crystallize 
(b) To assume (as a number of opinions, views, 
or ideas, at first unsettled or diverse) a definite 
form, and become concentrated upon or collect- 
ed round a given subject. 
Also spelled crijHtulHse. 
crystallizer (kris'ta-li-zer), . That which 
causes or assists in crystallization; something 
riuployed in a process of crystallization. Also 
spelled rri 
ami 
They |l>il,T,s| tn:i\ 1 niptinl ill ]>h-:,si]rc into luwrr 
'vers, calleil ayitaltittri, by means of leaden syphons 
" !, Diet., I. 150. 
I'tllllH-N. 
If re, 
crystalled (kris'ta-lod). n. [< crystal(l) + 
od.] The od of crystals, or a supposeU odic 
force derived from crystallization. See od. 
Instead of saying the "od derived from crystallization," 
\vt: may name this product <-nir<taUo(i. 
liriehrnbaeh, Dynamics (trans. 1851), p. 224. 
crystallo-engraying (kris'ta-16-en-gra'ving), 
n. A method of ornamenting glass by means 
of casts of a design which are placed on the 
inner surface of the metal mold in which the 
glass vessel is formed, become embedded in 
the surface of the glass, and are removed with 
it. When the material forming the cast is separated 
t n MM tlie glass vessel, the design is left in intaglio. 
crystallogenic, crystallogenical (kris*ta-lo- 
jen'ik, -i-kal), a. [< crystalloynny + -4e. -ical.~\ 
Relating to crystallogeny ; crystal-producing : 
as, crystallogenic attraction. 
crystallogeny (kris-ta-loj'e-ni), n. [= F. cris- 
tallogenie, < Gr. xpiVfo/lAof, crystal, + -yeveta, 
< -yevw, producing.] In crystal., that depart- 
ment of science which treats of the production 
of crystals. 
crystallographer (kris-ta-log'ra-fer), n. [As 
crystallography + -ec 1 .] One who describes 
crystals or the manner of their formation. 
In the present condition of science, minerals, con- 
sidered as such, and not as geological materials, fall 
rather within the province of the chemist ami crystallotj- 
rapher. E. Forbes, Literary Papers, p. 165. 
crystallographic, crystallographies,! (kris"- 
ta-lo-grarik, -i-kal), a. [= F. cristallogra- 
pltique; as crystallography + -ic, -ical.] Of or 
pertaining to crystallography. 
When a beam of light passes . . . through Iceland 
spar parallel to the 0nMlwMMBMfl axis, there is no 
double refraction. Tyndatt, Light and Elect., p. 103. 
crystallqgraphically (kris'ta-lo-grafi-kal-i), 
adv. With regard to crystallography or its 
principles ; as m crystallography. Whewell. 
crystallography (kris-ta-log'ra-fi), n. [= F. 
cristallographie = Sp. cristalografia = Pg. crys- 
tallographia = It. cristallografia = D. kristallo- 
grajie = Dan. krystallografi, < Gr. upvaraUof, 
crystal, + -ypaQia, < ypa<petv, write.] 1. The 
science of the process of crystallization, and of 
the forms and structure of crystals. The follow- 
ing are the generally adopted systems of crystallization, 
based upon the degree of symmetry which characterizes 
the different forms, but defined according to the length 
and inclination of the as- 
sumed axes : (a) the wo- 
metric, characterized by 
three rectangular axes, 
all of equal length ; (M 
the tetragonal, by three 
rectangular axes, two 
of which are of equal 
length ; (c) the hexagonal 
(and rhombohedral\ by 
four axes, three of equal 
length, in the same 
plane, and Inclined to 
ling Crystalline,,. ^ a ' |loth( , r ^ ^ ang , e 
of 80, the fourth of different length, and at right angles 
to the plane of the other three ; (d) the orthorhomMe, by 
three rectangular axes of unequal length ; (e) the mono- 
clinic, by three axes, two iit right angles to each other, and 
the third perpendicular to one and oblique to the other ; 
and (/) the tricliuu;, by three axes, all oblique to one 
another. (See these names.) Instead of itmnetric, the terms 
MUMMMMfc cubic, and regular are sometimes used ; in- 
stead of tetragonal, dimetric ; instead of ort horhoinbic, 
trintetric or rhombic ; instead of inonodinic, monojtyiniiH't- 
ric or obliiiH? ; and instead of triclinic, atrt/minetric or an- 
nrlhic. The isometric, tetragonal, and orthorhombic sys- 
tems are sometimes spoken of collectively as orth&metrif., 
and the monoclinic and triclinic as clinoinetric ; similarly, 
the tetragonal ami hexagonal systems have been called 
ijtodiametric. The study of crystallography is of great im- 
portance to the chemist and mineralogist, as the nature 
of many substances may be ascertained from an inspection 
of the forms of their crystals. 
2. A discourse or treatise on crystals and crys- 
tallization. 
crystalloid (kris'ta-lold), a. and n. [= F. cris- 
tallofde = It. cristallvide, < Gr. KpvaraMotidfif, < 
xpiaraMof, crystal, + fZdof, shape.] I. a. Re- 
sembling a crystal. 
The grouping ... of a number of smaller frt/talloid 
mcUeUW, //. .S>'/uvr, I'lin. of liiol., 13. 
II. n. 1. The name given by Professor Gra- 
ham to a class of bodies which have the power, 
1383 
when in solution, of passing easily through 
membranes, as parchment-paper, and which he 
found to be of a crystalline character. Metallic 
salta and organic bodies, as sugar, morphia, and oxalic 
acid, are crystalloids. They are the opjxwite of cttlloid*, 
which have not this permeating power. See colluitl. 
The relatively small-atomed crystalloid* have immensely 
t, r reiiter diffusive power than the relatively large-atomed 
colloids. //. Spencer, Prln. of Bio!., ( 7. 
2. A protein crystal that is, a granule of pro- 
tein in the form of a crystal, differing from an 
organic crystal in the inconstancy of its angles 
and in its property of swelling when immersed 
in water. Such crystalloids are of various 
forms and usually colorless, 
crystalloidal (kris-ta-loi'dal), a. [< crystal- 
tin /I + -/.] Of or pertaining to or of the na- 
ture of a crystalloid. 
The same condition could be produced by nearly all 
crystalloidal substances. 
B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 90. 
crystallology (kris-ta-lol'o-ji), n. [= F. cris- 
tallologie = Pg. cryshillologia, < Gr. KpvaraZtof, 
crystal, + -/lojia, < 'Aiyetv. speak: see -ulogy.] 
The science which considers the structure of 
bodies in inorganic nature so far as it is the 
result of cohesive attraction. It embraces crystal- 
lography, which treaU of the geometrical form of crys- 
tals, and crystallogeny, which discusses their origin and 
method of formation. 
crystallomagnetic (kris''ta-ld-mag-uet'ik), . 
[< Gr. KpvtjTtMor,, crystalj + /iayvr/f (fta-yvr/r-), 
magnet, + -ic.] Pertaining to the magnetic 
properties of crystallized bodies, especially the 
behavior of a crystal in a magnetic field: as, 
"crystallomagnetic action," Eneyc. Brit., XVI. 
377. 
crystallomancy (kris'ta-lo-man-si), n. [= F. 
cristallomancie, < Gr. Kpi'ara^of, crystal, + (mv- 
Teia, divination.] A mode of divining by means 
of a transparent body, as a precious stone, crys- 
tal globe, etc., formerly in high esteem. The 
operator first muttered over the crystal (a beryl was pre- 
ferred) certain formulas of prayer, and then gave It Into 
the hands of a young man or a virgin, who thereupon, by 
oral communication from spiritsln the crystal, or by writ- 
ten characters seen In it, was supposed to receive the in- 
formation desired. 
crystallometry (kris-ta-lom'e-tri), . [= F. 
crixtallometrie, < Gr. Kpi'oroAXof, crystal, T -ae- 
rpia, < fitrpov, a measure.] The art or process 
of measuring the forms of crystals. 
Crystallometry was early recognized as an authorized test 
of the difference of the substances which nearly resembled 
each other. Whewell. 
crystallotype (kris'ta-lo-tip), n. [< Gr. upvara.).- 
Aof, crystal, + ri'irof, impression.] \nplwtog., a 
photographic picture on a translucent material, 
as glass. 
crystallurgy (kris'ta-ler-ji), n. [< Gr. KpvoraZ- 
Xoc, crystal, + ipyov"= E. work.'] The process 
of crystallization. 
crystalwort (kris'tal-wert), n. One of the He- 
paticce of the suborder Ricciaceo!. 
Cs. The chemical symbol of ccesium. 
0. S. An abbreviation of (a) Court of Session ; 
(b) Clerkof the Signet; (c) Gustos Sigilli, Keeper 
of the Seal ; (d) con sordini (which see). 
0. S. A. An abbreviation of (a) Confederate 
States of America; (b) Confederate States Army. 
C. S. N. An abbreviation <jf Confederate States 
Navy. 
C-Spring (se' spring), . A carriage-spring 
shaped like the letter C. 
ct. An abbreviation of (a) cent; (b) count; (c) 
court. 
ctenidia, n. Plural of ctenidium. 
ctenidial (te-nid'i-al), a. [< ctenidium + -al.] 
Pertaining to or haying the characters of a cte- 
nidium: as, ctenidial gills or plumes; ctenidial 
respiration. 
Ctenidiobranchia (te-nid'i-o-brang'ki-a), n.pl. 
[NL., < Gr. KTcvifiov, a little comb (see ctenidi- 
um), + /ipdyx'a, gills.] Same as Ctenidiobran- 
chiata. 
Ctenidiobranchiata (te-nid'i-o-brang-ki-a'ta), 
n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of etenidinbranchiatus : 
see ctenidiobranchiate.] 1. A suborder or su- 
perfamily of zygobranchiate gastropods, hav- 
ing paired ctenidia functioning as gills. It 
contains the Haliottd<e and Fissurellidte, or sea- 
ears and keyhole-limpets. 2. A suborder of 
palliate or tectibranchiate opisthobranchiate 
gastropods, containing those which retain the 
ctenidia as functional gills, as the Tornatellida;, 
Itiillidtt', Ajilyxiida', etc. 
ctenidiobranchiate (te-nid'i-o-brang'ki-at), a. 
[< NL. ctfnidiobranctiiattts; &s Ctenidiobranchia 
+ -atux: see -afel.] Pertaining to or having 
the characters of the Ctenidiobranchiata. 
Ctenodactylus 
ctenidium (te-nid'i-um), n. ; pi. ctenidia (-&). 
[NL., < Gr. KTevMiov, dim. of Krcif (*rrv-), a 
comb.] One of the gill-combs, gill-plumes, or 
primitive branchial organs of mollusks ; the 
respiratory organ of a mollusk in a generali/.i'il 
stage of development. A ctenidium lialways a uiii, 
but a gill may not be a ctenidium, since a rcttpir;itry 
function may be assumed by some part of the body which 
is not ctenidial in a morphological aenae. 
On either side of the neck there may be seen an oval 
yellowish body, the rudimentary gills or ctenidia. 
front. Kay. Six. of Edinburgh, XXXII. 004. 
Cteniza (te-ni'za), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr. urevi- 
Cv, comb. < KTCIC (KTCV-), a comb.] A genus of 
spiders, of the family Mygalida. The species are 
of large size, and are among those known as trap-door 
spiders, such as C. twmentaria of Europe and C. califor- 
nica of the western United States. They are remarkable 
for forming in the ground a habitation consisting of a long 
cylindrical tube, protected at the top by a circular door, 
which is connected to the tube by a hinge. The lid Is 
made of alternate layers of earth and web, and when shut 
can scarcely be distinguished from the surrounding soil. 
ctenobranch (ten'6-brangk), a. and n. K Cteno- 
branchia.] I. a. Efavingapectiuategill; cteno- 
branchiate. 
H. n. A ctenobranchiate gastropod ; one of 
the Ctenobranchiata. 
Are we to accept this view of Lankester and to consider 
the gill as we find It in most ctenobranch* derived from a 
ctenidium by modification, or shall we regard the common 
form of ctenobranch gill as the most primitive? 
Biol. Lao. of Juhm Hopkins, III. 44. 
Ctenobranchia (ten-o-brang'ki-S), . pi. [NL.. 
< Gr. tcnif (KTCV-), a comb, + [Ipayxta, gills.] 
Same as Ctenobranchiata. 
Ctenobranchiata (ten-o-brang-ki-a'tS), n. pi. 
[NL., neut. pi. of ctenobranchiatug : see cteno- 
branchiate.] In Van derHoeven's classification, 
the tenth family of mollusks, characterized by 
spiral shells, and by having the branchial cav- 
ity (in which there are sometimes three bran- 
chiee, sometimes two, and sometimes only one) 
composed of numerous leaves like the teeth of 
a comb, and contained in the last turn of the 
shell. They have two tentacles and two eyes, the latter 
often pediculate. The sexes are separate, and the external 
organs of generation are distinct. There are both fresh- 
and salt-water species. The whelk is the best-known 
meml)er of the family. The Clenobranchiata are now re- 
garded as a suborder of prosobranchiate gastropods, con- 
taining upward of 20 families. Also called Pectinibranchi- 
ata (which see). 
Ctenobranchiate (ten-o-brang'ki-at), a. [< NL. 
ctenobranchiatus ; as Ctenobranchia + -attis: 
see -ate 1 .] Having pectinate gills; specifically, 
pertaining to the Ctenobranchiata. 
ctenocyst (ten'o-sist), n. [NL., < Gr. icreif (KTCV-), 
comb, + Kuaric', a bladder (cyst).] The charac- 
teristic sense-organ of the ctenophorans, re- 
garded as probably an auditory capsule ; a large 
vesicle situated at the aboral pole, with a clear 
fluid and vibratile otoliths. See Ctenophora. 
ctenodactyl, ctenodactyle (ten-o-dak'til), . 
An animal of the genus Ctenodactylus. 
Ctenodactylinae (ten-o-dak-ti-li'ne), n. pi. 
[NL., < Ctenodactylus + -ina.] A subfamily of 
hystricomorphic rodents, of the family Octodon- 
tida!; the comb-rats, so called from the comb- 
like fringing of the toes. They are exceptional among 
the hystricine animals in not having four back teeth above 
and below on each side. In Ctenodactyhu the molars are 
three in each half jaw above and below, there being no 
premolars ; and in Pectinator, the only other genus, these 
teeth are minute. The Ctentxtactylincf have some rela- 
tionship with the ierlK>as, though totally different in ;ip- 
pearance. They are confined to Africa. 
Ctenodactylus (ten-o-dak'ti-lus), n. [NL., < 
Gr. icreif (KTCV-), a comb, 4- 6aKTv'/o, a finger or 
--* T 
Comb-rat (Ctenodattylns masseni). 
