confounded 
confounded (kon-foun'ded), p. a. [Pp. of con- 
found (def. 4, "at eud).] Deserving of repre- 
hension or destruction; odious; detestable: a 
euphemism for damned: as, a confounded hum- 
bug; a confounded lie. [Colloq.] 
This rising early is the most confounded thing on Earth, 
nothing so destructive to the Complexion. ,__,., 
Mrs. Centliare, Beau s Duel, i. 1. 
confounded, confoundedly (kon-foun'ded, -Ii), 
udv. [See confounded, a.] A euphemism tor 
damned, used also as an emphatic adverb of 
degree, equivalent to ' very.' [Colloq.] 
'Tis confounded hard, after such bad fortune, to be baited 
by one's confederate in evil. 
Sheridan, School for Scandal, v. 3. 
No faith, to do you justice, you have been confoundedly 
stupid indeed. Sheridan, The Rivals, 11. 1. 
confoundedness (kon-foun'ded-nes), n. The 
state of being confounded. 
Of the same strain is their witty descant of my con- 
foundednexs. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst. 
confounder (kon-foun'der), n. One who or that 
which confounds, (a) One who disturbs the mind, 
perplexes, refutes, frustrates, or puts to confusion or si- 
lence. 
Ignorance, . . . the common confounder of truth. 
B. Jonson, Discoveries. 
Close around him and confound him, 
The confounder of us all. 
J. II. Frere, Aristophanes. 
(b) One who mistakes one thing for another, or who men- 
tions things without due distinction. Dean Martin. 
confractt (kon-frakf), a. [< L. confraetus, pp. 
of confringerc, break in pieces, < com- (inten- 
1188 
together, < com-, together, + fricare, rub : see 
friction.] A rubbing together ; friction. 
A confrication of the horn upon the ivy. Bacon. 
confriert, See confriar. 
confront (kon-frunf), v. t. [< F. c0H/rofer=Pr. 
Sp. Pg. confrontar = It. confrontare, confront, 
< ML. confrontare, assign limits to, confrontari, 
be contiguous to, < L. com-, together, + fron(t-)s 
(> F. front, > E. front), forehead, front: see 
front, and cf. affront.] 1. To stand facing; 
be in front of; face. 
There are two very goodly and sumptuous rowes of 
building, . . . which doe confront each other. 
Coryat, Crudities, I. 220. 
Death being continually confronted, to meet it with 
courage was the chief test of virtue. 
Lecky, Enrop. Morals, I. 236. 
The same 
Silent and solemn face, I first descried 
At the spectacle, confronted mine once more. 
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 50. 
2. To stand in direct opposition to; meet in 
hostility; oppose; challenge. 
Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows ; 
Strength match'd with strength, and power confronted 
power. Shak., K. John, ii. 2. 
Mean while a number of Souldiers are drawn by small 
numbers into the City to confront all outrages. 
Some day the soft Ideal that we wooed 
Confronts us fiercely. Lowell, Com. Ode. 
3. To set face to face ; bring into the presence 
of, as 
confused 
which the name Sinism -has been proposed) existent in China 
from the dawn of Chinese history, and still observed as 
the state religion. Its chief features are : (1) the worship 
of the Supreme Being (Shang-ti) by the emperor on behalf 
of the people ; (2) the worship of "the host of spirits," as 
the gods of the winds, of the rivers, of the mountains, the 
grain, etc., by the officials and dignitaries ; and (3) the ob- 
servance of ancestral worship anil filial piety by all. (See 
Sinism.) By others the term has been still further ex- 
tended, so as to include the cosmogonic speculations of 
Chu-hi and the other speculative philosophers of the 
twelfth century. The only Chinese term corresponding 
in any degree to the word Confucianism is Yu-Kiao, 'the 
system of the learned.' 
Confucianism pure and simple is in our opinion no re- 
ligion at all. The essence of Coufucianisin is an antiqua- 
rian adherence to traditional forms of etiquette taking 
the place of ethics ; a sceptic denial of any relation between 
man and a living God taking the place of religion ; while 
there is encouraged a sort of worship of human genius, 
combined with a set of despotic political theories. But 
who can honestly call this a religion ? China, Rev. , VIII. 59. 
I use the term Confucianism ... as covering, first of 
all, the ancient religion of China, and then the views of the 
great philosopher himself, in illustration or modification 
of it. J. Legge, Religious of China, p. 4. 
Confucianist (kon-fu'shian-ist), n. [< Confu- 
cian + -int.] 1." A follower of Confucius; one 
who adheres to the system of ethics taught by 
Confucius. 2. A student of Confucianism or 
of Confucian literature. 
con fuoco (kou fwo'ko). [It.: con, < L. cum, 
with ; fuoco = Sp. fuego = Pg. fogo = Pr. fuoc, 
foe = F. feu, fire, passion, < L. focus, fireplace : 
-"" In music, with fire or impetuosity. 
The body being into dust confract. 
to face, accuser and accused, men offer themselves to be - _, -- f - 
._ --= -"--., > th n 1 I judged. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 259. confuse (kon-fuz'), ti. ; pret. and pp. confused, 
Dr. u. More, sleep oi . ^ To ^ t ther for comparison . b^g j n t o ppr. confusing. [< L. confusus, pp. of confun- 
confraction (kon-frak'shon), . [= Sp. con- con t ra st: with ?i<7. [Rare.] dere, pour out together, mingle, confound: see 
fraccion, < LL. confractio(n-), < L. confringerc, 
pp. confraetus, break in pieces: see confract.] 
The act of breaking up. 
When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you 
the same design executed by different hands. 
confound.] I. trans. 1. To mingle together, as 
two or more things, ideas, etc., which are prop- 

Addison, Ancient Medals. er iy separate and distinct ; combine without 
The ^fraction of the spirits grating them with a gall- confront!, n. [< confront, v.] Opposition ; an order or clearness ; throw together indiscrimi- 
ing jar. 
Feltham, On Ecclesiastes, p. 362. 
opposing. 
2. In Uturgics, the ritual fraction or breaking of Cro. Alas, sir they desire to follow you. Butafaroff! 
.'*. . i , A j^s the farther off the better. 
Tutor. Ay, sir ; an't be seven mile off, so we may but 
follow you, only to countenance us in the confronts, and 
affronts, which (according to your highness' will) we mean 
[= F. 
the consecrated bread or host : a term used for 
fraction, especially in the Galilean liturgies. 
confractorium (kon-frak-to'ri-um), n. [ML., < 
see confract.] In the Ambrosian liturgy, an an- 
them sung by the choir during the fraction of confrontation (kon-frun-ta shon) n. 
the host confrontation = Pr. confrontatto = Sp. confron- 
:_ tacion = Pg. confrontacao = It. confrontazione, < 
confragoset (kon-fra-gos'), a. [= Pg. confra- 
goso, < L. confragosus, broken, rough, uneven, 
< com- (intensive) + fragosus, broken, uneven, 
ML. confrontatio(n-), < confrontare, pp. confron- 
tatus. assien limits to, confrontari. be contigu- 
' J, ' ., . 
\ VUIH- llllLKliaiVe / ~r // W(/l/owo, uivacii, IAUOTCAA, , ' ., 4. 
fragile, < fragor, a breaking, < frangere, break: pus to: see confront, v.] 
see fraction, and cf. confract.] Broken; rough ; 
uneven. 
The precipice whereof! is equal to anything of that na- 
ture I have scene in y most confraaose cataracts of the 
Alpes. Evelyn, Diary, June 27, 1654. 
ing. (a) The act of bringing face to face for examination 
ana discovery of truth. (6) The act of bringing two objects 
together for comparison or verification. [Rare.] 
Combinations of ideas which have never been feelings, 
or never verified by confrontation with reality. 
G. If. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Hind, II. iv. 15. 
confraternity (kon-fra-ter'ni-ti), n. : pi. confra- con f ron t e (F. pron. k6n-fr6n-ta'), a. [F., pp. 
ternities (-tiz). [= F. confratermtd = Pr. con- of con yj. OB fc r confront: see confront, v.] In 
fraternitat = Sp. confraternidad = Pg. confra- her ^ same as a ff ronte . 
ternidade = It. confratermta, < ML. confrater- c(m fronter (kon-frun'ter), n. One who con- 
nita(t-)s, a brotherhood, < confrater, pi. confra- f ron t s _ 
tres, colleague, fellow, < L. com-, with, together, Con f r0 ntment (kon-frunt'ment), n. [= It. con- 
+ frater, brother: see com-, brother, and con- f ron tamento ; as confront +"-ment.'] The act of F. confus = Sp. Pg. It. confuso, < L. confusus, 
frere. Cf. fraternity.] A brotherhood ; a soci- con f ron ti n g ; a placing face to face for corn- 
nately; derange; disorder; jumble. 
Stunning sounds and voices all confused. 
Milton, P. L., ii. 952. 
With our Christian habit of connecting God with good- 
ness and love, we confuse together the notions of a the- 
ology and a faith. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 59. 
2. To perplex or derange the mind or ideas of ; 
embarrass; disconcert; bewilder; confound. 
The want of arrangement and connexion confuses the 
reader. Whately, Rhetoric. 
Has the shock, so harshly given, 
Confused me? Tennyson, In Memoriam, xvi. 
Troubles confine the little wit he has. 
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna. 
3f. To fuse together ; blend into one. 
Lest the evidence should introduce inconvenient irrele- 
vancies he proposes to take measure not only for the knit- 
ting of it, but also, " to use your Majesty's own word, for 
the confusing of it." Bacon, in E. A. Abbott, p. 230. 
4. To take one idea or thing for another. =Syn. 
1. To derange, disarrange, disorder, mix, blend, jumble, 
involve, confound. 
II. intrans. To become mixed up; become 
involved. 
COnfuset (kon-fuz'), a. [< ME. confus = D. con- 
fuus = G. "confus = Dan. Tconfus, < OF. confus, 
pp.: s'ee the verb/] 1. Mixed; confused: as, 
" a confuse cry," Barret. 
Our company . . . cast themselues at the last into a 
confuse order, and retired, they being mingled amongst 
the Turkes. llakluyt's Voyages, II. 125. 
ety or body of men united for some purpose or p ar i son . [Rare.] 
in some profession ; specifically, in the Bom. In j h , ee]jng responds divinely to every sensu- 
Cath. Ch., a lay brotherhood devoted to some OU8 confrontment with the presence of beauty. 
particular religious or charitable service : as stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 157. 
(in ^the middle ages), the confraternity of bridge- Confucian (kon-fu'shian), a. [< Confucius, & 2. Perplexed; confounded; disconcerted. 
builders. The word is now similarly used in the Latinized forin of Chinese K'ung-fu-tse^(a,lso I am so coViw that I cannot seye. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1372. 
Be the whiche answere, Alisandre was gretly astoneyed 
and abayst ; and alle confuse departe fro hem. 
porations'are in a commonwealth. China (551-478 B. C.), Or to his'teachings: as, MandeviUe, Travels, p. 295. 
Brevint, Saul and Samuel at Endor, p. 264. the ggj^gf^ et hi C8 ; Confucian literature. See confused (kon-fuzd'), p. a. [Pp. of confuse, v.] 
. n. !. it. m . m hr. h. nm .. 'ucianism. Z. Erected or maintained in 1. Lacking orderly arrangement of parts; in- 
Each of these councils elects its own members from the 
s,x confratern^es of the c.ty. J. Adams, Works, IV. 341. 
& Confucian t 
volved; disordered. 
Thus roving on 
In confused march forlorn. Milton, P. L., ii. 615. 
I went to see the Prince's Court, an ancient confus'd 
building, not much unlike the Hofft at the Hague. 
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 8, 1641. 
There saw I for a space 
Confused gleam of swords about that place. 
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 362. 
confrere (ML. confrater), after E./riar: see con- force ^oi^toeu-TndlvWuarcliar'acter, were said to liave 3. In entom., tending to become united in one 
order with i 
Brethren or confriers of the said religion. 
Weeuer, Ancient Funeral Monuments. 
COnfricationt (kon-fri-ka'shon), n. [= F. con- 
i = Pr. confricacio = Sp. confricacion = 
_ , ,- ,. _ T, ,. . nonor oi ^UUIUCIUB: , a t*nuwia* tempio. 
confrere (kou-frar'),n. [F., = Pr.confraire,eo- Confucianism (kon-fu'shian-izm), n. [< Confu- 
fraire = OSp. confrade, Sp. cofrade = Pg. con- (Aan + 4sm ^ p r op er ly, the ethico-political sys- 
frade = It. confrate, < ML. confrater, a colleague, tem t ht b Conf uc * us . He 80Ught (unsuccessful- 
fellow : see confraternity, and ct. confriar. J A ly) to remedy the degeneracy and oppressions of his time, 
colleague ; a fellow-member ; an associate in and to secure peace and prosperity to the empire, by the 
something. spread of learning and the inculcation of virtue, setting 
- /i, f~'a_ A-\ n IY T? up as models to be imitated the "ancient kings" Yao and 
? "T! ~S '' L Shun (about 2356-2204 B. C.), who, by their virtue and the 
t.py\ aTtfiv h. rrt.nv <ci> f.ntt t _ *i-_i_ i i:..: i i :.\ *_ ,.~..~ ~:.i *,* i*....<> 
friar.] One of the same religious removed evil, poverty, and ignorance from the empire. m ' ags as riarts of a iointed organ : as, antennae 
another or others The system of Confucius was essentially mundane in its .* Wirfa S In lonir indis- 
methodsandaims.beingbasedupontheproperdischargeof with confused outer joints. d. In logic, in 
the duties involved in the five relationships of life, name- tinet : applied especially to an idea whose parts 
ly, those of prince and subject, parent and child, brother are no t clearly distinguished. See clear, a., 6, 
and brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend. ;, ji,fi n -t " 
By many Confucianism is called one of the three religions ' 
s T - . , TT of China, the others being Taoism and Buddhism. In this A confused idea is such an one as is not sufficiently dis- 
Pg. eonfrtcagao = It. confncazione, < LL. con- sense t he term includes both the Confucian scheme of tinguishable from another from which it ought to lie dif- 
fricatio(n-), < L. confricare, pp. confricatus, rub ethics and statecraft and the ancient native religion (for ferent. Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxu. *. 
