah kissed her mother in law ; but Kuth clave unto 
her. Kuth i. 14. 
For I cleaved to a cause that I felt to be pure and true. 
Tennyson, Maud, xxvlii. 3. 
2. To fit closely. [Bare.] 
New honours come upon him, 
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould 
But with the aid of use. Shak., Macbeth, i. s. 
cleave 2 (klev), v. ; pret. cleft, clove, or clave (the 
last now archaic), pp. deft, cloven, or cleaved, 
ppr. cleaving. [< ME. eleven, cleoven (prop, 
strong verb, pret. daf, ckef, clef, cleef, pi. cloven, 
pp. cloven, clove; also, as trans., weak, pret. 
deved, pp. cleft), < AS. clevfan (strong verb, 
pret. dedf, pi. clufon, pp. clofen) = OS. klio- 
bhan = D. kloven = MLG. kloven, kliven, LG. 
kloben = OHG. chlioban, MHG. G. klieben = 
Icel. kljufa = Sw. klyfva = Dan. klove (not in 
Goth.), split, divide, prob. = L. glubere, peel, 
= Gr. yMxjHiv, hollow out, engrave (see glyph, 
glyptic). Not related to dea re 1 .] I. trans. 1. 
To part or divide by force ; rend apart; split or 
rive ; separate or sunder into parts, or (figura- 
tively) seem to do so: as, to cleave wood; to 
cleave a rock. 
Daniel seyde. "sire kynge, thi dremeles bitokneth, 
That vnkouth knygtes shul come thi kyngdom to cleue." 
Piers Plowman (B), vii. 165. 
The crescent moon clove with Its glittering prow 
The clouds. Wordsworth, Sonnets, iii. 3. 
His heart was cleft with pain and rage, 
His cheeks they quivered, his eyes were wild. 
Coleridge. 
When Abraham offered up his son, 
He clave the wood wherewith it might lie done, 
Longfellow, Wayside Inn, Torquemada. 
Like a spire of land that stands apart 
Cleft from the main. Tennyson, Princess, iv. 
And the mountain's granite ledge 
Cleaves the water like a wedge. 
Whittier, Grave by the Lake. 
2. To produce or effect by cleavage or clear- 
ance ; make a way for by force ; hew out : as, 
to cleave a path through a wilderness. 
The crowd dividing clove 
An advent to the throne. Tennyson, Princess, iv. 
cleddyo 
3t. To part or open naturally. 
Kvev.v heast that parteth the hoof, and flftt ivfh the cleft 
into two claws. llcnt. \iv. *i. 
= 8yn. 1. .*'///;/. in/I, etc. SM 
Q. iitii-iiiix. To come apart; divide; split; 
open : especially, to split with a smooth plain- 
fracture, or in layers, as certain minerals and 
rocks. See cleavage, '2 and :i. 
Tin- ICoehe '!': f \\\ two, and in that clevvnuc uasonre 
I/ml hidil. Mini:!. -rill.-. '] ra\. i 
As if the world should ch'llrr, and that slain men 
should solder up the rift. Mnl... A. and l 1 ., iii. 4. 
In a irrecnstonc-dike in the Magdalen Channel, the feld- 
spar ,-l.',ir,-,l with the antic "l al 
<.e..l oli-ervatiolis, IL 13, note. 
cleavelandite (klev' Ian -dit), . [After the 
American in incralogist Porker CtMKWMMKf (1780- 
1858).] Alamellar variety of the feldspar albite, 
from Cliesterlield in Massachusetts. 
cleaver 1 (kle'ver), n. [< clfave 1 + -tr 1 . See 
i-itni-irx.] 1. That which cleaves or sticks, 
specittcally, a toys' toy, consisting of a piece of soaked 
leather with a string attached, by which, M hen the leather 
is pressed close to a stone, the stone may be lifted; a 
sucker. 
2. See cleavers, 1. 
cleaver 2 (kle'ver), n. [< cleave 2 + -erl.] 1. 
i ine who or that which cleaves or splits. Spe- 
cifically 2. A heavy knife or long-bladed 
hatchet used by butchers for cutting carcasses 
into joints or pieces. 
We had processions in carts of the pope and the devil, 
and the butchers rang their cleavers. 
Swift, Journal to Stella, xxxlv. 
3. A cutting-tool with a sharp edge, used in 
place of a wedge for splitting timber Butcher's 
Cleaver. See Charles's wain, under train. 
cleavers, clivers (kle'vferz, kliv'erz), . [Prop, 
pi. of deaveri (diver being a dial, form resting 
on the orig. form of cleave*, namely AS. clifian, 
ME. divien, etc. : see cleave 1 and dive 1 , and cf. 
diver 1 , and, for the form, diver 3 ). The plants 
are so called from their cleaving together or to 
clothes, etc. ; ef. dive 3 , burdock, of like origin.] 
1. A plant, Galium Aparine, also called goose- 
grass, used to some extent in medicine as a 
diuretic and sudorific. It has a square Jointed stem, 
with short retlexed prickles on the angles, and eight narrow 
leaves at each joint. Also rarely in singular, cleaver, diver. 
2. Tufts of grass. [Prov. Eng.] 3. [In form 
clivers.] The refuse of wheat. [Prov. Eng.] 
cleaving-knife (kle'ving-nif), . A coopers' 
tool for riving juggles, or blocks of timber, into 
staves. Also called frotc. 
clechg, clechge (klesh'a), a. [F. clecM, fern. 
electee, < L. as if *clavicatus, (. clavis, a key: see 
clavis.] In her. : (a) Voided or pierced through- 
out, and so much 
perforated that 
the chief sub- 
stance is taken 
from it, leaving 
nothing visible 
but a narrow 
edge or border : 
said of an ordi- 
nary or bearing, 
as a cross so represented. (6) Having arms 
which spread or grow broader toward the ex- 
tremities, and are usually obtusely pointed: 
said of a cross. 
cleck 1 (klek), v. t. or i. [E. dial, and Sc., < ME. 
cleken, < Icel. klekja = Svr. kla'cka = Dan. kUekke, 
hatch. Cf. Goth, klahs in comp. niu-klahs, new- 
born.] To hatch ; litter. 
cleck 2 (klek), . [Cf. dock*, cluck.-} The noise 
made by a brooding hen when provoked; a 
cluck. Brockett. [Prov. Eng.] 
decker (klek'er), . [< deck? + -er 1 .] A hen 
sitting, or desirous of sitting, on her eggs. 
Brockett. [Prov. Eng.] 
decking, cleckin (klek'ing, -in), . [Verbal n. 
of clecKi, t\] A brood; a litter. [Prov. Eng. 
and Scotch.] 
decking-time, cleckin-time (klek'ing-, klek'- 
in-tim), . The time of hatching or littering; 
the time of birth. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] 
Cleckin-time' t aye canty time. Scott, Guy Mannering, i. 
cledt, cleddet. Variants of clad, preterit of 
rlnthr. Chaucer. 
cleddyo (kled'yo), H. [Repr. W. cleddeu or 
cleddyf, pi. dfddyfau, = L. gladius, a sword: 
see claymore.'] In Celtic antiq., a sword, usu- 
ally of bronze, and having the form which is 
described as leaf-shaped (see sword), the tongue 
being in one piece with the blade, and the bar- 
rel of the hilt being formed by riveting a plate 
of wood, bone, or horn upon each side of the 
tongue. 
