Cyanocitta 
Tin: term is used with great liititiule by ililjerent writers, 
sometimes covering all the American blue jays, and some- 
times restricted to one or another ^ronp of the same, ex- 
changing places with Cifaiiwiirax, Cyanagafrvhu, ('/'""" 
/i/>-/i, Ciiantirux, ete. Its type is the eonunon crested blue 
jay ot the I'nited States, (,'. crixtiitil. C. ftelleri is Steller's 
jay of western North Ameriea, whieh runs into several lo- 
cal races. 
Cyanocorax (sl-a-nok'o-raks), . [NL. (Boie, 
1826), < Gr. Kdavof, dark-blue, + mi/jaf, raven, 
crow.] A genus of American blue jays. See 
I'l/aiinritta. 
cyanoderma (si"a-no-der'ma), n. [NL., < 6r. 
KiWof, dark-blue, + iep/ia, skin.] In pathol., 
same as cy a Hants. 
Cyanogarrulus (si*a-no-gar'o-lus), n. [NL. 
(Bonaparte, 1850), < Gr. Kvavo^, dark-blue, + L. 
garrulus, chattering.] A genus of American 
blue jays. See Cyanocitta. 
cyanogen (si-an'o-jen), . [< Gr. /ciWof, dark- 
blue, + -yeviK, producing: see -gen."] Chemical 
symbol Cy. A compound radical, CN, com- 
posed of one atom of nitrogen and one of car- 
bon. This radical cannot exist free, but the double radi- 
cal (C 2 N a ) exists as a gas called dicyanogen. It is a gas 
of a strong ami peculiar odor, resembling that of crushed 
peach-leaves, and burning with a rich purple name. Un- 
der a pressure of between three and four atmospheres it be- 
comes a limpid liquid ; anil it is highly poisonous and ir- 
respirable. It isobtained by heating dry mercury cyanide. 
It unites with oxygen, hydrogen, and most other non-me- 
tallic elements, and also with the metals, forming cyanides. 
In combination with sulphate of iron it forms pigments of 
a dark-blue color, variously called Prussian blue, Chinese 
blue, Berlin blue, and TurnbuU's blue. Also cyan. 
cyanometer (si-a-nom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. Kvavos, 
dark-blue, + ftrpov, ameasure.] A meteorologi- 
cal instrument contrived by Saussure for esti- 
mating or measuring degrees of blueness, as in 
the sky. It consists of a band of pasteboard divided into 
fifty-one numbered compartments, each of which is painted 
of a different shade of blue, beginning at one end with the 
deepest shade, formed by a mixture of black, and ending 
with the faintest, formed by a mixture of white. The hue 
of the object is measured by its correspondence with one 
of these shades. 
cyanometry (si-a-nom'e-tri), . [As cyanome- 
ter + -y.~\ The measurement of intensity of 
blue light, especially of the blue of the sky: as, 
"cyanometry and polarization of sky-light," 
Encyc. Brit,, XVIII. 481. 
cyanopathy (sl-a-nop'a-thi), . [< Gr. n'oavof, 
dark-blue, + miflof, suffering.] Same as cyanosis. 
Cyanophyceae (si"a-iio-fis'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. ni'amc, dark-blue, + 0iof , seaweed : see I''u- 
cus.] Aname frequently used for Cryp tophycea:. 
cyanophyl, cyanophyll (si-an'o-fil), n. [< Gr. 
Ki'uvof, dark-blue, + tyvAfm> = L. folium, leaf. 
Cf. <Morophyl.~\ A name given by Fr6my to a 
supposed blue constituent of chlorophyl, whieh 
has been proved not to exist. 
cyanose (si'a-nos), n. [< Gr. nvavof, dark-blue.] 
Same as cyanosite. 
cyanosed (sl'a-npzd), a. [< cyanosis + -ed 2 .] 
In pathol., exhibiting cyanosis; of a bluish col- 
or from defect of circulation. 
Cyanosis (sl-a-no'sis), . [NL., < Gr. nvavof, 
dark-blue, +"-osig.] In patliol., a blue or more 
or less livid color of the surface of the body, 
due to imperfect circulation and oxygenation of 
the blood; the blue jaundice of the ancients. 
In its worst form it is due to a congenital malformation of 
the heart, in which the foramen between the right and left 
auricles remains open after birth instead of closing up. 
Also ciianitiiathy, cyatwderiHa, cyantKfirnia, bhw-diseaxe. 
cyanosite (si-an'o-slt), n. [< Gr. Kttavof, dark- 
blue, + -itc 2 .] Sulphate of copper, or blue 
vitriol. Also called ci/anose, chalcaiitltite. 
Cyanospiza (si"a-no-spi'za), . [NL. (S. F. 
Baird, 1858), < G"r. (ctoof, "dark-blue, + am!;a, 
a bird of the finch kind, perhaps the chaf- 
finch.] A genus of American finches, of small 
size, with moderate bill, and blue or richly va- 
riegated coloration : now usually called Passe- 
ritta. It contains the common indigo-bird of the United 
States (C. cjianea), the lazuli flnch (C. anuenn), the non- 
pareil, incomparable, or pape (C. cms), etc. See cut un- 
der MMap-mnL 
cyanotic (si-a-not'ik), a. [< cyanosis: see 
-otic.] Pertaining to or resembling cyanosis ; 
affected with cyanosis. 
Cyanotis (si-a-no'tis), n. [NL. (Swainson, 
1837), < Gr. Kvavof, dark-blue, + ovf (UT-) = E. 
ear.] A genus of South American clamatorial 
flycatchers, of the family Ti/rannicla;, the only 
species of which is C. rubrigastra, of Chili. 
cyanotrichite (si-a-not'ri-kH), . [< Gr. Kuavof 
dark-blue, + Opi? (T P I X -), hair, + -ite*.] A hy- 
drous sulphate of copper and aluminium, oc- 
curring in velvety druses of a bright-blue 
color. Also called Irttsomite. 
cyanotype (si-an'o-tip), . [< ci/an(idc) + 
'.<//] A photographic picture obtained by 
the use of a cyanide. 
1420 
cyanurate (si-a-nu'rat), . [< cyanur(ic) + 
-afel.] A salt of cyanuric acid. 
cyanuret (si-an'u-ret), . [< cyan(ogen) + 
-uret.] A basic compound of cyanogen and 
some other element or compound ; a cyanide. 
cyanuric (sl-a-nu'rik), a. [< cyau(ogen) + 
uric.] In chem., used only of an acid (($3113^ 
O 3 ), the product of the decomposition of the 
solid cyanogen chlorid by water, of the soluble 
cyanates by dilute acids, of urea by heat, of 
uric acid by destructive distillation, etc. it is 
colorless, inodorous, and has a slight taste. It is a tri- 
basic acid, and its salts are termed cyanurates. 
Cyanurus (si-a-nu'rus), . [NL. (Swainson, 
1831), < Gr. ni'ovof, dark-blue, + ov/>A, tail.] A 
genus of American blue jays. The common 
crested blue jay is often called C. cristatus. See 
Cyanocitta. Also Cyamira. 
cyar (si'ar), n. [NL., < Gr. Kva/i, a hole.] The 
orifice o? the internal ear. 
Cyathaxonia (sl"a-thak-s6'ni-ii), n. [NL., < 
Gr. KvaSof, a cup, + ai-av, an axle, axis.] The 
typical genus of fossil stone-corals of the fam- 
ily Cyathitfoniiiice. Michclin, 1846. 
Cyathaxoniidse (si-a-thak-so-m'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Cyathaxonia + -ida\] A family of 
rugose tetracoralline stone-corals, having a sim- 
ple corallum, well-developed septa, and open 
interseptal spaces, it ranges from the Paleozoic to 
the present age. The corallum is simple, with a deep 
calice, exhibiting the tetramerous arrangement in the 
well-developed septa with open loculi lacking dissepi- 
ments or tabular. They resemble the Turbiiwlida; and 
comprise the only extant rugose corals. 
Cyathea (si-ath'e-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Kvaflof, a 
cup, < Kveetv, Ki>fiv, contain.] A genus of arbo- 
rescent ferns, order Polypodiacew. It is charac- 
terized by having the spores, which are borne on the back 
of the frond, inclosed in a cup-shaped indnsium. There 
are many species scattered over the tropical regions of the 
world. Some have short stems, but in others they reach 
a height of 40 or 50 feet. The steins are crowned with a 
beautiful head of large fronds. C. medullari*, a flue bi- 
pinnated or tripinnated species of New Zealand and the 
Pacific islands, and known in gardens as a noble tree-fern 
of comparatively hardy character, furnishes in its native 
country a common article of food. The part eaten is the 
soft, pulpy, medullary substance which occupies the cen- 
ter of the trunk, and which has some resemblance to sago. 
Several species are cultivated in greenhouses for decora- 
tive purposes. 
cyatheaceous (si-ath-e-a'shius), a. [< Cyathea 
+ -aceous.] Resembling or pertaining to ferns 
of the genus Cyathea. 
cyathi, n. Plural of cyathus. 
cyathia, . Plural of cyathium. 
cyathiform (si'a-thi-fo'rm), a. [= F. cyathi- 
forme, < L. cyathus (see cyathus), a ladle, a 
cup, + forma, shape.] In the 
form of a cup or drinking-glass 
a little widened at the top. in but. , 
applied to cup-shaped organs, as to the 
circular crown of the Hower of A'arcix- 
xus ; also to cup-shaped organs in lower 
cryptogams. Ineiitoui., applied to joints 
of the antenna;, etc., when they are 
more or less olx.-onical, and hollowed at 
the ends. 
Flower of Nr- cyathium (si-ath'i-um), n. ; pi. 
fo'jn,"cro W wr, hCy '" hi " <^W (') [NL., < Gr. KVaBof, 
a cup.] In tot., a name occa- 
sionally given to the peculiar monoecious in- 
florescence of Euphorbia, consisting of a cup- 
like involucre inclosing several naked male 
flowers, each consisting of a single stamen, 
and a single naked pistillate flower. 
Cyathocrinidae (si"a-tho-krin'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Cyathocrinus + '-ida?.] A family of 
crinoids, exemplified by the genus Cyathocriimn. 
It embraces flstulatous crinoids with a dicyclic base, glo- 
bose calyx, radials with horseshoe-like lateral facets, sup- 
porting at least two brachials, but frequently several more, 
and the arms have no true pinnules, but branches in regu- 
lar succession to their tips. The species lived in the 
Paleozoic seas. 
cyathocrinite (si-a-thok'ri-nit), n. [< NL. cya- 
thocrinites, < Gr. (rfioflof. a cup, + Kpivov, a lily, + 
-ites.] A crin- : - 
Cyathocrinus 
ginally 
genus of fossil crinoids or encrinites, ranging 
from the Silurian to the Permian, sometimes 
made type of a family Cyathocrinida'. 
cyathoid (si'a-thoid), a. [< Gr. /d'oflof, a 
+ el6of, form'.'] Cup-shaped; cyathiform. 
cyatholith (si-ath'o-lith), n. [< Gr. KvaOof, a 
cup, + Woe, stone.'] A form of coccolith. 
When viewed sideways or obliquely, however, the cy- 
at/mliths are found to have a form somewhat resembling 
that of a shirt-stud. If". B. Carpmter, Micros., 409. 
Cyathophyllidae(si"a-th6-fil'i-de), n.pl. [NL., 
< Cyathopliijlliim + -iiln-.] A family of Paleo- 
zoic stone-corals, of the group Bufota or Trtra- 
coralla, having symmetrically arranged 
cyathus 
in groups of multiples of four. The species are 
known as cup-cfiralx, and constitute the largest and most 
important family of the rugose corals. The corallum is 
simple or compound, with more or less interrupted septa 
which do not form complete lamilue from top to bottom 
of the visceral chamber, and the loculi are more or less 
interrupted by dissepiments. Tabnlrc are always present. 
The genera are numerous, and all Paleozoic. The family 
is divided by Edwards and Haime into two subfamilies, 
Cyatlitijthi/Uinfv and Zapitrentinte. 
Cyathophyllinae (si"a-tho-fi-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., 
v ('yiitliopliylliim + -in a;.] The typical subfam- 
ily of cup-corals of the family Cyatlio}>liylli<l<r. 
cyathophylline (si"a-tho-firin), a. Of or re- 
lating to the Ogathofhylhno! or Cyittliiipliylliild 1 . 
cyathophylloid (si'a-tho-firoid), a. [< Cya- 
llni])/iy/lum + -oid.] Resembling the Cyatlia- 
phyllid(e. 
Corals (cyathnphyllind forms, with Favosites, Syringo- 
pora, tfcc.X abound, especially in the Corniferous Lime- 
stone. GWtfa, Encyc. Brit., X. 345. 
Cyathophyllum (sKa-tho-firum), n. [NL., < 
Gr. KvaSof, a cup, + (fl'A^Mv = L. folium, a leaf.] 
The typical genus of fossil cup-corals, of the 
family Cyalhophyll'nlu'. (liildfuss. 
cyathozooid (si"a-tho-zo'oid), n. [< Gr. tcvaBof, 
a cup, + {<,Mififc, like an animal : see zooid.] 
In ascidiaus, an abortive first stage of the em- 
Fetal Pyrosoma 
, a Compound Ascidian, highly 
magnified. 
cup, 
Hie. I. The blastoderm divided into five segments, /, //. ///, If, V, 
of which the cyathozufiid, /, is the largest: s, 3, 4, 5, constrictions 
separating the other ascidiozooids. Fig. 2. Fetus with the ascidio- 
zooids /A y half encircling the base of the cyathozooid, /; B, 
mouth of the cyathozooid. Fig. 3. Fetus more advanced, the re- 
mains of the cyathozooid, /, and ovisac hidden by the circle of ascidio* 
zooids //, ///, 1Y. In figs. 2 and 3 : a, test ; 5. cells of the em- 
bryonic test ; <% oral apertures ; t, endostyle ; <x, (eleoblast ; r4, sto- 
lons ; v, ovisac ; :, a ganglion. 
bryo of certain compound ascidians, as of 
those of the genus Pyrosoma, serving only to 
found a colony by gemmation. See the extract. 
The result [of the process of yelk-division] is the for- 
mation of an elongated flattened blastoderm, which oc- 
cupies one pole of the egg, and is converted into what 
I termed the cyathozouiti, which is ... a sort of rudi- 
mentary ascidian. From this, a prolongation or stolon is 
given off, whieh becomes divided by lateral constrictions 
into four portions, each of which gives rise to a complete 
ascidiozooid. As these increase in size, they coil them- 
selves round the cyathozooid, with their oral openings 
outwards and their eloacal openings inwards, and thus 
lay the foundation of a new ascidiarium. The eyalha- 
ztti'dd eventually disappears, and its place is occupied by 
the central eloacal cavity. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 528. 
cyathus (si'a-thus), .; pi. cyathi (-thi). [L., 
a cup or ladle, < Gr. nvatiof, a cup or ladle : see 
def.] 1. In Gr. 
antiq., a form of 
vase with a long 
handle, used es- 
pecially for dip- 
ping, as for tak- 
ing wine from 
the crater to 
pour into the 
oinochoe or di- 
rectly into the 
cup. It was of- 
ten made in the 
form of a ladle. 
2. An ancient 
liquid measure, 
equivalent to ^V 
of a xestes, or of a cotyle. It is usually taken 
as 4.56 cubic centimeters. As a weight, it was 1$ ounces, 
but is often taken loosely as 1 ounce. 
3. InftoJ.,anamesometimesgiventoasmall con- 
ical or cup-shaped organ or cavity, as one of the 
receptacles on the 
frond of ftftnrliiaititi. 
4. [ca/>.] A genus 
of fungi belonging 
to the \idiil(iriacei. 
The peridium is at first 
Cyathus slriatus. closed by a veil, then 
widely open, like an in- 
verted bell. It contains from 10 to 18 disk-shaped con- 
reptacles, which are attached bem-ath to the walls of the 
perldlum by peduncles. 
Black-figured Cyathus. 
