columbo 
which is persistently bitter and slightly aromatic. It Is 
much used in medicine as a mild tonic. A false culiimlio- 
root is furnished hy Ctmcinintit Ji'H--*ti'<tfin, a lnenisiel 
ma. . mis plant of Ceylon. Also written ru/i/mbi, rotiiiitlm, 
i-ulintiiMi. American columbo, the root ..t 
li-ri ort'urWi/K'iwi'i, a gelitianaccolis plant of the Atlantic 
States, having tin- mild tonic pr.ipcrtic-, of gentian. 
columel (kol'u-mel), n. Same as colnim-liu, 1. 
The cathedral . . . challcnu'cth the precedency of all ill 
Kngland for a majcstick \\'estern front of colunfl work. 
t-'i'/l. >, \\orthies, Northamiil.in. 
columella (kol-u-merjt), .; pi. twiMMBv (-8). 
[L. (NL.), also 'col-urn iiella, a little column (soo 
mlinirl), dim. of coluiin-ii <>r fnlitmnit, a coluiiiii: 
Hee<v>/mn.] 1. A little column. 2. Inftof. : (<<) 
I n many cryptogams, especially in Musci, us .!///- 
corini and Mi/sniiiyfi-h'x, a cent nil 
axis in the spore-case, a continu- 
ation of the pedicel. The spores 
are arranged about it, and in 
Hie Mi/j-oniiirrtrs the capillitium 
branches from it. 
The spores or p.ni.lial cells are con- 
tained in the upper part of the capsule, 
uliiTe they an- clustered round a ecu- 
C/J I ) tral pillar, which is termed the .-../ 
uifllil. U'. I:. Curin-nt'-r, Micros., ( 337. 
(l>) The persistent axis of certain 
capsules, from which the edges of 
the valves break away, (c) The 
carpophore in I'mbcllifirce, the 
continuation of the axis bearing 
the two halves of the fruit. 3. 
In :>iiil. and anat. : (a) Tho up- 
right pillar in the center of most 
of the univalve shells, round 
i. pennei-seed. which the whorls are convoluted. 
%d < bra See cut under unicalve. (6) A 
divided coiumei. bone of the tympanic cavity or 
la or carpophore. ji j - i v-a_ __i __ 
del a JO. a. Cap. 
suit of a moss, di- 
in birds, most rep- 
tiles, and some amphibians, cor- 
coiSraeSa. "dcf. responding to the stirrup-bone or 
(' stapes of mammals ; the columella 
auris. (c) A bone of the side of the skull of 
some reptiles, especially lizards, a peculiar dis- 
memberment of the pterygoid, which may meet 
the parietal or a process of it ; the column-bone ; 
the columella cranii. Its presence in nearly all lizards 
gives rise to the term Cioiwcrania, or ' ' column-skulls, " as a 
major division of Lacertilia. See cuts under acrottont and 
Cyclodu*. 
In the principal group of the Lacertilia, a column-like 
membrane Ixme, called the columella, . . . extends from 
the parietal to the pterygoid on each side, in close contact 
with the membranous or cartilaginous wall of the skull. 
. . . This columi'lla appears to correspond with a small 
independent ossification, which is connected with the de- 
scending process of the parietal and with the pterygoid, 
in some (jhelonia. Huxley, Anat. Vert, p. 180. 
(d) The modiolus or central axis of the cochlea 
in mammals, round which the lamina spiralis 
winds; the columella cochleae, (e) A core of 
connective tissue in crinoids which occupies the 
central cavity included by the coil of the ali- 
mentary canal. (/) A structure in the center 
of the visceral chamber of corals, typically a 
calcareous rod which extends from the bottom 
of the chamber to the floor of the calice, pro- 
jecting upward in the latter, and with which 
the primary septa are usually connected. (</) 
One of the rods attached to the hyomandibular 
capsule of the urodele amphibians, representing 
a remnant of a branchial arch, (h) A process 
in the chitinous mandibles of polyzoans. G. 
Busk, (if) In human anat., an old name of 
the uvula. Columella auris, cochleae, cranll. See 
3 (i>), (d), (c), alMive. ColumellSB fornicis, the columns 
or anterior pillars of the fornix. 
columellar (kol-u-mel'iir), a. [< L. columellaris, 
pillar-formed, < columella, a pillar: see colu- 
mella and -r3.] 1. S&mezscolumelliform. 2. 
Pertaining to a columella, in any sense of that 
word. Columellar lip, the inner lip of a univalve shell. 
Columellariat (kol*u-me-la'ri-a), . pi. [NL. 
(Lamarck, 1809), < L. columella, a pillar: see 
columella.] In Lamarck's system of conchol- 
ogy, a family of Trachelipoda having a plicated 
columellar lip. Originally the genera Cancellaria, Ul- 
tra. Mturyinella, Valuta, and ColumbeUa were referred to 
it, but subsequently Cancellaria was excluded. 
Columellidaet (kol-u-mel'i-de), n. pi. [NL. 
(Lea, 1843), < 'Columella (< L. columella, a pil- 
lar: see columella) + -idee'} A family of uni- 
valve shells: same as Columellaria. 
columelliform (kol-u-mel'i-f&rm), a. [< L. oo- 
liiiiirlln, 11 little column (see eolunwlla), + forma, 
shape.] Shaped like a columella: as, a colu- 
ini-Hiform stapes. Huxley. Also columellar. 
column (kol'um), n. [< ME. columne, column 
(of a page), = OF. colonne, later colomne, mod. 
F. colonne (> G. D. colonne = Dan. kolonne = Sw. 
colonn, in special senses) = Pr. colonna = Sp. 
1 1 18 
ciiluiiina, now rolumt, = 1'g. columna = It. <>- 
Itmnii, < L. I'nliiiniKi. n .-..limni, pillar, post, orig. 
a collateral fonn f mlmm n, oontr. CHI/HI ii. a pil 
lar, top, crown, summit (> K. nil mm, ml mi mi ti . 
etc.), = AS. holm, ti mound, a billow, the sea 
(> E. Wmi, q. v.) ; akin to L. eollu, a hill (= 
I-:. A/// 1 , q. v.), celtiM, high (see <-s<-rlxinr), prob. 
to (Jr. oo/owJi', top, summit (> K. r)/yi/i, (. 
V.). From L. <//// emae also nit. E. colo- 
nel, riitoiiiimlr, etc.] 1. A solid body of great- 
er lengtli than thickness, standing upright, and 
generally serving as it support to something ; 
ing on its top; a pillar; more specifically, as 
an architectural term, a cylindrical or slightly 
tapering or fusiform body, called anhnjl, set ver- 
tically on a stylo- 
bate, or on a con- 
geries of mold- 
ings which forms 
its l"i-' . and sur- 
mounted by a 
spreading mass 
which forms ita 
capital. Columns 
are distinguished by 
the names of the 
style* of architecture 
which they represent: 
ilius, there are Egyp- 
tian, Grecian, Roman, 
and medieval col- 
umns. In classic 
an iiitcctuie tii.-> an- 
further distinguished 
by the names of the 
orders to which they 
Udnng, as Doric, 
Ionic, or Corinthian 
columns; and again, 
In various styles, by 
some peculiarity of 
jHisition, of construc- 
tion, of form, or of 
ornament, as attach- 
ed, twisted, cul'lcd 
orrndented, andcaro- 
litic columns. Col- 
umns are used chiefly 
in the construct ion or 
adornment of build- 
ings. They are also 
Column (Tuscan order), illustrating the 
terms applied to the several parts. 

Clustered Columns. I3th century. 
I, from Worcester cathedral ; . from Exeter 
cathedral. 
used singly, however, for various purposes : as, the attro- 
ntrmical column, from which astronomical observations 
are made ; the chronological column, inscribed with a 
record of historical events; the ynomonic column, which 
supports a dial ; the itinerary column, pointing out the 
various roads diverging from it ; the milliary column, set 
up as a center from which to measure distances ; the tri- 
umphal column, dedicated to the hero of a victory, etc. 
The fragments of her columm and her palaces are in 
the dust, yet beautiful In ruin. 
Story, Speech, Salem, Sept 18, 1828. 
A chapel and a hall 
On massive column*, like a shoreclllf care. 
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. 
2. Anything resembling a column in shape ; 
any body pressing perpendicularly on its base, 
and throughout of the same or about the same 
diameter as its base : as, a column of water, air, 
or mercury. 
The whole weight of any column of the atmosphere. 
Bentley. 
3. In hot., a body formed by the union of fila- 
ments with one another, as in Malvaceae, or of 
stamens with the style, as in orchids. See cut 
under androphore. 
In all common Orchids there is only one well-developed 
stamen, which is confluent with the pistils, and they form 
together the column. 
Danrin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 3. 
4. In anat. and zoiil., a part or organ likened 
to a column or pillar ; a columna or columella : 
as, the spinal column ; the fleshy columns of the 
heart. 5. In Crinoidea, specifically, the stalk 
or stem of a crinoid. 6. Milit., a formation 
of troops narrow in front and extended from 
front to rear: thus distinguished from a line, 
which is extended in front and thin in depth. 
Presently firing was heard far in our rear the robbers 
having fled ; the head of the column advanced, and the 
dense body of pilgrims opened out 
K. F. Burton, El-Medlnah, p. 360. 
McPherson was in column on the road, the head close 
hy, ready to come In wherever he could be of assistance. 
If. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 624. 
7. Naut., a number of ships following one an- 
other. 8. In printing, one of the typographical 
divisions of printed matter in two or more ver- 
tical rows of lines. The separation of columns is 
made by a narrow blank space in which is sometimes 
placed a vertical line or rule. Division into columns 
economizes space, and saves the fatigue of the eye arising 
from attempts to trace the connection of an over-long line 
with the following line. 
Hence 9. The contents of or the matter print- 
ed in such a column, especially in a newspaper: 
as, the columns of the daily press. 10. An ap- 
columnar 
puratus used for the fixation of colors upon fab- 
rics by means of steam. It consists of a cylinder i 
copper punctured witti -m.ill liMm and Inning a steam 
pip.- in il- mlclior. HM print wr:i|>J-'l 
aioini't the cylinder, and ttu -! :nii I- :ill..cd t<i percolate 
> - In what U called iteaiii style 
team 
chest serving for il ai"n in used in KnxUi"! 
Agony column Annulated columns. 
s., ,n,i,ni,,i,,i. Attached column. MUIW ai. 
fiiiiniin. Banded column, n <n bwrng 
one "r more cincture-. Burdach'8 columns, the ex 
Id-mil |*,itious of III. |,,t. ii,. r ...In' -plliul 
eon) i)jhi< -., UN. I. -i- ,,:,,,<iii. Clustered column, 
III "7i :i ! 
which consist^ "i 
ap|>ear to cM- 
>i-t ..f M-V. nil . ..1 
minis or shafts 
clustered togeth- 
er. These shafts 
are sometimes at- 
i.<. h.. 1 to one an- 
other through- 
out their Ml*..!, 
h. i^-lit, and .sonic 
only at the 
capital and base. 
Columns of this 
kind commonly 
supjiort one or 
more clustered 
arches. Alsocall 
ed bnnilli'-j'itl'ii 
- Column of 
the nose, the 
anlerior portion 
of (he nasal sep- 
tum. - Columns 
of Benin hifter 
E. J. Bertin, a 
French anato 
mist, 1712-811, 
the prolongations 
inward of the cor* 
ticul substance of 
the kidney be- 
tween the pyramids. Columns of Clarke, vesicular 
columns Of Clarke (after ). A. L. Clarke, an English 
anatomist. 181T -SO), two symmetrically placed tract* of 
medium >ize.l nerve-cells of the spinal cord, laterodor- 
sa.l ..( the central canal, confined to the thoracic region. 
Columns of Goll, the median portion of the posterior 
columns of the spinal eor.l. Columna of Morgagnl. 
Ii as column* <// .* n-rtum.- Columns of the ab- 
dominal ring, the edges of the opening in the alMineuro- 
sis of the external oblique muscle which forms the exter- 
nal abdominal ring. Also called pillar* of the abdominal 
, in'!. Columns of the fornix, the anterior pillars of the 
foriiix. Also called eolumrlla Jorniei*. Columns of the 
medulla oblongata, the longitudinal segments into 
which the medulla oblongata Is divided by the grooves 
upon its surface, comprising the anterior pyramids, the 
lateral tracts, the restiform bodies, the fnnlculus cunea- 
tus, and the funiculus gracilis. Columns of the rec- 
tum, longitudinal folds of the mucous membrane of the 
rectum. Also called columns of Mfrraatrni. Columns 
Of the spinal cord, the longitudinal masses of white 
matter of the spinal cord. They are anterior, lateral, and 
posterior. See tpinal conl, under tfiinal. Columns Of 
the vagina. See colutmue mijarum. under columna. 
Columns of Turck, the direct pyramidal tracts, a portion 
of the anterior column of the spinal cord, on either side, 
lying next to the anterior median fissure. Coupled col- 
umns, in arch., columns disposed in pairs, the two shafts 
being close together but not touching. - Engaged col- 
umn, in arch., a column built into a wall so that it ap- 
pears as if a part of it were concealed. Also called at- 
tarhed column Flying column, a column of troops 
formed and equipped for rapid movements. Hermetic 
column. See hermetic. Hanubial column, a column 
adorned with trophies and spoils. = 8yn. 1. SeejriUor, 1. 
columna (ko-lum'nft), n. ; pi. columna: (-ne). 
[NL. (L.) : ' see column.] A column or pil- 
lar: used in anatomical names. See column. 
Columna dorsalls, the dorsal column ; the posterior 
white column of the spinal cord. Columnse adiposse, 
in embryol., the trabecuUe of lat which make their ap- 
pearance in the embryo as the rudiments of the subcuta- 
neous fatty layer. Columns carnese, fleshy columns; 
muscular bundles on the inner side of the walls of the 
ventricles of the heart, of which some are merely sculp- 
tured in relief, some are attached at Inith ends to the 
ventricular walls while they ore free in the middle, while 
some, springing from the ventricular walls, are attached 
to the chordie tendineie. The last are called jtapillarii 
m w, .,-. Columnse paplllares. the papillary muscles. 
Columnse recti. Same as column* of Ihf rt-ctum. 
Columns rugarum, the anterior and posterior longi- 
tudinal ridges of the mucous membrane of the vagina. 
Columns) vesiculares. Same as ctilumns of Clarke 
(which see, under rWiimn). Columna lateralls, the 
lateral white column of the spinal cord. Columna ven- 
tralls, the anterior white column of the spinal cord. 
columnal (ko-lum'nal), a. [< column + -a/.] 
Same as columnar. [Rare.] 
Crag overhanging, nor culumnal rock, 
Cast its dark outline there. Southry, Thalaba, ill 
columnar (ko-lum'nar), a. [< LL. columnar!*, 
< L. columna', a column : see column.] 1. Hav- 
ing the form of a column ; formed in columns ; 
like the shaft of a column. 
White columnar spar, out of a stone-pit 
Woodward, Fossils. 
2. Of or pertaining to columns, or to a column. 
The Norman In Apulia could hardly fall to adopt the 
columnar forms of the laud in which he was settled. 
E. A. Frttman, Venice, p. 806. 
