colometry 
analysis of a rhythmical period into cola or 
sections. See colonl, 2. 2. In paleography, 
measurement of manuscripts by cola or lines 
of determinate length; stichometry. See sti- 
chometry and colon 1 , 3. 
colon 1 (ko'lon), . ; pi. cola (-la) iu senses 1, 2, 
and 3, colons (-lonz) in sense 4. [= D. cotow 
= G. Dan. Sw. oto = F. Sp. Pg. colon = It. 
colon, colo, < L. coto, a member of a verse or 
poem, < Gr. /cw/W, a member, limb, clause, part 
of averse.] 1. In one. gram, and rhet., one of 
the larger or principal divisions of a sentence or 
period ; a long clause, or a group of minor clauses 
or commata. See comma, 1. 2. In (inc. pros., 
one of the members or sections of a rhythmical 
period, forming an uninterrupted sequence of 
feet, united under a principal ictus or beat : 
sometimes called a scries. A colon could not consist 
of more than trisemic, 5 tetrascmlc or pentasemlc, or 
3 hexasemic feet. It usually corresponded to one of the 
lines of a modern couplet, triplet, or stanza, or formed 
part only of a longer line. A pure colon is a colon con- 
sisting of feet of one kind only ; a mixed colon is composed 
of feet of different kinds. See period. 
3. In paleography, a long clause or group of 
clauses, or a series of words of about the aver- 
age length of such a group, estimated as ap- 
proximately equal to a dactylic hexameter in 
extent that is, as containing from 12 to 17 syl- 
lables. A colon in this sense was frequently written as 
a separate line in manuscript, and served to measure the 
length of a book or treatise. See colometry and epos. 
4. A mark of punctuation formed by two dots 
like periods placed one above the other (:), 
used to mark a discontinuity of grammatical 
construction greater than that indicated by 
the semicolon and less than that indicated by 
the period. The colon is commonly used (1) to em- 
phasize a close connection in thought between two clauses 
of which each forms a complete sentence, and which 
might with grammatical propriety Ire separated by a 
period ; (2) to separate a clause which is grammatically 
complete from a second which contains an illustration 
or anrpliflcation of its meaning : thus, in this work illus- 
trative clauses introduced by "as" are separated from 
the definition by a colon ; (3) to introduce a formal state- 
ment, an extract, a speech in a dialogue, etc. Originally 
it was the mark of the termination of the grammatical or 
paleographic division called by the same name, and it is 
now frequently used to mark off metrical periods in prose 
intended for chanting. 
colon 2 (ko'lon), n.; pi. colons (-lonz), cola (-la). 
[= D. coto"= G. Dan. Sw. kolon = P. Sp. Pg. 
colon = It. colon, < L. colon, colum (prop, colon, 
colum), < Gr. K&kai' (sometimes incorrectly writ- 
ten nwKav by confusion with KuAov, a member : 
see colon 1 ), the large intestine, also food, 
meat, fodder. Hence colic.'] 1. In anat., a 
portion of the intestinal tract, the so-called 
" large" as distinguished from the " small" in- 
testine, continuous from the ileum to the rec- 
tum; the great gut ? beginning at the caecum 
and ending in the sigmoid flexure. In man and 
mammals generally the colon is distinguished from the 
preceding small intestine by its greater caliber, and by its 
sacculation, due to the particular distribution of its cir- 
cular muscular fibers, which constrict it at some places 
and allow it to bulge out at others, making a series of 
pouch-like expansions. It may also present continuous 
bands of longitudinal fibers, or lengthwise constrictions, 
so that the cross-section is not circular. The colon may 
not be distinguishable in size or appearance from the rest 
of the intestine, as in birds, where its commencement is 
marked only by the presence of a caecum or of two cseca ; 
and when these are wanting, there is no distinction. In 
man the course and situation of the colon are definite, 
owing to the binding of the gut in place by the mesocolon 
and gastrocolic omentum. Beginning at the ciecum and 
ascending by the right kidney, it passes under the concave 
surface of the liver and the bottom of the stomach to the 
spleen ; thence descending by the left kidney, it passes in 
the form of an S to the upper part of the sacrum, where 
it becomes the rectum. The parts of the colon are desig- 
nated according to their position or direction : as, the 
right lumbar or ascending colon ; the arch of the colon, 
or transverse colon ; the left lumbar or descending colon ; 
and the sigmoid flexure, or left iliac colon. See cuts under 
alimentary and intestine. 
2. In entom., the second portion of an insect's 
intestine, generally broader than the preceding 
portion or ileum. It may be straight or convoluted, 
terminating at the anal opening, or separated from it by a 
short rectum. 
COlonate (ko-16'nat), n. [< LL. colonatus, < L. 
colonus, a husbandman, a serf: see colone, co- 
lonns, colony, and -ate 3 .] The condition of a 
colonus or serf ; a mild form of slavery existing 
under Roman and early feudal law. 
colonet (ko-16n'), n. [=F. colon = Sp. Pg. It. 
colono, < L. colonus, a husbandman : see colonus, 
colony.'] A peasant ; a rustic ; a clown. 
A country colone toil and moil. 
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader. 
colonel (ker'nel or -nl; old pron. kol-o-nel'), n. 
[Orig. coronel, coronell (later also coronall), and 
then, after F., colonel, colonell, collonell ; in- 
troduced from Sp. about 1548 (the date of the 
1108 
first instance noted ; see the first extract be- 
low); < Sp. coronel = Pg. coronel (> ML. coro- 
nelli(s) = It. colonnello (> ML. colonellux, F. colo- 
nel, colonnel, > D. colonel), a colonel, lit. the 
leader of the column or company at the head of 
the regiment, < colonnello (ML. colonellus), the 
column at the head of a regiment, dim. of colon- 
na, < L. colitnina, a column: see column, and cf. 
colonnade. The change of I to r in the Sp. Pg. 
form is due to dissimilation, or perhaps to asso- 
ciation with Sp. L. corona, Pg. coroa, a crown ; 
cf . Sp. dim. coronel, a crown (in heraldry) : see 
coronal. The E. word, orig. pron. as spelled, 
cor-o-ncl', cor'o-nel, became, by regular pho- 
netic change, cor'nel, and now ctir'nel (ker'- 
nel) (being often so spelled in novels and fhar- 
ac'ter sketches which seek to be realistic), re- 
taining the r of its Sp. form; but the spelling 
was soon changed to suit the F. form, which 
was much more familiar to the eye of readers. 
Hence the later occasional pronunciations kol- 
o-nel', kol'o-nel.] The chief commander of a 
regiment of 'troops, whether infantry or cavalry, 
next in rank below that of a general officer 
in the United States army, of a brigadier-gen- 
eral. In the British army, except in the artillery and 
engineers, the office of colonel is often honorary, and is 
generally conferred on distinguished officers and princes 
of the blood royal, the real command resting with the 
lieutenant-colonel in each battalion, who after five years 
of service becomes a colonel. Generals who have had 
what is called "a regiment given to them" as a reward 
for service, and virtually as a retirement, have the rank of 
colonel. In the Russian, German, and Austrian armies 
the colonel of each regiment, holding the title only as an 
honor, is usually a member of some princely or other 
eminent family, often foreign, and sometimes appointed 
in childhood. Often, as a title, abbreviated Col. 
Hee was . . . coronell of the footemen, thowgh that 
tearm [was] in those dayes [1544] unuzed. 
Life of Lord Grey (1575) (Camden Soc.), p. 1. 
Afterwards their coronell, named Don Sebastian, came 
forth to intreat that they might part with their armes like 
souldiers. Spenser, State of Ireland. 
Captain, or Colonel, or Knight in arms. 
Milton, Sonnets, iii. 
He brought the name of coronel to town, as some did 
formerly to the suburbs that of lieutenant or captain. 
Flecknoe, Enigm. Characters. 
colonel (ker'nel or -nl; old pron. kol-o-nel'), 
v. i. ; pret. and pp. coloneled, colonelled, ppr. 
coloneling, colonelling. [< colonel, n.] To act 
as colonel ; play the colonel. 
Then did sir knight abandon dwelling, 
And out he rode &-colonelling. 
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 14. 
colonelcy (ker'nel-si), . [< colonel + -ey.] The 
office, rank, or commission of a colonel. 
colonelship (ker'nel-ship), n. [Early mod. E. 
coronellship, coronallship ; < colonel + -ship."] 
Same as colonelcy. 
colonert (kol'o-ner), . [As colone + -er 1 .] 
Same as colonist. Holland. 
coloni, n. Plural of colonus. 
colonial (ko-16'ni-al), a. and n. [= D. koloniaal 
= G. colonial = Dan. kolonial, < F. colonial = 
Sp. Pg. colonial = It. coloniale, < NL. colotii- 
alis, < L. colonia, colony.] I. a. 1. Pertaining 
or belonging to a colony : as, colonial govern- 
ment; colonial rights; specifically, in Amer. 
hist., relating to the thirteen British colonies 
which became the United States of America, 
or to their period. See colony. 
A regicide ambassador in London will be ... in all 
our colonial councils. Burke, A Regicide Peace. 
The Greek, or to speak more specifically, Alexandrian 
and other colonial grammarians, carefully investigated the 
intonation of their language. 
<?. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., p. 286. 
Colonial journalism was a necessary and a great factor 
in the slow process of colonial union. 
M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., II. 304. 
2. In zool., forming colonies ; consisting of or 
living as colonies ; not separate ; aggregative ; 
social : as, the colonial Anthozoa. Colonial archi- 
tecture, the style of architecture prevalent in the Amer- 
ican colonies just before and at the time of the revolu- 
tion. It is a development of the classical forms of the 
English Renaissance modified by conditions of local ma- 
terials and circumstances, and in many examples is char- 
acterized by much refinement of proportion and detail. 
II. n. A member or citizen of a colony, espe- 
cially of one of the British colonies in the east- 
ern hemisphere. 
It cannot ... be fairly said that drunkenness is in any 
considerable degree a vice which distinguishes the younger 
generation of colonials. Westminster Rev. , CXXVIII. 554. 
colonialism (ko-16'ni-al-izm), n. [< colonial + 
-i$m.~] 1. A practice, idiom, or phrase peculiar 
to a colony. 2. Collectively, the characteris- 
tics of colonial life. 
He broke through the narrow trammels of colonialism. 
The American, VI. 46. 
colonnaded 
colonialize (kp-16'ni-al-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
colonialised, ppr. colon ializing. [< colonial + 
-ize.] To render colonial in character. 
The institutions will be rapidly colonialized and Ameri- 
canized. y. A. lieu., CXLII. 75. 
colonially (ko-16'ni-al-i), rtrfr. 1. In a colony; 
as a colony: 'as, to live colonially. 2. In the 
manner of colonists ; as regards the colonies. 
colonicalt (ko-lon'i-kal), a. [< L. colonicus (< 
colonus, a husbandman: see colone) + -al.] Re- 
lating to husbandmen. 
Colonical services were those which were done by the 
Ceorls and Socmen ... to their lords. 
Spelman, Feuds and Tenures, xxv. 
colonisation, colonisationist, etc. See coloni- 
zation, etc. 
colonist (kol'o-nist), n. [= D. G. Dan. Sw. 
kolonist ; as colony + -ist.~] 1. An inhabitant 
of a colony ; a settler in a colony ; a member 
of a colonizing expedition. 
Alarmed that so desperate an alternative [submission or 
independence] should be forced upon them, the colonists, 
still professing loyalty to a common sovereign, were driven 
nearer and nearer to a total denial of the power of the 
British legislature. Bancroft, Hist. D. S., IV. 5. 
2. Aii animal or a plant found in a country or 
region in which it is not indigenous. 
A marine plant from the southern coast of Xorth Amer- 
ica, which must be regarded as a colonist in the Azores, 
although we have no evidence as to the time or mode of 
its introduction. G. Bentham, Notes on Compositse. 
colonitis (kol-o-ni'tis), n. [NL., irreg. < L. 
colon (see colon 2 ) + -itis. The proper etymo- 
logical form is colitis.'] In pathol., inflamma- 
tion of the colon; colitis. 
colonization (kol // o-ni-za'shgn), n. [< colonize 
+ -ation; = F. colonisation, etc.] 1. The act 
or process of colonizing. 
The increase of our trade and manufactures, . . . our 
growth by colonization and by conquest, have concurred 
to accumulate immense wealth in the hands of some indi- 
viduals. 
Burke, On Present Discontents. 
2. The state of being colonized. Specifically 
3. In U. S. hist., the assisted emigration of 
free negroes to Africa for the formation of col- 
onies there. See eolonizationist. 4. The set- 
tling of men temporarily in a voting-precinct 
in order to vote at an election. 
Also colonisation. 
eolonizationist (kol"o-ni-za'shon-ist), n. [< 
colonization + -tit.'] An advocate of coloniza- 
tion; specifically, in U. S. As*.,onewho favored 
colonization of emancipated slaves and free 
negroes, preferably in Africa, as the best rem- 
edy for the evils and dangers produced by slav- 
ery. Also colonisationist. 
colonize (kol'o-mz), v. ; pret. and pp. colonized, 
ppr. colonizing. [= F. coloniser, etc. ; as colony 
+ -ize.~] I. trans. 1. To plant or establish a 
colony in ; occupy with a colony or colonies : 
as, England colonized Australia. 
But Issa and Pharos, the only ones to which we can fix 
a positive date, were colonized only in the first half of 
the fourth century. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 191. 
2. To form a colony of; establish in a new 
settlement; settle together as a body: as, to 
colonize the surplus population ; to colonize 
laborers in a mining region. 3. To migrate 
to and settle in, especially as the first or the 
principal inhabitants; occupy as a colony: as, 
English Puritans colonized New England. 4. 
To place or settle for the time being in a vot- 
ing-precinct so as to be able to vote at an elec- 
tion : as, to colonize voters. 
II. intrans. To form a colony; congregate 
in a new settlement : as, to colonize in India. 
Also colonise. 
colonizer (kol'o-nl-zer), n. One who colo- 
nizes ; one who establishes colonies. Also colo- 
niser. 
colonizing (kol'o-nl-zing), p. a. [Ppr. of colo- 
nize, v.~\ Given to emigration and the found- 
ing of colonies in new countries : as, the British 
are a colonizing people. Also colonising. 
Rhodes too was in early times a colonizing, and so a 
famous power one, therefore, of which some knowledge 
might naturally have reached the writer of the Pentateuch. 
G. liawlinson, Orig. of Nations, ii. 188. 
colonnade (kol-o-nad'), . [< F. colonnade, < 
It. colonnato, coionnata, a range of columns, < 
colonna, < L. colwmna, a column: see column.'] 
In arch., any series or range of columns placed 
at certain intervals, called intercolumniations, 
from one another, such intervals varying ac- 
cording to the requirements of art and utility, 
and of the order employed. 
colonnaded (kol-o-na'ded), a. [< colonnade + 
-J 2 .] Furnished with a colonnade. 
