coal-plant 
with well-preserved forms of vegetable life. The vegeta- 
tiuii accompuirlna coal varies with its geological age. 
(See. iW.i A tin- I'aleo/oie en- "Oarbonileroiu '-"iU la- 
in P^urope ami tin- eastern I'nited States, at least much 
uicirc important than that of am other geological iw, 
it is this coal- vegetation wliieh ha- I.C.-M th,- ol.jt -ct .if I In- 
most nireful investigation. W bile it is generally ailinitti-i) 
tilat the coal iUelf has been formed from the aggi . 
anil more or less complete deeoiniosition of vcKctahle 
matter, it is often very dillienlt to prove this, except liy 
micros. -i. pie e\:unin:tlion, after- preliminary chemical 
treatment liy which most of the entirely disorganized por 
tion of the coal lias been remove*!. A mon;,' the materials 
of which (he cnal of ditterent regions haw been shown liy 
various authorities to be maile up are : bark of ('</'" 
/..-/...A ../,-//./v.>/i, and .sY./iY/rn-m, spores of />'7//./<v/.-m//..u 
vascular portinns nt /', r-i/y./. , i , and nlber ferns, anil leaves 
and bark of I'm-thiH''*. (See these words.) Vegetation of 
aluKher order than the Cn(li'f<r hab not yet been proved 
to exist in connection \\ ith coal of < 'arboniferous aye : by 
far the lariier portion of the fossil plants ..I that cp... h In' 
Ionics to ttle 1',-ii)>t,"iin,tnt. 
coal-sack (kol'sak), n. 1. A suck made of 
strong eoiirse nijiteri;il I'm- c<iiii;i i ning <M- e;in-v- 
ing coal. 2. A sailors' term for a dark place 
in the (ialaxy south of Crux. Alno called tin 
ll'lll ill Illl' X/.'l/. 
In the midst of them (the southern eiremnpolar constel- 
lations], aa if for contrast, is the dark hole, called by the 
sailors the Coal-mck, v. here even the telescope reveals no 
sign of li-Jit. 
//. W. Warren, Recreations in Astronomy, p. 208. 
coalsay, . See coalsey. 
coal-screen (kol'skren), n. A device for screen- 
ing COal. A eonimon form is that of a cylinder, perfo- 
rated or made nf wire netting, which revolves on its long- 
er axis and in an inclined position. 
COal-SCUttle (kol'skut'l), . A vessel, ordina- 
rily of metal, used for holding coal and putting 
it on a lire; a coal-hod. Coal-scuttle bonnet, a 
bonnet formerly worn, shaped somewhat like acoal-scnt tie, 
usually projecting far hefore the face. 
1069 
coal-works (kol'werks). . xing. or pi. A place 
where coal is dug, including the machinery for 
raising the coal ; a colliery. 
coaly 1 (ko'li). a. [< coal + -y 1 .] Pertaining 
to or like coal ; containing coal. 
coaly 2 (ko'li), n. A dialectal form of rollii . 
coaly-hood, . Sre //-//. 
coambulant (ko-ani'liu-liint), <i. [< LL. <<;;- 
bttlon(t-)t, ppr. nf I'/iiiiiili'iiliii-i. walk together, < 
I,, <-, together, + riHiliulnrt; wnlk: see co- 1 , and 
iniihiiliiti; uiiibli .\ Inlnr., walking siilc by siil'-. 
Coaming (ko'ining), . [Also written /iniiliini/, 
ln'ing a p:irliiMilar use of that word: see flomfr- 
ii/i/. } \inil., one of the raised borders or edges 
of the hatches, designed to prevent water on 
deck from running below. 
COanneX (ko-a-neks'), c. t. [< co-1 + annei.~] 
To annex with something else. [Rare.] 
COap (kop), H. See </". 
coappear (ko-a-per'), f. t. [< co- 1 + appear. ~\ 
gether. [Rare.] 
To appear toge 
---, . 
H/I/II-I lu'ittl.] To apprehend together with an- 
other. 
Heaven's scornful tlames and thine [Cupid's) can nevi-r n,. 
tiji/u'iir. Quants, Emblems, II. 1. 
coapprehend (kd-ap-re-hend'), . ' [< co-i 
ittl.] T 
[Rare.] 
They assumed the shapes of animals common unto all 
eyes, and by their conjunctions and ci impositions were able 
to communicate their conceptions unto any that coapprr.- 
liruilr'l the .-.> ntaxi* of their natures. 
Mr '/'. l:ri,n-Hf, Vulg. Err., v. .1). 
coapt (ko-apf), v. t. [< LL. coaptarc, < L. co-, 
together, + aptare, fit: see co- 1 and apt, v., and 
cf. coaptate.] Satin- as coaptate. 
The side margin of the elytron i.-, expanded so as to at- 
<> >'i it -elt with the prothorax to form an oval outline. 
Le Contf. 
coalsey (kol'si), . [Appar. < coals, pi., + -tij 
for-y; as if cotili/.~] A local English name of 
the coalfish. Also spelled coalsay. 
coal-ship (kol'ship), . A ship employed in 
transporting coal. 
coal-Slack (kol'slak), . [Cf. G. kohlenschlacke, 
coal-cinder.] The dust or grime of coal. Also 
coal-sleek. 
Miss Sneyellicl . . . itl,inclng fro,,, the depths of her coap t a te (ko-ap'tat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. coup- 
al-sautk tonne,. 2KX* -Nicholas Mckleby, xxm. "gjf "V 2*^ ^ ^ ^ "^ p 
of coaptare, fit together: see cvapt.] To adjust 
or fit, as parts to one another; specifically, in 
surij., to adjust (the parts of a broken bone) to 
each other. 
coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shon), . [< LL. coa;>- 
tatto(n-), < coaptarc, fit together: see coaptate. ] 
1 . The adaptation or adjustment of parts to one 
another. 
since scarcely ever wash'd the coftlnleck from her face. 
Draylnn, Polyolbton, til. 280. 
coal-smut (kol'smut), n. Same as coal-slack. 
coal-staith (kol'stath), . See xtnith. 
coal-stone (kol' ston), . A kind of cannel-coal. 
coal-stove (kol'stov), M. A stove in which coal 
is used as fuel ; specifically, a stove for burning 
anthracite coal. 
coal-tar (kol'tar), . A thick, black, viscid, 
opaque liquid which condenses in the pipes 
when gas is distilled from coal, it is a mixture of 
many different liquid nud solid substances, and the sepa- 
ration of these into useful products is now an important 
branch of manufacturing chemistry. Among these pro- 
ducts may he named paraffin, naphtha, benzol, creasote, 
anthracene, carbolic acid, naphthaline, pitch, etc. The 
basic oil of coal-tar is the most abundant source of the 
beautiful aniline cob >rs, their various hues being due to the 
oxidation of aniline by means of acids, etc. (.See aniline.) 
Coal-tar is made into asphalt for pavements, and with coal- 
dust forms by pressure an excellent artificial fuel. It is 
largely used, by itself and combined with other substances, 
to form preservative compositions for coating wood and 
metal. Also called <ia*-tar. Coal-tar colors, a name 
given to a numerous class of colors derived from coal-lat- 
hy various complex chemical processes. They are more 
often and popularly called ant-line colors, as aniline was 
the ni-st of them discovered. See aniline. 
coal-tit (kol'tit), H. [< coal + tifl. See 
e."] Th 
he tParu&ater, oneof the 
titmice : so called from its glossy black head 
and throat. Also cole-tit and coal-mouse. 
coal-trimmer ( kol' trim'" er), n. One who is em- 
ployed to stow and trim or shift coal on board 
vessels, either as cargo or as a supply for the 
furnaces. 
coal-viewer (kol'vu^er), . In mining, a per- 
son employed to attend to the interests of the 
one to whom the royalty is payable, or of the 
person who works the mine. 
COal-whipper (kol'hwip"er), . One who raises 
coal from the hold of a ship in unloading it ; a 
coal-heaver. Coal-whippers are now being superseded 
by machinery, which executes the work both more cheaply 
and more expeditiously. [Eng.] 
The swarthy, demon .like coal-tchippen . . . issuing 
from those black arches in the Strand. 
M. '. Savage, Keuben Medlicott, i. 3. 
coal-whipping (korhwip'ing), . The act of 
raising coal from the hold of a vessel. 
coal-workings (kol'wer'kingz), . sinp. or pi. 
A coal-mine ; a place where coal is raised. 
At last we reached the coal-workings, and a more de- 
serted, melancholy-looking place for a mine I have never 
seen Ansted, Hungary, p. 124. 
The same method makes both prose and verse lieautifnl. 
which consists in the judicious coaptation and ranging of 
the words. Brooitt?. 
2. In surij., the act of placing the broken ex- 
tremities of a bone in their natural position, or 
of restoring a luxated bone to its place ; bone- 
setting. Dunglison. 3. In anat., a kind of glid- 
ing articulation of one bone with another, as 
that of the patella with the femur. 
coaptator (ko'ap-ta-tor), . [NL., < LL. coa;i- 
tare, fit together: see coaptate.'] A surgical 
apparatus for fitting together the ends of a 
broken bone and keeping them in the required 
position while their union is taking place. E. 
11. Kniglit. 
coaration (ko-a-ra'shon), n. [< co- 1 + ora- 
tion.] Cooperative plowing or tillage: a sys- 
tem of husbandry practised in ancient village 
communities. Seeoohm. [Rare.] 
COarb (ko-arb'), . Same as comarb. 
coarbiter (ko-ar'bi-ter), n. [< co-l + arbiter.'] 
A joint arbiter. 
The friendly composition made and celebrated by the 
liono: personages, master Nicholas Stocket, Thomas Graa, 
and Walter Sibil, in the yeare 1388, with the assistance of 
their coarbiterg on our part. llakluyt's Voyage*, 1. 153. 
COarctt (ko-arkf), v. t. [< L. coarctare, erro- 
neous form of coartare, press together, < co-, 
together, + artare, press: see co- 1 and art 3 . 
Cf. coart.] 1. To press together; crowd; con- 
fine closely. Bacon. 2. To restrain; confine. 
He must blame and impute it to himself that he has 
thus coarcted or straitened himself so far. 
Ayli/e, Parergon. 
coarctatet (ko-ark'tat), r. t. [< L. coarctatus, 
pp. of coarctare : see coarct.] Same as coarct. 
coarctate, coarctated (ko-ark'tat, -ta-ted), a. 
[< L. coarctatus, pp. : see the verb.] Crowded 
together. Specifically (a) 
In entom. : (1) Compressed ; 
much attenuated, generally 
at the base ; having a narrow 
base, butwiderand thicker to- 
wird the apex. (2) Crowded ; 
packed into a small space. 
(fe) In bot., compact ; dense, 
as a panicle ; closely appress- 
ed, as a foliaceous thallus. 
Coarctate abdomen, in - 
tout., an ai.'l. .men attached by 
a narrow base, but immedi- 
ately enlarged, and so closely r 
applied to the thorax that it doTs,, vfe^ TvJr " 
appears to form a part of it, shows natural size.) 
coart 
as in the butterflies and niost Hies. Coarctate meta- 
morphosis, in . /('<//'.. a i! i - chara< terized by 
amaggot-like larva and a ij!iie-e, m ii.au tate pupa. Co- 
arctate pupa, in ''ii'"in., a pupa ne I..-. .1 ih an oval cor- 
neous case. I.'rmed l.\ tin- di-n-d and expanded skin of tin- 
larva, and having no external indications of the organs : a 
Inbiled in iiio-t li.ft. n 
COarctation (k6-iirk-t:i';-li<m), . [< L. miirrtn 
ti<i(n-i,(. ciMirrlnri : see riMifr/nli , r., and CO- 
arct.'} If. Confinement ; n->! rii-tion to a narrow 
space; restraint of liberty. 
Human kin.u l.-.L-e i < ..u lined and ein-nm-ciihcd ; and 
yet without any Mich i ontraetiiiK or iv. m-finimn but that 
it may comprehend all the universal nature of things. 
Kafoii, A.lvam -em. ill ( ! 1 aniniK, i. 10. 
2. Pressure ; eontnu'linn ; *|>ecifically, in ;/.. 
the contracting or IrsHi-ning of the diameter of 
a canal, as the intestine or the urethra, or tho 
contraction of a cavity. 1,'ni/. 
coarse (kors), . [Karly mo'i. K. nttirar, cotmrr, 
fiirxi-, prob. developed (in the 10th century) from 
the MK. phrases in coiirxr, lii/ cnnrxi-, i. e., in 
(regular, natural) order, in common fashion; 
hence, common ; cf. similar senses ol onliitnrii, 
mi mi. i-nniiiinii. See course*-.] 1. Of inferior 
or faulty quality; poor in kind or character; 
not pure or choice ; not soft or dainty ; rude ; 
common; base. 
Now I feel 
Of what coarte metal ye are moulded. 
Skat., lien. VIII., ill. 2. 
I shall be moat happy 
To be employ'd, when you please to command me, 
Even in the cttartifKi oAM 
Fletcher, S]Minisli Curate, Iv. I. 
('apt. Swan, to encourage his Men to eat this courtr 
Flesh, would commend it for extraordinary good Food. 
Dainpirr, Voyages, I. 146. 
A coarte and useless dunghill weed. Otvay. 
My Lord, eat, also, tho' the fare Is coarte.. 
TVnwyww, Qeraint. 
2. Wanting in fineness of texture or delicacy 
of structure, or in elegance of form ; composed 
of large parts or particles; thick and rough 
in texture: as, coarse thread or yarn; ewi/w 
hair; coarse sand; coarse cloth; coarse paper. 
Little girl with the poor coarse hand. 
Browning, James Lee' Wife. 
We pass through gentle steps from a coarite cluster of 
stars, such as the Pleiades, . . . till we find ourselves 
brought to an object such as the nebula in Orion. 
A. M. Clrrke, Antrim, in l!>th Cent., p. SO. 
3. Exhibiting or characterized by lack of re- 
finement; rude; vulgar; of manners or speech, 
unpolished, uncivil, or ill-bred: as, a coarse 
face ; coarse manners. 
In my coarse English. Dryden, Ded. of .Kin-id 
Coarse, uncivilized words. Addison, .Spectator, No. 119. 
Daughter of our meadows, yet not coarxr. 
Tennymn, The Brook. 
4. Gross ; indelicate ; offensive : as, coarse lan- 
guage; a coarse gesture. 5. Hough; inclem- 
ent; unpleasant: said of the weather: as, it's 
a coarse day. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] Coarse 
metal. Same as matlr. Coarse stuff. See at u/. 
coarse-grained (kors'grand), . 1. Consisting 
of large particles, fibers, or constituent ele- 
ments: as, coarse-grained granite or wood. 2. 
Wanting in refinement, delicacy, or sensibility ; 
vulgar: as, a coarse-grained nature. 
coarsely (kors'li), adv. In a coarse manner. 
(a) In an indifferent or inferior manner ; rudely ; poorly. 
Fared coarsely and poorly. 
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vll. 9. 
(b) Without refinement or grace in delineation or descrip- 
tion ; rudely. 
Sardanapalus is more coarsely drawn than any dramatic. 
persoimyo that we can remember. 
Macaulay, Moore's Byron. 
(r) Inelegantly ; uncivilly ; without art or polish, (a) Gross- 
ly ; indelicately. 
There is a gentleman that serves the count 
Reports but coarsely of her. Shalt., All's Well, III. 5. 
coarsen (kor'sn), t>. t. [< coame + -el.] To 
render coarse or coarser, in any sense ; espe- 
cially, make unrefined or inelegant ; make rude 
or vulgar: as, to coarsen one's nature. [Bare.]^ 
coarseness (kors'nes), . The state or quality 
of being coarse, in any sense. 
The coarmiejH of sackcloth. Dr. II. More. 
Pardon tho coarseness of the illustration. 
Sir.fi. L' Estrange. 
There appears . , . a coarseness ami vulgarity in all the 
proceedings of the assembly. Ktirke, Kev. in France. 
We envy not the warmer clime, that lies 
In ten degrees of more indulgent skies. 
Nor at the coarseness of our heaven repine. 
Though o'er our heads the frozen Pleiads shine. 
Addimn, Letter from Italy. 
coartt (ko-iirt'), . t. [< ME. coarten, < L. coar- 
tare, coarctare, compress, compel : see coarct.'] 
To compel. 
