Cygnus 
have a tubercle on the bill, as the mute swan of 
Europe, Cygnus olor. C. muaicus is the European 
whooping swan, or hooper. It belongs to the subgenus 
Oltrr as do the two American swans, the whistler, Oygmtt 
(Olor) columbiaims, and the trumpeter, Cygnus (Olur) buc- 
cinator. See mean. 
2. An ancient northern constellation repre- 
Cvlichna 
cytiHttracea. 
The Constellation Cygnus. From Ptolemy's description. 
senting a bird called a swan by Ovid and 
others, and now always so considered. 
Cylichna (si-lik'ua), n. [NL., < Gr. nvl-ixwi, a 
small cup, < KVAI!- (KV'AIK-), a cup.] A 
(In genusoftectibranchiateopisthobran- 
bJil chiate gastropods, of the family Tor- 
natelli& or Biillidce, or made type of a 
family Cylichnidte, having a strong 
cylindrical shell, with narrow aper- 
ture. There are numerous species, 
cylichnid (si-lik'nid), n. A gastropod of the 
family Cylichnidce. 
Cylichniase(si-lik'ni-de), n.pl. [NL.,< Cylichna 
+ -idee.'] A family of gastropods, of which the 
genus Cylichna is typical. The radula has multi- 
serial teeth, of which the central are small, the lateral 
large and unciform, and the marginal small and uncifonn. 
Cylicomastiges (sil"i-ko-mas'ti-iez), n. pi. 
[NL., < Gr. Kv'Ait; (KV^IK-), a cup, + //do-nj, pi. //d- 
oTfyff, a whip, scourge.] A group of choano- 
flagellate inf usorians or collar-bearing monads, 
with a well-marked collar around the base of 
the flagellum, including such genera as Salpin- 
gaica and Codonosiga. Biitschli. 
cylicotomy (sil-i-kot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. Mif 
(la&iH.-), a cup. + rofif/, cutting, < reftveiv, cut.] 
In Mtrg., division of the ciliary muscle, as in 
glaucoma. Dunylison. 
Cylicozoa (sil"i-ko-zo'a), n. pi. [NL.,<Gr. 
icW.if (KV'AIK-), a cup, + (fiov, animal.] Same as 
Calycozoa. 
cylinder (sil'in-der), . [Early mod. E. also 
cilinder, cilindre; in ME. in form chilindre, a 
cylindrical sun-dial ; < OF. cilindre, F. cylindre 
= Sp. It. cilindro = Pg. cylindro, < L. eylindrus, 
a cylinder, a roller, a leveler, < Gr. KvMvSpos, a 
cylinder, a roller, roll, < iciMvAeiv, roll, 
KvAieiv, roll: see cycle. Doublet of cal- 
ender 1 , q. v.] 1. In geom. : (a) A solid 
which may be conceived as generated 
by the revolution of a rectangle about 
one of its sides: specifically called a 
right cylinder. The side of the generating 
rectangle forms the axis of the cylinder, and 
the adjacent sides generate circles which form 
the bases of the cylinder, (ft) By exten- 
sion, any surface generated by a right line mov- 
ing parallel to itself. 
A cylindrical surface is a curved surface generated by 
a moving straight line which continually touches a given 
curve, and in all of its positions is parallel to a given fixed 
straight line not in the plane of the curve. A solid 
bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes 
is called a cylinder. Chauvenet. 
2. In mech. : (a) That chamber of a steam-en- 
gine in which the force of steam is exerted on 
the piston. See steam-engine. (6) The barrel 
of an air-pump, (c) A hollow metallic roller 
forming part of certain printing-machines, in 
cylinder-presses the cylinder is used only for giving the 
impression. See cylimier-press. In type-revolving presses 
there are type-cylinders and impression-cylinders; the 
former, on which the forms of type or stereotype plates 
are secured, revolve against the latter in the opposite di- 
rection, (d) The bore of a gun. (e) That part 
of a revolver which contains the chambers for 
the cartridges. (/) The central well around 
which a winding staircase is carried, (g) The 
body of a pump, (h) In a loom, a revolving 
part which receives the cards. In the Jacquard 
loom it is a square prism revolving on a hori- 
zontal axis, (t) In a carding-machine, a clothed 
barrel larger than an urchin or a doffer. See 
1426 
cut under carding-machine. (j ) In an electrical 
machine, a barrel of glass, (k) In ordnance, a 
wooden bucket in which a cartridge is carried 
from the magazine to the gun. K. H. Knight. 
(1) A garden- or field-roller. E. H. Knight. 
3. In antiq., a cylindrical or somewhat barrel- 
shaped stone, bearing a cuneiform inscription 
or a carved design, worn by the Babylonians, 
Assyrians, and kindred peoples as a seal and 
amulet. Great numbers of such cylinders have 
been found, and also of Phenician imitations 
of them. 4f. An old portable timepiece of the 
class of sun-dials. 
By my chilindre it is prime of deye. 
Chamer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 200. 
6f. [cap.] In conch., a genus of gastropods: 
same as Oliva. Fabricius, 1823 Charge-cylin- 
der, the part of the bore of a cannon occupied by the 
charge. Double-acting cylinder, nn engine-cylinder 
in which the stroke of the piston is effective in each direc- 
tion, instead of only in one direction, as in the trinyle- 
actim cylinder. Forming-cylinder, in a paper-making 
machine, the cylin'der on which the pulp is collected and 
formed into a soft web preparatory to drying and hard- 
ening. Oblique cylinder. See oblique. Oscillating 
cylinder, an engine-cylinder which rocks on trunnions, 
and the piston-rod of which connects directly to the crank. 
Vacant cylinder, the portion of the bore of a cannon 
left free in front of the charge. 
cylinder-bit (sil'in-der-bit), n. See half-round 
bit, under bit*. 
cylinder-bore (sil'in-der-bor), n. A gun the 
bore of which is of a uniform diameter through- 
out. 
cylinder-bore (sil'm-der-bor), r. t. and *'. ; pret. 
and pp. fyliiider-bored, ppr. cylinder-boring. To 
bore, as a gun-barrel, in such a manner that the 
diameter of the bore is uniform throughout. 
cylinder-car (sil'in-der-kar), n. A hollow cyl- 
inder for carrying freight, with wheel-ends 
adapted to run on a railroad-track. The cylin- 
der rolls with its load, thus doing away with 
the use of axles. E. H. Knight. 
cylinder-cock (sil'in-der-kok), n. A cock at 
the end of a steam-cylinder, through which 
water of condensation may be blown out, or 
through which steam may be blown in for warm- 
ing up the cylinder. For the first purpose it is 
sometimes made automatic, and often called a 
safety cylinder-cock. 
cylinder-cover (sil'iu-der-kuv"er), ii. 1. A 
jacket or bagging placed about a steam-cylin- 
der, to prevent radiation of heat. 2. In steam- 
engines, the cover secured by bolts to a flange 
round the top of a cylinder, so as to make it 
steam-tight. 
cylinder-desk (sil'in-der-desk), n. A writing- 
desk with a top somewhat cylindrical in shape, 
which can be pushed back to allow the desk to 
be used, or brought forward and locked. Also 
called a roll-top desk. 
cylinder-engine (sirin-der-en"jin), . lupaper- 
makinif, a machine in which the pulp is formed 
in a sheet upon a cylinder and delivered as a 
web to the dryers. 
cylinder-escapement (sil'in-der-es-kap*ment), 
n. An escapement for watches invented by 
Graham, corresponding to the dead-beat es- 
capement in clocks. 
cylinder-face (sil'in-der-fas), n. In engin., the 
fiat part of a steam-cylinder on which a slide- 
valve moves. 
cylinder-gage (sil'in-der-gaj), . A cast-iron 
hollow cylinder, from 3 to 5 calibers in length, 
accurately turned on the exterior, and used to 
verify the accuracy of the finished bore of a 
gun. 
cylinder-glass (sil'in-der-glas), n. Glass blown 
into the torm of a cylinder, then split, and flat- 
tened into a sheet. The quality is superior to 
that of crown-glass. See broad glass, under 
broad. 
cylinder-grinder (sil'in-der-grin'der), n. A 
machine-tool with automatic traverse-feed for 
finishing cylindrical gages, such as those of 
gun-bores. -E. H. Knight. 
cylinder-mill (sil'm-der-mil), n. A grinding- 
mill in which the action of rollers is substituted 
for that of face-stones. E. H. Knight. 
cylinder-milling (sirin-der-mil"ing), n. See 
milling. 
cylinder-port (sil'in-der-port), n. One of the 
openings through which steam passes into the 
cylinder of a steam-engine. 
cylinder-powder (sil'in-der-pou"der), n. Gun- 
powder the charcoal for which is prepared by 
distillation in cylindrical iron retorts. 
cylinder-press (sil'in-der-pres), H. A printing- 
machine in which impression is made by a 
cylindricity 
cylinder rotating over a sliding flat bed-plate 
which contains the form of types or plates. In 
the drum-cylinder press there is one cylinder of large size, 
making but one revolution to the forward and backward 
movement of the bed-plate ; in other forms the cylinder 
makes two or more revolutions for each impression. In 
the stop^ylinder press the cylinder stops its rotation soon 
after the impression is taken. The double-cylinder press 
has two cylinders, and prints an impression on the back- 
ward as well as the forward movement of the bed-plate. 
The name cylinder-press is technically applied only to 
presses or machines in which the impression-cylinder 
prints upon a flat surface. Printing-machines that are 
constructed to print from plates or types fastened on a 
cylinder are known distinctively as type-revolving presses, 
and specifically as rotary, web, or sun-and-planet presses. 
cylinder-snail (sil'm-der-snal), n. A snail of 
the genus Cylindrella ; a cylindrellid. 
cylinder-snake (sil'in-der-snak), . An ophid- 
ian of the family ('ylindrophidee or Uropeltidte. 
cylinder-staff (sil'in-der-staf), n. An instru- 
ment used in the inspection of ordnance to 
measure the length of the bore. Farrow, Mil. 
Encyc. 
cylinder-tape (sil'in-der-tap), n. In a cylinder 
printing-press, a tape running on the impres- 
sion-cylinder, beneath the edge of the paper, to 
remove the sheet from the cylinder after im- 
pression. E. H. Knight. 
Cylinder-wrench (sil'in-der-rench), n. Aform 
of wrench adapted to grasp cylindrical rods or 
tubes ; a pipe-wrench. E. H. Knight. 
cylindraceous (sil-in-dra'shius), a. [= F. cy- 
lindrace; as cylinder + -aceows.] Somewhat or 
nearly cylindrical. 
Cylindrella (sil-in-drel'a), n. [NL., < L. cylin- 
drus, cylinder, + dim. -ella.~] A genus of ge- 
ophilous gastropods, 
of the family Cylin- 
drelUdce, called cylin- 
der-snails from the 
cylindrical shape of 
the shell. There are 
many species, of 
the warmer parts 
of America. Pfeiffer, 
1840. 
cylindrellid (sil-in- 
drel'id), . A gas- 
tropod of the family 
Cylindrellida!. 
Cylindrellidae (sil- 
in-drel'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Cylindrella + -idte.] An American 
family of pulmonate gastropods, typified by the 
genus Cylindrella ; the cylinder-snails. The shell 
is cylindric and many-whorled, the last whorl usually 
detached from the rest and having a circular mouth. The 
animal has a thin jaw with oblique folds, and the teeth of 
the radula are peculiar, the central being very narrow, 
the lateral having the internal and median cusps conflu- 
ent, and the marginal resembling the lateral in miniature, 
or rudimentary. Over 200 species are known, most of 
which are inhabitants of the West Indian islands. 
cylindrenchyma (sil-in-dreng'ki-ma), n. [NL., 
< Gr. Kv'/avfipof, a cylinder, + eyxvfia, an infu- 
sion, < eyxeiv, infuse, < iv, in, + %eiv, pour.] In 
bot., tissue composed of cylindrical cells, such 
as that of plants of the genus Conferra, and of 
many hairs, etc. 
cylindric, cylindrical (si-lin'drik, -dri-kal), a. 
[= F. cylindriqiie = Sp. cilindrico = Pg. cylindrico 
= It. cilindrico, < NL. "cylindricus, < Gr. mAtv- 
Apm6f, cylindrical, < Kvluvipof, cylinder.] Hav- 
ing the form of a cylinder, or partaking of its 
properties Cylindrical boiler, a steam-boiler made 
in the shape of a cylinder, simple in construction, and ad- 
mitting of greater resistance to the lateral action of the 
causes of displacement than most others, although more 
expensive in the matter of fuel. Cylindrical bone, in 
anat., a long bone, as a thigh-bone or humerus, with a 
more or less cylindrical hollow shaft of compact tissue, in- 
closing a medullary cavity, and having cancellons tissue at 
each end. Cylindrical lens or mirror, a lens or mirror 
having one or two cylindrical surfaces. Cylindrical lenses 
are used in spectacles for the correction of astigmatism. 
Cylindrical saw, a saw in the form of a cylinder, with 
the edge of the open end cut in saw teeth ; a crown-saw : 
used for cutting staves, fellies, etc., and in surgery. Also 
called barrel-saw, dntin-ttau', tub-ttau: See cut under 
crown-saw. Cylindrical surface, a surface generated 
by a right line moving parallel to itself. Cylindrical 
valve, a valve of cylindrical form on an oscillating axis, 
serving to open and close ports in the cylindrical case 
which forms its seat. E. H. Knit/lit. Cylindrical 
vaulting {properly semi-cylindrical raultinjt), in arch., 
the most ancient mode of true vaulting. Also called a 
wagon-, barrel-, tunnel-, or cradle-ratdt. It is a plain 
half-cylinder, without either groins or ribs, or divided 
into bays by arcs donbleaux, which ore usually "f square 
or semicircular section. 
cylindrically (si-lin'dri-kal-i), adv. In the 
manner or shape of a cylinder. 
cylindricity (sil-in-dris'i-ti), . [= F. cyliu- 
dricite; as cyliiidric + -ity.] The character 
or state of being cylindrical; cylindrical form: 
as, imperfect cylindricity. 
