ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., ad] adjective. 
abbr. abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace. accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modal ii >n. 
act. active. 
ailv adverb. 
AK Anglo-French 
agrl agriculture. 
AL. Anglo- Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer American. 
anat. anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar. apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
arclueol archieology. 
arith. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo Saxon. 
aatrol astrology. 
astron utronomy. 
attrlb attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Itret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
oh, church. 
< 'h.il. Chaldee. 
clirni chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com* 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch. concnology. 
con] conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol cranlology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
ilit. dative. 
del definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
difl different. 
dim diminutive. 
1 1 1 - 1 r i 1 1 distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
1 1> 1 1. ii ii dynamics. 
East 
E. English (usim^v ),i. "ni- 
in;; modernEnglish). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
t. g. L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryoL embryology. 
Bng English. 
engin engineering. 
mi. ini entomology. 
Epls Episcopal. 
equlv. equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethloplc. 
editing ethnography. 
ethnol. ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f., fern feminine. 
F French (utually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Frtesic. 
rut future. 
O Oermta(uiuallutnefiii- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol. geology. 
geora geometry 
Goth Gothic (Jlresogothic). 
Or. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung. Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (utuaOy 
meaning Old Ire- 
l&mllc,otfierwite call- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
L e L. id ett, that Is. 
topers. impersonal 
Impf. imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
iniprop. Improperly. 
Ina Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 
indef. Indefinite. 
inf. infinitive. 
Instr Instrumental. 
interj interjection. 
intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
IT. Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (utually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol Uchenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit. literature. 
I.iMi Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
llthol lithology. " 
I.I.. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf. manufacturing. 
math. mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
urise called Old Eng- 
Ilsh). 
mech. mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
medicine. 
mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaphysics. 
meteorology. 
Mexican 
MOr. Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHO Middle High German. 
mllit. military. 
mineral. mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medic- 
val Latin. 
MLO Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
myool mycology. 
myth. mythology. 
n noun. 
n. , nent neuter. 
K New. 
N North. 
N. Amer. North America. 
nat natural. 
nant. > nautical. 
nav 7. ... navigation. 
NQr New Greek, modern 
Qnek. 
NHG New High German 
(utually limply <;., 
German). 
KL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
mini nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
munis. numismatics. 
O. Old. 
oba. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wife called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan. Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol. odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem. Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLQ Old Low German. 
ONorth. Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith. ornithology. 
OB. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTent Old Teutonic. 
P. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part participle. " 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert. perfect 
Pers. Persian. 
pers. person. 
persp. perspective. 
Pernv Peruvian. 
petrog. petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
_____ . 
phlloL .......... philology. 
philos. ......... philosophy. 
phonog 
ician. 
logy. 
sophy. 
phonography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys. physical. 
phyilol physiology. 
pL.plur plural 
poet poetical 
pullt political. 
Pol Polish. 
POSS. possessive. 
pp past parti 
ppr present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (utually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencslX 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present 
pret preterit 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
ftwt .' .' ! .' .' .' '.'.'.'. .'Protestant 
prov provincial. 
psycho! psychology. 
q. v L. (fuod (or pi. <pur) 
tide, which see. 
refl. reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Rom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(hncijj - 
Russ. Russian. 
8. South. 
8. Amer South American. 
sc. 'L.icilieet, understand, 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp. sculpture. 
8erv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Bkt Sanskrit 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
super! superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
syn. synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term termination. 
Tent Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theol theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon. trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
nit ultimate, ultimately. 
T verb. 
ar. variant 
TCt vetrinry 
T. 1 intransitive verb. 
T. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
soogeog zoogeography. 
*oo! zoology. 
zoot. zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat man, pang, 
a as In fate, mane, dale, 
n as in far, father, guard, 
a as in fall, talk, naught, 
i as in ask, fast, ant 
a as in fare, hair, bear, 
e as In met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat 
e as In her, fern, heard. 
1 as in pin, it. biscuit. 
i as in pine, fight, file, 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as In note, poke, floor. 
6 as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood, 
as In mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
u as tn'puil, book, could. 
ii German ii, French u. 
ol as In oil. Joint, boy. 
on as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
Its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. ii. 
Thus: 
| as in prelate, courage, captain. 
9 as in ablegate, episcopal. 
9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
as In singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant republican, 
e as in prudent, difference, 
ji as in charity, density. 
Q as in valor, actor, Idiot 
S as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
ft as in nature, feature. 
A mark (-) under the consonants t. d, 
i, z indicates that they In like manner 
are variable to ch, j, th, zh. Thus : 
t as In nature, adventure. 
9 as in arduous, education. 
s as in leisure. 
? as In seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
cb as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mon- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked if at Its 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rom; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymological!)- 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical aralltgtd; L e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t 
