communion-cup 
communion-cup (ko-nm'nyon-kup), . A ves- 
sel used for the wine of the communion ; a 
chalice. After the Reformation this name was substi- 
tud-it for chalice in the Protestant churches of England, 
and the cup was carefully made different in appearance 
from the old chalice, especially in the form of the bowl, in 
the absence of the knop, and in having a cover, instead of 
the paten, fitting the top of the bowl. It is now made in 
many forms. See cut under chalice. 
communion-rail (ko-rmVnyon-ral), . Same 
as altar-rail. 
communion-table (kp-mu'nyon-ta"bl), ii. The 
table at or near which the communicants sit 
or kneel to partake of the Lord's supper, or on 
which the bread and wine are placed for distri- 
bution. 
communism (kom'u-nizm), . [< F. coHimii- 
iiixmc, < oommun, common, + -isme: see corn- 
mini, commune' 2 ; n., and -imu.] 1. An economic 
system, or theory, which rests upon the total or 
partial abolition of the right of private prop- 
erty, actual ownership being ascribed to the 
community as a whole or to the state. The right 
of the state to control the means of production, and also 
the distribution and consumption of the products of in- 
dustry, is in general especially emphasized by the advo- 
cates of the theory. In some communistic schemes the 
right of the individual to the control of his own labor is 
also denied, each one being required to do that which is 
most advantageous to the community as a whole. Such 
theories, differing in details, have frequently been ad- 
vanced by Plato in his " Republic," by Sir Thomas More 
in his "Utopia," and in recent times by many writers 
and have not infrequently been carried into execution on 
a small scale, as in the Oneida Community. See commu- 
nity. 
Communism, in its ordinary signification, is a system or 
form of common life in which the right of private or fam- 
ily property is abolished by law, mutual consent, or vow. 
To this community of goods may be added the disappear- 
ance of family life. 
Woolgey, Communism and Socialism, p. 1. 
Communism is the name that has been given to the 
schemes of social innovation which have for their starting- 
point the attempted overthrow of the institution of pri- 
vate property. Encyc. Brit., VI. 211. 
The machinery of Communism, like existing social ma- 
chinery, has to be framed out of existing human nature ; 
and the defects of existing human nature will generate in 
the one the same evils as in the other. 
11. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 41. 
2. Communalism. [An improper use.] 
communist (kom'u-nist), n. [= D. communist 
= Gt. Dan. komnmnist, < F. coinmuniste (= Sp. 
comunista = Pg. communista), < commun, com- 
mon, + -iste : see common, commune 2 , n., and 
-ist.] 1. One who advocates and practises the 
doctrines of communism. 
All communists without exception propose that the peo- 
ple as a whole, or some particular division of the people, 
as a village, or commune, should own all the means of 
production land, houses, factories, railroads, canals, etc. ; 
that production should be carried on in common ; and 
that officers, selected in one way or another, should dis- 
tribute among the inhabitants the fruits of their labor. 
It. T. Ely, French and German Socialism, p. 35. 
Discordant theories range from the doctrines of the 
communist, who would overturn our social structures, to 
those of the timid, half-hearted believers in our govern- 
ment, who wish to go back to restraints and powers ex- 
erted by the monarchs of Europe. 
N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 380. 
2. An advocate of communalism ; a member 
of a commune ; a communalist. Bible Commu- 
nist. See Perfectionist. 
communistic (kom-u-nis'tik), a. [< communist 
+ -ic.~] 1. Relating to communists or commu- 
nism ; according with the principles of commu- 
nism: as, communistic theories; communistic 
arrangements. 
No cases of communistic holding have as yet been ad- 
duced from records of the early period. 
D. IT. Ross, German Land-holding, p. 39. 
2. Coramunalistic. [An improper use.] 
communistically (kom-u-nis'ti-kal-i), adc. In 
accordance with communism ; in a communis- 
tic form or way. 
communitarian (ko-mu-ni-ta'ri-an), n. [< com- 
munity + -arian.j A member of "a community ; 
a member of a communistic association; one 
who believes in the wisdom of community life. 
These mendacious rogues [our neighbors] circulated a 
report that we communitarians were exterminated, to the 
last man, by severing ourselves asunder with the sweep of 
our own scythes ! and that the world had lost nothing by 
this little accident. 
Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, p. 78. 
communition (kom-u-nish'qn), n. [< commune 
+ -ition.] Communion. [Rare.] 
"The commutation of the body of Christ," and "Christ 
being our life," are such secret glories, that, as the frui- 
tion of them is the portion of the other world, so also is 
the full perception and understanding of them. 
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 309. 
community (ko-mu'ni-ti), . ; pi. communities 
(-tiz). [= OF. communite, communete, comunete, 
comonteit, etc. (> E. commonty, the older form), 
1138 
mod. F. communite = Pr. coniniunitat = Sp. co- 
tn>ii<liirl=I'g. ciinimunidacle = It. comunita, < L. 
<-<>iiiiitiintt(i(t-)s, fellowship, a sense of fellow- 
ship, ML. also a society, a division of people, 
< communis, common: see common, a., and com- 
mon ty.] 1. Common possession or enjoyment ; 
the holding or sharing of interests, possessions, 
or privileges in common by two or more indi- 
viduals: as, a community of goods; community 
of interests between husband and wife. 
Of all the griefs that mortals share, 
The one that seems the hardest to bear 
Is the grief without comm imitii. 
Hood, Miss Kilmansegg. 
The essential community of nature between organic 
growth and inorganic growth is, however, most clearly seen 
on observing that they both result in the same way. 
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., 43. 
The natural equality of the Italians is visible in their 
community of good looks as well as good manners. 
Ilowellx, Venetian Life, xxi. 
2. Life in association with others ; the social 
state. [Rare.] 
Confined 
To cells, and unfrequented woods, they knew not 
The fierce vexation of community. 
Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 1. 
3. A number of people associated together by 
the fact of residence in the same locality, or of 
subjection to the same local laws and regula- 
tions ; a village, township, or municipality. 
The sympathetic or social feelings are not so strong be- 
tween different communities as between individuals of 
the same community. Calhoun, Works, I. 9. 
With them (the Slavic nations] the rule of the free- 
dom of acquests has been less strictly observed than in 
other European countries, and with them, accordingly, 
the community continues in its fullest vigor. 
W. E. Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 240. 
A great many of the manors now -or formerly existing 
represent ancient communities in which, little by little, 
the authority of the community was engrossed by the 
most considerable man in it, until he became the lord, 
and the other landholders became his dependents. 
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 41. 
4. A society or association of persons having 
common interests or privileges, commercial, 
social, political, or ecclesiastical, and subject 
to the same regulations; now, especially, a so- 
ciety of this nature in which the members re- 
side together or in the same locality : as, the 
Oneida Community (see below). 
According to the " Rules and Orders of the Clothiers' 
Community, 1803," the chief object of the Institution was 
to carry out the legal regulations as to apprentices in 
their original purity. English Oilds(E. E. T. S.), p. clxxv. 
5. The body of people in a state or common- 
wealth ; the public, or people in general : used 
in this sense always with the definite article. 
It is not designed for her own use, but for the whole 
community. Addison, Guardian. 
Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community. 
Hallam. 
6f. Commonness; frequency. 
Sick and blunted with community. 
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 
7. In logic, the being possessed in common by 
several subjects Brethren of the Community. 
See brother. Community Of goods, the holding of goods 
in common, implying common ownership and common 
use and enjoyment, but not, in law, the right of partition 
or severance. Community property, in civil law (and 
in the States of California, Louisiana, Nevada, Texas, and 
formerly Missouri, and in the Territories of Arizona, 
Idaho, Montana, and Washington), the property of hus- 
band and wife exclusive of the antenuptial property of 
either, and of property acquired by either hy bequest, in- 
heritance, or gift. All other acquisitions during mar- 
riage are the joint property of both, and the husband has 
the active power of disposal during the life of both, the 
wife's rights being meanwhile passive. On the death of 
either, the survivor administers, much as in the case of 
partnership, the survivor being entitled to one half, and 
the heirs, etc., of the deceased to the other half. House 
community, an early form of organization in which the 
heirs of a given ancestor and their heirs in turn continued 
to live together, upon the common inheritance, with a 
common dwelling and common table. Oneida Commu- 
nity, a religious society or brotherhood, the Bible. Commu- 
nists or Perfectionists, established in 1847 on Oneida creek, 
in Lenox township, Madison county, New York, by John 
H. Noyes, after unsuccessful attempts to establish it at 
New Haven, Connecticut, in 1834, and at Putney, Ver- 
mont, in 1837. A branch of the Oneida Community also ex- 
isted at Wallingford, Connecticut, but has now been with- 
drawn. Originally the Oneida Community was strictly com- 
munistic, all property and all children belonging primarily 
to the society, and the restrictions of marriage being en- 
tirely abolished ; but in 1879, owing to the increasing de- 
mand of public opinion that the social practices of the 
society should be abandoned, marriage and family life 
were introduced, and in 1880 communism of property 
gave place to a joint-stock system, and the Community 
was legally incorporated as "the Oneida Community, 
Limited." Village community, an early form of or- 
ganization, in which the land belonged to the village, the 
arable land being allotted by it to the members or house- 
holds of the community, by more or less permanent ar- 
rangements, the waste or common laud remaining undi- 
vided. 
commutator 
commutability (ko-mu-ta-bil'i-ti), H. [= OF. 
commutabitttd = Sp. conmutbili(i/ul,< ML. "com- 
mulabilita(t-)s, < L. commutabilis, commutable: 
see commutable and -bility.] The quality of 
being commutable ; interchangeableness. Also 
commutableness. 
The coiniaiitubility of terms. Latham. 
commutable (kp-mu'ta-bl), a. [= Sp. conmii- 
tablc = Pg. commuturel = It. c/niiniutabilc, < L. 
commutabilis, < commutare, change: see com- 
mute.] Capable of being exchanged or mu- 
tually changed ; interchangeable. 
Here the predicate and subject are not ctnnmutablr. 
Whately, Logic. 
commutableness (ko-mu'ta-bl-nes), . Same 
as commutability. 
commutant (ko-mu'tant), n. [< L. commu- 
t/m(t-)s, ppr. of commutare, change: see com- 
mute.] In alg., an oblong block of figures, 
denoting the sum of a number of products, each 
consisting of as many factors as the block has 
rows, and each factor being formed by com- 
pounding as umbrffi the constituents in one row, 
the different terms being due to permutation 
with change of sign, in every possible way, of 
the constituents of every column after the first. 
commutation (kom-u-ta'shon), n. [= F. com- 
mutation = Pr. commntatio "= Sp. conmutacion 
= Pg. commutaqtto = It. commutazione, < L. 
commutatio(n-), <. commutare, pp. commutatus, 
change : see commute.'] 1. A passing from one 
state to another ; alteration ; change. 
So great is the commutation, that the soul then hated 
only that which now only it loves. South, Sermons. 
2. The act of giving one thing for another; 
exchange ; barter. 
By giving and returning, by commerce and commutation. 
South, Sermons. 
The use of money in the commerce and traffick of man- 
kind, is that of saving the commutation of more bulky 
commodities. Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins. 
3. The act of substituting one thing for an- 
other; substitution. [This, in the specific ap- 
plications noted below, is now the usual signifi- 
cation of the word.] 
A kind of mutual commutation there is whereby those 
concrete names, God and Man, when we speak of Christ, 
do take interchangeably one another's room. 
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 53. 
The law of God had allowed an evasion, that is, by way 
of commutation or redemption. Sir T. Browne. 
Specifically (o) In law, the change of a penalty or pun- 
ishment from a greater to a less, as banishment instead of 
death. 
Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money 
agreed to be given as a commutation for penance. 
Blackstone. 
(6) The substitution of one sort of payment for another, or 
of a money payment in lieu of the performance of com- 
pulsory duty or labor, or of a single payment in lieu of a 
number of successive payments, usually at a reduced rate. 
See commutatvm-ticket. (c) Milit., the money value of al- 
lowances, such as quarters, fuel, forage, etc. , taken in place 
of them. Angle of commutation, the excess of the 
heliocentric longitude of a planet over that of the earth. 
Commutation of Tithes Act, an English statute of 1836 
(6 and 7 Wm. IV., c. 71), frequently amended, providing 
for the payment of tithes in money and prescribing means 
for valuing them. 
commutation-ticket (kom-u-ta'shon-tik'et), . 
A ticket issued at a reduced rate by a carrier 
of passengers, entitling the holder to be car- 
ried over a given route a limited number of 
times, or an unlimited number during a certain 
period. 
commutative (ko-mu'ta-tiv), a. [= F. coinmu- 
tatif = Pr. commutatiu = Sp. conmutatiro = Pg. 
It. commutativo, < ML. 'comniutativus (fern, com- 
mtitativa, n., exchange), < L. commutatus, pp. of 
commutare, change: see commute.'} Relating 
to exchange ; interchangeable ; mutual : as, 
commutative justice (that is, justice which is 
mutually done and received). 
This is the measure of commutative justice, or of that 
justice which supposes exchange of things profitable for 
things profitable. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 451. 
Commutative combination, in alg., a mode of combi- 
nation in which the order of the elements is indifferent. 
Commutative contract, a contract in which each of 
the contracting parties gives and receives an equivalent. 
Commutative multiplication, a mode of multipli- 
cation in which the order of the factors is indifferent. 
Commutative principle, a rule of algebra permitting 
the reversal of the order of combination of two terms or 
factors. 
commutatively (ko-mu'ta-tiv-li), adv. By way 
of exchange. Sir T. Browne. 
commutator (kom'u-ta-tor), n. [= Pg. com- 
mutador, < L. as if * commutator, < commutare, 
pp. commutatus, change: see commute.'] 1. 
An apparatus used in connection with many 
electrical instruments for reversing the cur- 
