Craniidse 
Craniidae (km in'i-di-), .//'. |NI/.,< >/// + 
-i/f>. | A family of lyo|i<imatous braehionodf*. 
Tbcy are attached by 
a greater or less ex- 
tent of the ventral 
valve, or free; the 
brachial appendages 
are soft, spirally 
curved, and directed 
toward tin- bottom of 
the dorsal valve ; the 
\ahe^ ai liieuliii or 
limpet-like; and the 
shell-substance, in cal- 
careous and perfo- 
rated by minute ca- 
nals. Four genera un- 
known, only "lie nf 
which (Crania) has 
living representatives. 
M..O Crmiada, 
Craniocele (kra'ni-ri-sel), . [< Gr. K/MVIOV, the 
skull, + is/////, tumor.] Encephalocele. l>un- 
fllixon. 
cranioclasm (kra'ni-o-klazm), n. [< Gr. Kpaviov, 
t In' skull, + "/iXacr/ioy, a breaking, < K/.av, break.] 
The operation of craniotomy. Dunflltson. 
cranioclast (kra'ni-o-klast), n. [< Gr. Kpaviov, 
the skull, + /cAofiToy, verbal adj. of itXnv, break.] 
A powerful forceps employed in the operation 
of craniotomy for seizing, breaking down, and 
withdrawing the fetal skull. 
craniofacial (kra/ni-o-fa'shial), u. [= F. cra- 
iiio-fiirinl, < MIj. crantifm, q. v., 4- L. fades, the 
face.] In anat., pertaining to the cranium and 
the face. Cranlofaclal angle, In human anat. and 
t., the angle included between the hasifaclal axis 
lv>rsal Valve of 
i^liHy enlarged, with ni.intlc rem 
show brachial apijendages, etc. 
Longitudinal Vertical Bisection of Human Skull, right side, showing 
i raninfacial angle, ill this rase about 90", being the angle lietween 
the heavy straight lines, whereof the one descending forward is the 
hasifai Ml axis, the other the hasicranial axis. 
.'. alisphenoid ; an, iQternal auditory meatus in petrous part of 
temporal lione ; to?, basiocclpital ; iVr. hasisphcuoid ; r, occipital con- 
tlyle ; - . cristagalli : cy, coudyloid foramen ; /, frontal ; ""-, mcv 
ethmoid; mx, maxillary; , nasal; o. supraoccipitat : f, parietal; 
//. palatal ; //, hamulate process of internal pterygot J ; J. frontal 
sinus; sq. sciuainosal ; f, maxilloturbiiial ; r, vomer. 
ami the hanlcranial axis. (See these terms, under axitl 
and craniometry.) It varies with the extent to which the 
fare lies in front of or lielow the anterior end of the cra- 
nium, from less than 1)0" to 120. When it Is great, the face 
is prognathous ; when it is small, the face is orthoijtui- 
thotu. Huxley. Cranlofaclal notch, in anal., a defect 
of parts in the midline Iwtween the orbital and nasal 
cavities. 
craniognomic (kra*ni-og-nom'ik), a. [< cra- 
iiiiii/iKiiiii/ + -if.} Pertaining to craniognomy; 
l>lirrm>logiriil. 
craniognomy (kra-m-og'no-rai), . [< Gr. K/M- 
viov, the skull, + jvu/itj. opinion, judgment.] 
Cranial physiognomy ; the doctrine or practice 
of considering the form and other characteris- 
tics of the skull as indicating the disposition 
or temperament of the individual: a modifica- 
tion of phrenology, 
craniograph (kra'ni-o-graf), n. [< Gr. Kpaviov, 
the skull, + -jpatytiv, write.] In eraniom., an 
instrument for making drawings of the skull, 
such as projections which shall exhibit the top- 
ographical relations of various points. 
craniography (kra-ni-og'ra-fi), . [= F. cra- 
iiiiii/i-iiiiliii 1 ; as rraiiioffraph + -#*] A descrip- 
tion i>t the' skull. 
cranioid (kra'ni-oid), a. [< Crania + -orf.] 
Pertaining to or having the characters of the 
brachiopod family Cr<inii<l<v. 
craniolite (knVm-o-lit). n. [< Gr. *yxii'i<ip, the 
skull (xcc I'rtuiia), + //Hoy, stone.] Afossil bra- 
chiopodof the genus I'nni irtorsomerelatedforni. 
craniolith (krn'ni-o-lith). H. 8ame as rr<t>iilit<: 
craniological (kra*ni-6-loj'i-kal), a. [< cra- 
>iii>!m/i/ + -ii-iil ; cf. F. rniniotitiiiquc.] Per- 
taining to cruniology. 
craniologist (kra-ni-ol'o-jist), n. [= F. cranio- 
liMjitfti' : < craitioliMiy + -int.] One versed in cra- 
niologv. 
craniology (kra-ni-ol'6-ji), H. [= F. rrnuinlniiir 
= Sp. rrntH'tiloijin = Pg. It. cranioloffia, < NL. 
i-rniiioliifliii. < (ir. ^XIIMIP-, the skull. + -/o;m, < 
Myrnr, speak : see -ii/ni/i/. ] That braucli of anat- 
oiny which deals with the study of crania or 
1331 
skulls; the sum of human knowledge concern- 
ing skulls. 
craniometer (kni-ni-om'e-tcr), M. [= F. era- 
iiinmiln = It. rriiittoiiii li'n, < Gr. Kpaviov, the 
skull, + fifTiiv, measure.] An instrument for 
measuring the dimensions of the skull. 
craniqmetric, craniometrical ( kni'ni-o-met'- 
rtrr + -ir, -irnl.] Pertaining to craniometry, 
craniometry (kra-ni-om'et-ri), n. [= F. cra- 
iii<imi'iri<- = It. iiniiiiimetria; as craniometer + 
-//.] The measurement of skulls; the topo- 
graphical relations ascertained by such mea- 
surements. The following arc the point* of measure- 
ment, lines, and angles UJMIII which craniometry Is baaed : 
the alveolar j, ,;,,'. the ]iint at the middle of the edge 
of the upper jaw, lietween the middle two Incisors (A); 
the ojtlenon, the point behind the ear where the parie- 
tal, lemp. u-al, and occipital bones meet (//); the aurieu- 
lar point, the center of the orifice of the external audi- 
tory meatus (f); the ba*ion, the middle point of the an- 
terior margin of the foramen magnum, corrchjHindin^ in 
jKisition to D; the bregtna, the point of meeting of 'he 
coronal and sagittal sutures (K)', the dacryon, the point 
on the side of the nose where the frontal, lacrymal, and 
superior maxillary Nines meet i /-' ) ; the glabella, the point 
in the median line between the superciliary arches, 
marked by a swelling, sometimes by a depression I'.'i ; the 
;/'"", the point at the angle of the lower jaw (//); the 
inion, the external occipital protulierance (/); the ju : inl 
point, the point situated at the angle which the posterior 
border of the frontal branch of the malar lione makes 
with the superior border of Its zygomatic branch (J) ; the 
lriitiiln, the point of meeting of the sagittal with the 
lamhdoldal suture (K); the malar point, a point situated 
on the tubercle on the external surface of the malar bone, 
or, when this is wanting, the intersection of a line drawn 
(nearly vertically) from the external extremity of the 
frontomalar suture to the tul>ercle at the Inferior angle 
of the malar and a line drawn nearly horizontally from 
the inferior border of the orbit over the malar to the su- 
perior border of the zygomatic arch(//); the maximum 
occipital point, or occipital point, the posterior extremity 
of tile auteroposterior diameter of tne skull measured 
from the glaliella in front to the most distant point be- 
hind, in the neighlmrhood of O; the mental point, the 
middle point of the anterior lip of the lower border of the 
lower jaw (IT. the metojric point, a point in the middle 
line bet eeii the two frontal eminences (Q); the nation, 
or ini"ii point, the middle of the frontonasal suture at 
the root of the nose (/{); the obelion, the part of the 
sagittal suture between the two parietal foramina (S); 
the ophryon, the middle of the stipraorbital line which, 
drawn across the narrowest part of the forehead, separates 
the face from the cranium : also called the supraorbital 
and *t>!iiii"-iil (T)', the opinthion, the middle point of 
the posterior border of the foramen magnum (/'); the 
ptenon, the place where the frontal, parietal, temporal, 
and sphenoid bones come together (I'); the utephanitm, 
the point where the coronal suture crosses the temlKiral 
ridge (H') ; the &ubna*cU point, the mid-lie of the inferior 
border of the anterior pares at the base of the nasal spine: 
also called npinal point (-V); and the mpra-aurictilar 
point, the point vertically over the auricular point at the 
root of the zygomatic process. The following craniomet- 
rical lines are distinguished : the facial line of Camper, 
a line tangent to the glabella and to the anterior surface 
of the Incisor teeth 
(1 1); the line of 
Daubenton, a line 
drawn through the 
opisthion and the 
projection (on the 
median plane of 
the nkllll) of the 
lower liorder of the 
orbit ( 2); the 
bairi-alreolar line, a 
line drawn through 
tin- basion and al- 
veolar point (:< 3) ; 
the mini in" in 
frontal line, the 
shortest transverse 
measurement of 
the forehead (not 
shown In the fig- MJ. ,. 
lire); the nam-al- Side and Front Viem of Skull. illustr.Ung 
MofarMw, tbalDM Craniomeur. 
passing through 
the nasal and alveolar points (4 4); and the nasobasilar 
tint-, the line drawn through the basion and nasal j'int 
(5 5). An alreolocmutylean plane is also distinguished: 
it is the plane passim: through the alveolar point, and 
tangent to the comhles, represented by the line i! II. The 
following are the craniometrical aiiv-'le* - the bairilar an- 
ile, that lietween the nasobasilar and basi-alveolar lines 
(/;/). n; the angle of the condylet, the angle which the 
cranioscopist 
plane of the occipital foninifii ("Miis Kith the (ilHiie ,,f 
the lasilar grieve ; tliecrir-iM/./'^ > Hn 
angle which the facial line of i ainp< r PHIIIS ith the 
plain- passing through the coronal suture; Hi 
fjle of Camjicr, the angle lictween the facial line of Tam- 
per (1 1) and the line (7 7) drawn !hi"ii -I, ih, aniieular 
and subnaaal ixiinU ; the facial antflr -;' l'l>>'i"-t, the an 
ali I.. i. .11 the line drawn through tin nphryin and the 
ah. i. lar point and the aurlcillo alveolar line (!l !l) that 
is. the angle TAC ; the facial angle of (Jeo/roy tiiiint- 
the angli- lie ti en the facial line of CainlMT and 
tin line (10 10) drawn through the auricular point and 
the e.lge of the ineisor* ; the facial anfjlt of Ja^fitart, the 
angle lietween the line drawn through the sulinasal point 
and the glabflla and the line (7 7) drawn through the sun- 
nasal and aniieular point.s; the /f-ntal angle,, the angle 
TCK, formed by lines drawn from the auricular point (O 
(that is, the projection of the auricular points on the me- 
dian plane) to the ophryon (T) and to the bregma </f) ; the 
iHetafaciai aivjle of Scrrfjt, the angle which the pteryaoid 
processes form with the base of the skull ; the natobtual 
angle of Welckrr, the angle KX1), between the nasobail- 
lar ami naso-subnasal lines ; the occipital angle of Broca, 
the angle Itl'l), or that lietween the lines drawn from the 
opistlilon (If) to the basion and nasal points; the occipi- 
tal angle of Daubentan, the angle which the line of Dan- 
bentou (2 2) makes with the line joining the liasion < /') 
and opisthion (T); the parietal aiuile, the angle formed 
by the two Hues ZS and X'ff (Hg. 2) drawn through the 
extremities of the transverse maximum or bizygomatlc 
diameter and the maxlmuni transverse frontal diameter 
(it Is called poxitir* when It opens downward, negative 
when the lines meet Mow the skull and It opens upward) ; 
the angle* of fScgoiui, angles formed lietween lines drawn 
from the basion (If) to the various other craniometrical 
points, the/aria/ angle of Setjimd being the angle /'/''/', or 
that lietween the line passing through the basion (In and 
mental point (/') and the line passing through the Irasion 
(ft) and ophryon (T), and the cerebral anale of Keaimd I* Ing 
the angle L'DT, or that between the line passing through 
the basion (/') and ophryon (T) and the line passing 
through the basion (In and opisthion ((/) ; the tphcnm- 
dal angle, the angle tietwecn lines drawn from the basion 
and naslon to a point In the median line where the slop- 
Ing anterior surface of the sella turclca passes over 
into the horizontal surface of the olivary eminence; the 
tymphysian angle, the angle which the profile of the 
symphysis of the lower jaw makes with the plane of the 
inferior border of the lower Jaw ; and the total cranial 
angle, the angle I'CT, measuring the cranial cavity, be- 
tween lines drawn from the auricular point to the oph- 
ryon and to the opisthion. The following craniometri- 
cal diameters are distinguished : the maximum antero- 
pmlerior, the distance from the glahella to the furthest 
point of the occipital bone (the maximum anteropoitrrior 
diameter of Welcker Is the anfcropottfrior metopic of 
Broca, and is the distance from the metopic point to the 
furthest point behind); the maximum trantvertc, the 
greatest transverse diameter of the cranium, wherever 
found ; and the vertical diameter, ordinarily the distance 
of the banion from the bregma, or, what is nearly equiva- 
lent to it, the distance from the hasion to the point where 
the line through the basion at rightanglcs to the alveolo- 
condylean plane intersects the cranial vault (but some- 
times the line Is drawn at right angles to the plane of the 
foramen magnum). The following eraniomctrical indices 
are distinguished : the alceolar or batilar index, the ratio 
of the surface of that part of the projection of the skull 
on the median plane which lies in front of the basion to 
the surface of the whole projection, multiplied by 100; 
the cephalic intlex, or index of breadth, the ratio of the 
maximum transverse to the maximum anteroposterior 
diameter of the skull, multiplied by 100 ; the cepkalo-or- 
bital index, the ratio of the solid contents of the two or- 
hita to the contents of the cranial cavity, multiplied by 
100; the cephalotpinal index, the ratio of the measure 
of the foramen magnum in square millimeters to that of 
the cranial cavity in cubic centimeters, multiplied by 100 ; 
the cerebral index, the ratio of the greatest transverse to 
the greatest anteroposterior diameter of the cranial cav- 
ity, multiplied by 100 ; the facial index, the ratio of the 
distance of the ophryon from the alveolar point to the 
transverse diameter measured from one zygoma to the 
other, multiplied by 100 ; the gnathic or alveolar index, 
the ratio of the distance lietween the basion and alveolar 
point to the distance between the basion and nasal point, 
multiplied by 100 ; the n<i*<it intiex, the ratio of the maxi- 
mum breadth of the anterior orifice of the nose to the 
distance from the nasal to the snbnasal point, multiplied 
by 100 ; the orbital index, the ratio of the vertical to the 
transverse diameter of one of the orbits, multiplied by 
100; and the vertical indr.r, or index of height, the ratio 
of the vertical diameter of the skull to the maximum an- 
teroposterior diameter, multiplied by 100. 
craniopagus (kra-ni-op'a-gus), n. [NL., < cra- 
nium + \,. finni/tre (/ *pag), fasten, fix: see 
l>nrt."\ In tern lot., a pair of twins whose heads 
are adherent. 
craniopharyngeal (kra'ni-6-fa-rin'je-al), a. [< 
Gr. xpaviov, the skull, + ^ont'jf, throat (pha- 
rynx).] In anal., pertaining to the cranium 
and to the pharynx ; connecting the cavity of 
the skull with that of the mouth, as a canal, 
craniophore (kra'ni-o-for), n. [< Gr. Kpaviov, 
the skull, + -^opoy, -bearing, < fipttv = E. fcearl.] 
A skull-bearer, specifically (a) An apparatus for 
holding and fixing skulls in a given or required position 
f i ir craniologieal purposes. (6) A mechanical device for 
taking projections of the skull. 
cranioplasty (kra'ni-o-plas-ti), n. [< Gr. Kpa- 
viov, the skull, + TrXoordf, verbal adj. of vlaa- 
ativ, form: see plastic.'] In surg., an operation 
for restoring or supplying the place of defi- 
eii>noies in the cranial structures. 
cranioscopistlkra-ui-os'ko-pist), n. One skilled 
or professing belief in cramoscopy ; a phrenol- 
ogist. Coleridge. [Bare.] 
