Ctenodactylus 
toe.] The typical genus of the subfamily Cteno- 
dactylince. There is lint one species, C. nuuwoni, Muslim's 
comb-rat, also called riimdi, about the size of a large mem- 
ber of the genus Arvicola, with very small ears, a mere 
stump of a tail, and lengthened hind limbs. 
Ctenodipteridae (ten*o-dip-ter'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., short for 'Cteitoaontotttpterida. < Cteiio- 
duK (-dont-) + Dipterux + -idw.] In Giinther's 
system of classification, a family of dipnoous 
fishes, including forms with a heterocercal cau- 
dal fin, gular plates, cycloid scales, and two 
pairs of molars, as well as one pair of vomerine 
teeth. The species are extinct, and, so far as is 
known, were peculiar to the Devonian age. 
ctenodipterine (ten-o-dip'te-rin), n. One of 
the Ctenodipterini. 
Ctenodipterini (ten-o-dip-te-ri'm), n. pi. [NL. , 
short f or * Ctenodon todip term i, < Ctenodus (-don t-) 
+ Dipterus (these two genera composing the 
group) + -int.] In Huxley's system of classi- 
fication, a group of crossopterygian fishes, with 
ctenodont dentition, cycloid scales, and two 
dorsal fins. 
Ctenodiscus (ten-o-dis'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. 
KTfi'f (KTEV-), a comb, + A'axof, disk.] A genus 
of starfishes, of the family Asteriidce, or Astro- 
pectinidce, having a pentagonal form with very 
short arms. C. criipatus is a North Atlantic 
species. 
Ctenodont (ten'o-dont), a. [< Gr. KTO'C (KTCV-), 
comb, + oiioi'f (orfoir-) = E. tooth.'} Possessing 
ctenoid teeth. Huxley. 
Ctenodus (ten'o-dus), n. [NL. (Agassiz, 1838), 
< Gr. KTeif (HTCV-), comb, + 6<Joi>f (odour-) = E. 
tooth.'] In ichth., a genus of dipnoous fishes 
having the transverse crests of the teeth armed 
with short teeth and thus somewhat resem- 
bling a comb. The species lived during the 
Carboniferous and Permian periods. 
Ctenoid (ten'oid), a. and n. [< Gr. Kret<oe;<%, 
comb-shaped, < rV (KTCV-), a comb, + tMof, 
form.] I. a. 1. Comb-like; pectinate: specifi- 
cally applied (a) to a form of scales in fishes 
in which the posterior margin is pectinated, or 
beset with small spinules (see cut under scale) ; 
(b) to a form of dentition in fishes in which the 
teeth have comb-like ridges. 2. Pertaining to 
the Ctenoidei; having cteuoid scales, as a fish. 
II. n. A fish with ctenoid scales; one of the 
Ctenoidei. 
ctenoidean (te-noi'de-an), a. and n. I. a. Be- 
longing to the order Ctenoidei. 
II. n. A fish of the order Ctenoidei. 
Also ctetwidian. 
Ctenoidei (te-noi'de-I), n. )>l. [NL., < Gr. KTE- 
vo<%-: see ctenoid.] In L. Agassiz's system 
of classification, one of four orders of the class 
fishes, containing those in which the scales are 
Ctenoid or pectinate. It was the third order of Agas- 
siz's early classification, and contrasted with others called 
Cyeloidei, Ganoidei, and Placoiilei. It comprised most of 
the acanthopterygiaus, but proved to be an entirely arti- 
ficial group, and is not now in use. 
ctenoidian (te-noi'di-an), a. and n. Same as 
ctenoidean. 
Ctenolabridae (ten-o-lab'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Ctenolabrus + -idle.'] A family of acanthopte- 
rygian fishes, supposed to be allied to the La- 
bridce, but having ctenoid scales : a synonym 
of Pomacentridce, and not now in use. 
ctenolabroid (ten-o-lab'roid), a. and n. [< Cte- 
nolabrus + -oid.] I. a. Pertaining to or hav- 
ing the characters of the Ctenolabridai. 
II. n. A fish of the family Ctenolabridae; a 
pomacentrid. Sir J. Richardson. 
Ctenolabrus (ten-o-la'brus), n. [NL., < Gr. 
KTcif (KTCV-), a comb, + Labrus.] A genus of 
fishes, of the family Labridas, closely related to 
Labrus, but having a pectinate preoperculum, 
whence the name. The common cunner is C. 
adspersus. See cut under cunner. 
Ctenomys (ten'o-mis), n. [NL., < Gr. KTE/C 
(KTCV-), a comb, -t- fivf = E. mouse.] A genus 
1384 
of hystricomorphic rodents, of the family Octo- 
itontidte and subfamily Oetodontinie : so named 
from the comb-Uke fringe of bristles on the 
hind feet. It contains several South American species 
of grayish or brownish animals, usually from 8 to 10 inches 
long, with a tail from 2 to 3 inches in length, small eyes, 
omy. The best-known species is C. brasilunsis, called 
htcu-tucu. Another is C. maifeUaniau. 
ctenophor (ten'o-f6r), a. [< NL. ctenophorus, 
< Gr. icrfif (KTCV-), comb, + -<t>6poc, -bearing, < 
<jiipetv = E. bear" 1 .] Comb-bearing: applied to 
the type of structure represented by the cte- 
nophorans among coelenterates. 
The ctenophor type has fundamentally the form of a 
sphere, beset with eight meridional rows of vibratile 
cub 
genus of fossil selachians of the Devonian and 
Carboniferous periods, containing sharks now 
referred to the family Petalodo-ntidas, but for- 
merly to Cestraciontidte. 
Ctenostomata (ten-o-sto'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL., 
< Gr. KTci'f (KTt-v-), comb, + ar6/ia (aro/taT-), 
mouth.] A division of gymnolsematous poly- 
zoans having the cell-opening closed by mar- 
ginal set, and no vibracula nor avicularia. 
It is represented by the families Vesiculariida; 
and Aleyonidiidce. 
ctenostomatous (ten-o-stom'a-tus), a. [< 
Ctenostomata + -ous.] ' Pertaining to or hav- 
ing tne characters of the Ctenostomata: as, a 
ctenostomatous polyzoan. Also ctenostomotts. 
Ctenucha (te-nu'kij,), . [NL. (Kirby, 1837), 
< Gr. (crt/f (KTEV-), a comb, + exeiv, have.] A 
Ctenophora* (te-nof't) . 
horus : see 
[NL, fern, sing 
of 
the "third 
a new world 
and the 
*T 
Tucu-tucu (Ctenotnys brasiliensis}. 
in dead wood. The genus was founded by Meigen in 1803. 
2. A genus of spiders, of the family Theridiidte, 
based by Blackwall in 1870 upon a Sicilian 
species, C. monticola. 
Ctenophora 2 (te-nof o-ra), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of ctenophorus : see ctenophor,] A class of 
Coelenterata; formerly, an order of acalephs. 
They are pellucid gelati- 
nous marine organ isms, are 
radially symmetrical, and 
swim by means of eight 
meridional ciliated bands, 
rows of pectinations or 
ctenophores, whence the 
name. In form they are 
spheroidal or cylindroidal, 
rarely cestoid. They pos- 
sess an esophageal tube 
and a gastrovascular sys- 
tem, and often two lateral 
retractile tentacles, but 
no corallum. They are 
hermaphrodite, reproduc- 
tion being by ova dis- Diagram of Pleurobrachia, one of 
charged through the the Ctenophora. 
mouth. A localized Sense- a, mouth ; *, stomach ; c , infundib- 
i ii'.i -m <*<>lli>il i ctfnfu'v&t ulum ; a, horizontal canal ; f, one 
ysjS^sfssst s?^HSSKBfSHZS 
cysts are usually wanting, longitudinal canals ss , eg, parallel 
but are represented by or- with which the ciliated areas run ; 
gans known as fixing or A, sac of tentacle, I', with one of its 
prehensile cells, the base st^acrf; m, te'ntaculigerous^anal ; 
Of Which is a spirally COil- n, n, canals' opening at the aborai 
ed thread, while the free apertures, o. o, on each side of/, the 
extremity is enlarged, pro- ganglion and lithocyst or ctenocyst. 
The Ctenophora. are divided by some into four orders, 
Lobata?, Tceiiiatw, Saccatce, and Eurystoinata ; by others 
directly into a number of families. Such forms as Eit- 
rhamphma, Cesium, Cydippe, and Beroe are severally char- 
acteristic of the main divisions. Also called Cilioyratia. 
ctenophoral (te-nof 'o-ral), a. [As ctenophor + 
-al. ] Comb-bearing : 'applied to the parts or sys- 
tem of organs of the ctenophorans which bear 
the fringes. 
ctenophoran (te-nof 'o-ran), a. and n. [< Cte- 
nophora + -an.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the 
Ctenophora ; having the characters of the Cte- 
nophora; ctenophorous. 
II. n. One of the Ctenophora. 
An Actinia with only eight mesenteries, and these ex- 
ceedingly thick, whereby the intermesenterie chambers 
would be reduced to canals ; with two aborai pores in- 
stead of the one pore which exists in Cereanthus ; and 
with eight bands of cilia corresponding with the reduced 
intermesenterie chambers, would have all the essential 
peculiarities of a Ctenophoran. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 154. 
ctenophore (ten'6-for), n. [< NL. ctenophorus : 
see ctenophor.] 1. One of the eight fringed or 
ciliated comb-bearing locomotive organs pecu- 
liar to the Ctenophora. 2. A member of the 
class Ctenophora ; a ctenophoran. 
ctenophoric (ten-o-for'ik), a. [As ctenophor 
+ -ic.] Same as ctenophorous. 
ctenophorous (te-nof o-rus), a. [As ctenophor 
+ -ous.] Pertaining to or resembling the Cte- 
nophora. 
In early life . . . the Alciopids are parasitic in the 
ctenophortiutt ctelenterates, but later become free. 
Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 428. 
Ctenophyllum (ten-o-fil'um), n. [NL., < Gr. 
KTsif (/cnv-), comb, + (jtvA^iov, a leaf.] A genus 
of fossil plants, named by Schimper in allusion 
to the comb-like appearance of the leaflets on 
the frond. It belongs to the cycads, and occurs in rocks 
of Liassic and Jurassic age in various parts of Europe. 
The genus Ctenophylhim as instituted by Schimper in- 
cludes various forms previously referred by authors to 
Pteroplittllum, Pterozamitex, and Xamiteg. 
Otenoptychius (ten-op-tik'i-us), n. [NL., < 
Gr. itrfi'r (KTSV-), a comb, + KTi<x>i, a fold.] A 
ripeds. 
Cthalamus (thal'a-mus), . [NL., an irreg. 
form, perhaps a transposition of *chthamalus, 
< Gr. ^flojua/Wf, near the ground, low, akin to 
Xauai, on the ground: see i chameleon, etc.] The 
typical genus of the family Cthalamidai. 
Cu. The chemical symbol of copper (Latin cu- 
prum). 
cuadra (kwa'dra), . [Sp., a square, < L. 
quadra, a square, a bit, piece, prop. fern, of 
(LL.) quadrus, square: see quadrate, square.] 
A linear measure of the states of Spanish South 
America, but unknown in Spain, and conse- 
quently to the metrological handbooks. It was 
originally 400 feet of Castile, afterward 333J, and now 
contains in different states 168, 150, and 80 varas. In 
the provinces of the Argentine Republic it contains 150 
local varas, except in Tucuman, where it has 166. In 
the United States of Colombia, Uruguay, etc., it contains 
100 varas. It is also used as a square measure. The 
Argentine cuadra contains over 4 English acres, the Uru- 
guayan barely 2. 
cuainara (kwa-ma'ra), n. [Native name.] The 
wood of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree of 
British Guiana, which yields the Tonka bean. 
It is hard, tough, and very durable, and is 
used for shafts, mill-wheels, cogs, etc. 
cuartas (kwar'tas), . [< Sp. cuarta, a fourth 
part, quarter: see quart, quarter.] An infe- 
rior kind of Cuban tobacco, used as a filling for 
cigars. Also called cuartel. 
cuartilla (kwar-te'lya), n. [Sp., dim. of cuarto, 
fourth: see quart, quarter.] 1. A Spanish 
measure of capacity, especially for liquids: 
not to be confounded with the cuartillo. It cor- 
responds to the Arabian makuk, being ^ of the moyo 
(Arabian muid) of Valladolid. It derives its name from 
being the fourth part of the cantara. According to the 
standard of Toledo it contains 1.06 United States (old wine) 
gallons (previous to 1801, 4.125 liters); but on the basis of 
the arroba menor, used for oil, it is equivalent to only 0.83 
of the same gallon. 
2. A Spanish dry measure, one fourth of a 
fanega, equal in Castile to 13.7 liters, or If 
"Winchester pecks. In Buenos Ayres, where it is the 
chief dry measure, it is 34.32 liters, or 0.97 Winchester 
bushel. In Entre Rios it is 34.41 liters. 
3. A South American measure of land equal 
to 25,000 square varas. 
cuartillo (kwar-te'lyo), n. [Sp., masc. dim. of 
cuarto, fourth. Cf. cuartilla.] 1. A Spanish 
liquid measure, one fourth of an azumbre : not 
to be confounded with the cuartilla. in the last 
system of Spanish measures it was equal to 0.5042 liter, 
or 1.06 United States (old wine) pints (previous to 1801, to 
0.516 liter); hut milk was sold by a cuartillo one fourth 
larger. The cuartillo of Alicante was larger, being 0.722 
liter, or 1.525 United States pints. 
2. A dry measure of Spain, one fourth of a 
celamine, equal to 1.142 liters, or about one 
sixth of a Winchester peck. 3. A Mexican 
and South American coin, the fourth part of 
a real, or about 3J cents. 
cuarto (kwar'to), n. [Sp., fourth: see quart, 
quarter.] 1. A copper coin struck in Spain for 
circulation in Manila, current as the 160th part 
of a dollar. 2. A measure of land in Buenos 
Ayres, since 1870 one fourth of a hectare. 
CUD 1 (kub), n. [Origin obscure ; not recorded 
in ME. ; perhaps Celtic, < Ir. cuib, a cub, whelp, 
dog (cf. Gael, cuain, a litter of whelps), < Ir. 
Gael, cu = W. ', a dog, = E. hound. The na- 
tive E. word for cub is whelp, q. v.] 1. The 
young of certain quadrupeds, especially of the 
bear, fox, and wolf, also of the lion and tiger 
(more commonly whelp), and rarely of the dog 
and some others; a puppy; a whelp. 2. A 
