consubstantiation 
arc: seo miixuli/i/niitiaii; /.] The doctrine that 
the body and blood of Christ coexist in and 
with the elements of the eucharist, although 
the latter retain their nature as bread and wine : 
opposed tn the Uoinan Catholic doctrine of tnin- 
Hllli.itlliitiilliini. The term riinsiilixlitttlititioii was em- 
ployed in the doctrinal controversies of the Iteforination 
by noll-Lnthci an writers, tn designate tin l.iilhcrull view 
of the Saviour's presence in the Holy Supper. The I.nthci an 
Church, however, llus never used cir accepted this term to 
express hrr view, Imt ha> :ilw;i\s and I. ]icatc.ll> i 
it, and the meaning it conveys, in her official declarations, 
They [the Lutherans] believe that the real body and 
blood of our l.onl is united in a nnsterious manner, 
through tin; eoiisrrnition, witli the Jiread and wine, and 
are received with and under them in the sacrament of the 
Lord's supper. This is called '>ntxnlnt,i,itiillnin. Hooker. 
They, therefore, err, who say that we believe In impa- 
nation, or that Christ is in tile bread and wine. Nor are 
those correct who charge us with believing snbpanation, 
tluit Christ Is under the form of bread and wine. And 
equally groundless is the charge of consubstantiation, or 
the belief that the body anil blood of Christ are clianged 
into one substance with the bread and wine. . . . Hut 
the Lutheran Church maintains that the Savior fulfils his 
promise, and is actually present, especially present in the 
Holy Supper In a manner not comprehensible to us and 
not defined in the Scriptures. Moxheim (trans.). 
consuetude (kon'swe-tud), . [< ME. consue- 
tude, < OF. consuetude, consietude = OSp. consur- 
tud = It. consuetudine, < L. consuetuilo (-tudin-), 
custom: see custom.] 1. Custom; usage. 
I may notice that habit is formed by the frequent repe- 
tition of the same action or passion, and that this repe- 
tition is called consuetude or custom. 
Sir W. Hamilton, Metph., x. 
A series of consistent judgments [in Roman law) of this 
sort built up was in the strictest sense a law based on con- 
suetude. Encyc. Brit., XX. 698. 
2. That to which one is accustomed ; habitual 
association ; companionship. 
Let us suck the sweetness of those affections and con- 
suetudes that grow near us. These old shoes are easy to 
the feet. Emerson, Essays, Istser., p. 218. 
consuetudinal (kon-swe-tii'di-nal), a. [< OF. 
i-ininHi-liidiintl. < ML. *cosuetuatmaUt (in adv. 
eonsiirtudinaliter, according to custom), < L. 
consuetudo (-tudin-), custom: see consuetude, 
custom.] Customary. 
consuetudinary (kon-swe-tu'di-na-ri), a. and n. 
[= OF. consitetudinaire,' F. consitetudinaire = 
op. Pg. It. consuetudinario, < LL. consuetudi- 
narius, < L. consuetudo (-tudin-), custom: see 
consuetude, custom.] I. a. Customary. con- 
suetudinary in- customary law (in contradistinction 
to written or statutory laic), that law which is derived by 
immemorial custom from remote antiquity. Such is the 
common law of Scotland. 
These provinces [Navarre and the Basque), until quite 
recently, rigidly insisted upon compliance with their eon- 
suetudinary law. Encyc. Brit., IX. 810. 
II. . ; pi. consuetudinaries (-riz). [< ML. 
consuctudinaritis (sc. L. liber, a book), a ritual 
of devotions: see I.] A book containing the 
ritual and ceremonial regulations of a monas- 
tic house or order ; an ordinal or directory for 
religious houses, or for cathedrals and colle- 
giate churches observing monastic -discipline. 
[Rare.] 
A cnnmetudinary of the Abbey of St. Edmunds Bury. 
Baker, MS. Catalogue by Masters, Cambridge, p. 61. 
Without noticing the title of St. Osmund's book, our 
chronicler describes its object to be that of regulating the 
ecclesiastical service ; and he ranks it among those writ- 
ings which, by the usage of the period, were known under 
one indiscriminating appellation, Consuetudinary. 
Hock, Church of our Fathers, i. 11. 
consul (kon'sul), . [< ME. consul = OF. and 
F. consul = Pr. consol, cossol = Sp. Pg. eonxiil 
= It. console, consolo = D. konsul = G. consul = 
Dan. Sw. konsul, < L. consul, OL. consol, eosol, 
a consul; prob. < consulere, deliberate, consult: 
see consult, ctiuHnrl.] 1. One of the two chief 
magistrates of the ancient Roman republic, an- 
nually chosen in the Campus Martms. Tn the 
first ages of Rome they were both elected from patrician 
or noble families, but about 307 B. c. the people obtained 
the privilege of electing one of the consuls from among 
themselves, and sometimes both were plebeians. Th 
of consul was retained .under the empire, but was confined 
chietty to judicial functions, the presidency of the sen' 
lite, and the char.ro of public games, and was ultimately 
stripped of all power. though remaining the highest dis- 
tinction of a subject: it was often assumed by the emper- 
ors, and finally disappeared in the sixth century A. n. 
2. In Ftmch hint., the title given to the three 
supremo magistrates of the French republic 
after the dissolution of the Directory in 1799. 
Napoleon Koiiaparte had the title of first consul, and his 
colleagnet were Camhaecrcs and I.el.rnn. The tlrst con- 
Mil was the chief executive; he promulgated laws, named 
members of council of state, ministers, and ambassadors. 
etc., the second and third consuls having only a delibera- 
tive voice. My |Htpular vote Napoleon was chosen consul 
for life August 2d, ISO-2. and by a vole of the senate. May 
1219 
18th, 1804, consular government was abolished, and he 
was proclaimed < ni|KTor. 
3. In international laic, an agent appointed and 
commissioned by a sovereign state to reside in 
a foreign city or town, to protect the interests 
of its citizens and commerce there, and to col- 
lect and forward information on industrial and 
economic matters. He does not usually repre- 
sent his government as a diplomatic agent in 
any sense. 
The commercial agent* of a government, residing in 
foreign parts and charged with the duty of promoting the 
command*] interests of the state, and especially of its in- 
dividual citizens or subjects, are called consuls. 
WoolKu, Introd. to Inter. Law, t 95. 
4f. A senator of Venice. 
Many of the commit . . . 
Are at the duke's already. 
Shall., Othello, I. 2. 
consnlaget (kon'sul-aj), n. [< OF. conrulagf, 
consulaif/e ; as consul + -age.] A consulate. 
At Council we debated the buisinesse of the Contulage 
of Leghorne. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 8, 1672. 
consular (kon'su-liir), a. and 11. [(ME. consu- 
ler, n., a consul) ="F. consulaire = Sp. Pg. con- 
sular = It. consolare, consulare. < L. consulates, 
(.consul, a, consul: see consul.] I. a. 1. Per- 
taining to the consuls in ancient Rome, or in 
recent times in France, or to their office ; per- 
taining to or characterized by the office of con- 
sul : as, the consular power ; a consular govern- 
ment. See consul. 2. In international law, 
pertaining to or having the functions of a con- 
sul (see consul, 3) : as, the consular service. 
Consular agent, an officer of a grade subordinate to that 
of consul, stationed at foreign ports of small commercial 
importance, and charged with duties similar to those of 
a consul, or vice-consul. Consular fees, the privileged 
fees or perquisites charged by a consul for his official cer- 
tificates. 
II. n. 1. In ancient Rome: (a) An ex-con- 
sul, and also, under the empire, one who had 
held the insignia of a consul without the office. 
Juli Cesar first being consular & eft sone the first em- 
prowr of Rome. Joye, Exposlcion of Daniel. 
(6) The governor of an imperial province. 
2f. A consul. 
The pride of the consulen. 
Chaucer, Boethlus, II. prose 6. 
consulate (kon'su-lat), n. [= F. consulat = Sp. 
Pg. consulado = It. consolato = D. konsulaat = 
G. consulat = Dan. Sw. konsulat, < L. consula- 
tus, office of a consul, < consul, a consul : see 
consul and -ate->.] 1. The office of a consul, in 
either the political or the legal sense of that 
word. 
After the Alexandrian expedition the Venetians, whose 
commerce was suffering, prevailed on Peter to treat for a 
peace with Egypt, which was to establish Cypriot consu- 
lates and reduce the customs in the ports of the Levant. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 196. 
2. In international law : (a) The office or juris- 
diction of a consul. 
By this [the law of 1856] the President was ordered to 
make new appointments to all the consulates, which were 
thereby declared vacant. 
Schuyler, American Diplomacy, p. 45. 
(6) The premises officially occupied by a con- 
sul. 8. Government by a consul or consuls; 
specifically, the government which existed in 
France from the overthrow of the Directory, 
November 9th, 1799, to the establishment of 
the empire, May 18th, 1804. See consul, 2. 
Would not the world have thought . . . that the cour- 
age I exerted in my consulate was merely accidental ? 
r. Melmoth, tr. of Cicero, VI. i. 
consulate-general (kon ' su - 1st - jen ' e - ral), . 
The office or jurisdiction of a consul-general. 
The Italian Government has from time immemorial re- 
fused to recognize a consul as a diplomatic officer, and 
even, until Mr. Marsh induced them to relax the rule, to 
allow the consulate-firneral of any foreign country to be 
established in the same place as its legation. 
The Nation, Dec. 6, 1888. 
consul-general (kon'sul-jen'e-ral), n. A dip- 
lomatic officer having the supervision of all the 
consulates of his government in a foreign coun- 
try ; a chief consul. Abbreviated C. G. 
The salaries of the confult-neneral vary from (4,000, as 
at Antwerp, to $10,000, as at Cairo and Calcutta. 
Schuyler, American Diplomacy, p. 94. 
consulship (kon'sul-ship), . [< consul + -ship.] 
The office or the term of office of a consul, in 
either the political or the diplomatic sense of the 
word : as, the consulship of Cicero. See consul. 
consult (kon-sulf), r. [< F. consulter = Sp. 
Pg. ron,tultar = It. ronsultnn: < L. consultare, 
deliberate, consult, freq. of consulere, pp. cnn- 
xiiltt/.'i, deliberate, consider, reflect upon, con- 
sult, ask advice, < com-, together, + -fiilere, of 
uncertain origin: see consul and counsel.] I, 
consultatory 
trans. 1. To ask advice of; seek the opinion 
of as a guide to one's own jud^im-nt : have re- 
course to for information or instruction: as, to 
consult a friend, a physii-ian. or a book. 
They were content to eonndt libraries. II / 
He gives an account of this episode in his career, which 
Is well worth consulting. A. Dovmn, Int. i o ~i. 1> ],. xxxv. 
2. To have especial reference i,r respect to, in 
judging or acting; consider; regard. 
We are . . . to n,,i.< u/i tlir neeessitiesof life, rather (ban 
matters of ornament and delight. .Sir Jl. /,/.-' 
The senate owns its gratitude to Cato, 
Who with so great a soul commits its safety. 
Auditon, Cato, it. 3. 
Ere fancy yon consult, consult your purse. 
'..., Way to Wealth. 
3f. To plan, devise, or contrive. 
Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off 
many people. Hah. II. 10. 
II. intrans. 1. To seek the opinion or advice 
of another, for the purpose of regulating one's 
own action or judgment: followed by tritli. 
Rehoboam consulted mth the old men. 1 Ki. ill. 6. 
He who prays, must consult first tn'f A his heart. 
Milton, Elkonoklastes, xvl. 
2. To take counsel together; confer; deliber- 
ate in common. 
Let us consult upon to-morrow's business. 
SAo*.,Rlch. III., v. 3. 
consult! (kon-sulf or kon'sult), . [= P. con- 
suite = Sp. Pg. It. consulta, < ML. consultus, a 
council, consulta, deliberation, L. consul turn, a 
consultation, a decree, resolution, masc., fern., 
and neut., respectively, of L. consultus, pp. of 
consulere, consult: see consult, v.] 1. A meet- 
ing for consultation or deliberation ; a council. 
But in the latter part of his [Charles II.'s] life ... his 
secret thoughts were communicated but to few ; and those 
selected of that sort who were . . . able U) advise him in 
a serious consult, Dryden, Ded. of King Arthur. 
Immediately the two main bodies withdrew, under their 
several ensigns, to the farther parts of the library, and 
there entered into cabals and consults upon the present 
emergency. Suift, Battle of Books. 
2. The act of consulting; the effect of consul- 
tation; determination. 
All their grave commits dissolved in smoke. 
Dryden, Fables. 
COnsultable (kon-sul'ta-bl), a. [== F. consulta- 
ble, etc. ; as consult, v.,"+ -able.] Able or ready 
to be consulted. 
consultant (kon-sul'tant), . [< F. consultant, 
orig. pp. of consulter, consult : see consult, .] A 
physician who is called in by the attending phy- 
sician to give counsel in a case. 
COnsultary (kon-sul'ta-ri), a. [< commit + 
-ary 1 .] Relating to consultation. Consultary 
response, the opinion of a court of law on a special case. 
consultation (kon-sul-ta'shon), H. [= F. con- 
sultation = Sp. consultacion = Pg. consultaqSo 
= It. consulta:ione, < L. consultatio(n-), a con- 
sultation^ consultare. pp. consultatus, consult: 
see consult, v.] 1. The act of consulting; de- 
liberation of two or more persons with a view 
to some decision ; especially, a deliberation in 
which one party acts as adviser to the other. 
He (Henry 1. 1 first instituted the Form of the High Court 
of Parliament ; for liefore his Time only certain of the No- 
bility and ['relates of the Realm were called to connUta- 
turn about the most important Affairs of State. 
Baker, Chronicles, p. 40. 
Thus they their doubtful consultations dark 
Ended. Milton, P. L., U. 486. 
2. A meeting of persons to consult together; 
specifically, a meeting of experts, as physicians 
or counsel, to confer about a specific case. 
A consultation was called, wherein he advised a saliva- 
tion. Wiseman, Surgery. 
Writ Of consultation. In Eny. lav, a writ whereby a 
cause, removed by prohibition from the ecclesiastical court 
to the king's court, is sent hack to the former court : so 
called because the judges, on confutation or delilieration, 
and comparison of the libel with the suggestion of the party 
at whose instance the removal Is made, find that the sug- 
gestion is false, and that the cause has been wrongfully 
removed. 
consultative (kon-sul'ta-tiv), a. [= F. consul- 
tatif, < L. as if "consultativus, < consultatus, pp. 
of consultare, consult: see consult, r., and cf. 
consultice.] Pertaining to consultation; hav- 
ing the function of consulting ; advisory. 
He laid down the nature and power of the synod, as only 
consultative, decisive, and declarative, not eo:u-tive. 
H'inthrop, Hist. New Kngland, II. 331. 
Evidence coming from many peoples In all times shows 
that the eonstiltatirt body Is, at the outset, nothing more 
than a council of war. //. Spencer, Prin. of .SocioL, $ 491. 
consultatory (kon-sul'ta-to-ri), a. [< L. as if 
"consultatoriux, (consultatus, pp. of consultare, 
consult: see consult, r., and -atory.] Advisory. 
