cynhyena 
cynhyena (sin-lu-6'nii.), . [< NL. cynliytmn, 
< (Jr. Mi.ir (MT-), <lo^, + itum, hyena. ] A book- 
namo of the painted livenu <>] liyena-dog of 
Africa, l.i/ninii pirtux, transliiting one of its 
generic n;imes, I'l/iihi/iinn, wliii-h is not in nw. 
See Lijrin>n. 
cynic (sin'ik), a. and w. [Earlier alHO c;/niil. . 
= 1). ciiiirk = I'', cynit/nr = Sp. riiiiim = 1'g. 
fijnii'ii = It. I'liiicn (el 1 . 11. ri/Hixrli = Dan. <;/- 
MIN/I', adj., G. Dan. cynikfr, I). ciiiil:rr, n.), chiefly 
in the philosophical sense, < L. eynictm, cynic, 
a Cynic (also lit. in spnxinux ri/nii-nx, cynic 
spasm), < Gr. /twinof, dog-like, also cynic, a 
Cynic, so called, as popularly understood, in 
allusion to the coarse mode of life or the surly 
disposition of these philosophers, but perhaps 
orig., without this implication, in ref. to the 
Cynosarges, Kwooanjef, a gymnasium outside 
ot Athens, where Antisthenes, the founder of 
the sect, taught. The literal sense 'dog-like' 
is thought of iu E.. apart from the bookish use 
in cynic spasm and cynic year, only as an ety- 
mological explanation of the philosophical 
term.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to a dog; 
dog-like : as, cynic spasm. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the dog-star : as, the cynic year. 3. Belong- 
ing to the sect of philosophers called Cynics; 
resembling the doctrines of the Cynics. 
O foolishness of men ! that lend their ears 
To those budge doctors of the Stoick fur, 
And fetch their precepts from the Cynick tuh 
Praising the lean and sallow abstinence ! 
Milton, Comus, 1. 708. 
4. Having the character or qualities of a cynic ; 
cynical Cynic spasm, a kind of convulsive spasm of 
the muscles of one side of the face, distorting the numth, 
imse, etc., into the appearance of a grin. Cynic year, 
the Sothic year, or canicular year. See Sothic. 
II. n. 1. [cap.] One of a sect of Greek philoso- 
phers founded by Antisthenes of Athens (born 
about 444 B. c. ), who sought to develop the ethi- 
cal teachings of Socrates, whose pupil he was. 
The chief doctrines of the Cynics were that virtue is the 
only good, that the essence of virtue is self-control, and 
that pleasure is an evil if sought for its own sake. They 
were accordingly characterized hy an ostentatious con- 
tempt of riches, arts, science, and amusements. The most 
famous Cynic was Diogenes of Sinope, a pnpil of Antis- 
thenes, who carried the doctrines of the school to an ex- 
treme and ridiculous asceticism, and is improbably said 
to have slept in a tub which he carried about with him. 
2. A person of a cynical temper; a sneering 
faultfinder. 
A cynic might suggest as the motto of modern life this 
simple legend " Just as good as the real." 
C. D. Warm-r, Backlog Studies, p. 4. 
cynical (sin'i-kal), a. [< cynic + -a?.] 1. Same 
as cynic, 3. 
Whether the bnlk of our Irish natives arc not kept from 
thriving, by that cynical content in dirt and beggary, 
which they possess to a degree beyond any other people. 
Dp. Berlteli-y, Querist. 
2. Having or showing a disposition to disbe- 
lieve in or doubt the sincerity or value of so- 
cial usages or of personal character, motives, or 
doings, and to express or intimate the disbelief 
or doubt by sarcasm, satire, sneers, or other in- 
direction ; captious ; carping ; sarcastic ; satir- 
ical : as, a cynical remark; a cynical smile. 
I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obli- 
gations, where no benefit has been received. 
Jtthittttm, To Chesterfield. 
= Syn. /V.wn/iMfi'c, etc. (see misanthropic), morose, sar- 
castic, satirical, carping, censorious, snappish, waspish. 
cynically (sin'i-kal-i), adv. In a cynical, sar- 
castic, or sneering manner. 
Rather in a satire and nnn'i-nlli/. than seriously and 
wisely. Hxrmi. Works, I. 170 (Ord Ms.). 
cynicalness (sin'i-kal-nes), n. The quality 
of being cynical ; a cynical disposition or char- 
acter; tendency to despise or disregard the 
common amenities of life. 
cynicism (sin'i-sizm), n. [< cynic + -ism. Cf. 
LL. ryni.inniH. < Gr. Kwia/i6f, cynicism, < /cwi- 
C")', be a cynic, < icwiitAf, a cynic : see cynic.] 
1. The body of doctrine inculcated and prac- 
tised by the Cynics ; indifference to pleasure ; 
stoicism pushed to austerity, asceticism, or 
acerbity. 2. The character or state of being 
cynical ; cynicalness. 
This ri/mVi'xm is for the most part affected, and serves 
only as an excuse for some caustie remarks <>n human na- 
ture in general. llallatn, lutrod. Lit. of Europe. 
\ rliaritable and good-tempered world it is, notwith- 
standing its reputation fur i-inin-i*in ami detraction. 
C. I). Warner. llaeklou studies, p. 54. 
Cynictidinse (si-nik-ti-dl'ue), . />/. [NL., < 
Ci/iiii-lis (-ti<l-) + -/<r.] A subfamily of car- 
nivorous quadrupeds, of the family Vircrridte, 
belon^ini; to the cynopodous ordog-footod divi- 
sion of that family. The technical i -hum-ten ore : 
1429 
lengthened, blunt, non-retractile claws; a short vcnti irons 
head ; a Hat, bald, and grooved note ; m flattened bushy 
t.iil ; and .:- te.-ih. 'I here H Imi one genus, Cyniclu. 
Cynictis (si-nik'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. xvov (KW-), 
a dug, + IKTII;, a kind ot weasel, the yellow- 
breasted marten.] A genus of carnivorous 
African Meerkat (Cyntct 
quadrupeds, constituting the subfamily Cynic- 
tidina;. C, penicitlata, of South Africa, is an ex- 
ample. Ogilby. 
cynipid (sin'i-pid), n. and a. I. w. An insect 
of tne family Cynipidce. 
II. a. Of or pertaining to the family Cynipidce. 
Cynipidae (si-nip'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cynips 
T -irf<E.] A family of hymenopterous insects ; 
the gall-flies. By means of their ovijiositors they punc- 
ture plants, depositing their eggs along, it is believed, 
with some irritant fluid which produces tumore common- 
ly called galls or nut-galls. Besides the true gall-flies, the 
('ifnifrida; include certain inquilinousand parasitic forms. 
The anterior wings lack a complete costal nervure and 
stigma (except in Ibalia)', the abdomen is generally com- 
pressed-ovate or ovate, rarely cnltriform; and the ovi- 
positor is subspiral. Nearly 400 European cynipids have 
been described, and atiout 200 from North America, many 
of which latter are known only by their galls. The fam- 
ily is divided into five subfamilies, Cynipinte, Ibaliimr, 
Inquilituv, Alliitriiiue, and Figitinte. It was called by 
Leach Diplolr.pidtf. The name of the family is also writ- 
ten Cynipvtts, Cynipiteft, Cyniphidce, and Cynipxetr. The 
terms Cjfnipne.ra of Latreille and Cifnipxidce or Cynipsidf* 
of Leach are synonyms of Chalcididee, not of the present 
family. See gall*. 
cynipideous (sin-i-pid'e-us), a. Same as cynip- 
idoux. 
Tin- galls of Cynips and its allies are inhabited by mem- 
bers of other cynipideou* genera, as Synergus, Amblyno- 
tus, and Synophrus. Encyc. Brit., X. 4ti. 
cynipidoas (si-nip'i-dus), a. [< Cynips ( Cynipi- 
dce) + -os.] 1. Pertaining to or resembling 
the Cunipido! or gall-flies. 2. Produced or af- 
fected by gall-flies : as, cynipidiru* galls. Osten- 
flackcn. 
Cynips (si'nips), n. [NL., altered from LL. 
cyniphcs, cynifcs, ciniphes, cinifes, pi., a kind of 
stinging insect, corrupt forms of Gr. Kvty, pi. 
Kviirff, varying with OKvty, pi. oxvi^ff, applied 
to several kinds of insects, esp. such as live 
under the bark of trees.] The typical genus of 
the gall-making hymenopterous insects of the 
family Cynipidce, founded by Linnaeus in 1748. 
Cynips qutrcMS-frKitttt. (Cross shows natural size.) 
It was formerly a genus of large extent, but has been re- 
cently much sulnlivided. Its species in the main form 
.alls on oak, in which their larvae develop, 
cynocephalic (si'no-se-fal'ik or si-no-sef 'a-lik), 
a. [As i-i/iiiifi /iluiliix + -if.] 1. Of or pertaining 
to a cynocephalus. 2. In myth., etc., having 
a dog's head, or a head like that of a dog. 
Hermes (Thoth) in temple holding caduceus and purse 
or caduceus and cimocephalic ape. 
B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 723. 
cynocephalous (s!-no-sef'a-lus), a. [< L. cyno- 
ffi>ltalMX, adj. : see Cynocephalus.~] Dog-head- 
ed, as a baboon ; cynocephalic. 
Cynocephalus (si-no-sef'a-lus), . [NL., < L. 
WMWpMllMj < Gr. M'WK^^oXof, dog-headed, the 
dog-faced baboon, < KIWI' (KW-), a dog, 4- KitaMj, 
head, akin to E. head.] 1. A genus of ba- 
boons, of the family Cynn/iitli't-iiln: It formerly 
included all those balwo'ns to which the term " dog-faced " 
Cynoidea 
was applied, from tin t \in m- Iv prognathous jaws, giv- 
ing ;i <anine j.!i\ -io-noiii^ . I. lit it is now ! 
exclude the drill, mandrill, i-tc. The common liuboun il 
C. baltiini, inliiihilin^ northerly parts of Africa, win i< n 
li\i - in li'M-i^ in IL. k> phu-es. In this sjic-ie tin- tail 
is aliont one third tin- whoh- length, closely related an- 
the rh;n ma, C'. _;WlrtJ*, of South Afliia. ainl the -|.binx 
l'aUni. ''. HI-IUIIS, of West Africa. The hebe or hama- 
dryad, C. hamadrymt, of Abyssinia, differs in Imvinu long- 
hair on the head and shoulder*, and a shorter tail, i U 
aiH.nt one fourth of the total length, Cyrwcfptuuttr is 
nearly a synonym of I'ni-in. of |.iior date. 
2. [/. c.J A dog-faced baboon. 
Cynodia (si-no^ii-ft). n. pi. [NL., < Gr. KWU- 
A>K, contr. of nvvottotK, dog-like, < KIIMI (KW-), 
dog, + clAof, form.] In Blyth's classification 
of mammals, a term proposed instead of Car- 
nivora, and covering the Fer(e of modern natu- 
ralists, or the Carntvora proper as distinguished 
from the Insectivora and from those JUarsupi- 
ii/in which are also carnivorous. It was divided 
by Hlyth into Iliijitiynitla, Subjjlaittif/mda, f'lantiyrada, 
and fannitrradit. The last of these subdivisions corre- 
sponds to the !' "i pinnipedia of modern naturalisto, the 
other three to the f 1 frte Jiggipedia. 
Cynodon (si'no-don), n. [NL., < Gr. mn>6fan>, 
Kvi>6Sovf, the canine tooth, < n>uv (AIT- i, dog, 
+ o<5oi'f (Movr-) = E. tooth. Cf. F. chiendent, 
quitcli-grass.] 1 . A small genus of grasses, low 
creeping perennials, with digitate, one-sided 
spikes: so named from its sharp-pointed under- 
ground shoots. The chief species is C. Dactylan, 
the well-known and widely distributed Bermu- 
da grass. 2. In zool., a genus of apparently 
canine fossil mammals, of uncertain position. 
Cynodonta (si-no-don'tfi), n. [NL. (Schu- 
macher, 1817), < Gr. icovtouv (-ofiavr-) : see Cy- 
nodon.'] The typical genus of Cynodontino'. 
Cynodontinae (si"no-don-tl'ne), n. pi. [NL., < 
Cynodonta + -JHO;.] A subfamily of turbinel- 
loid gastropods with an obconic shell and sev- 
eral transverse ridges about the middle of the 
columella. The species are inhabitants of 
tropical seas. Also called Vagina; and Vagina. 
Cynogale (si-nog' a-le), n. [NL., < Gr. *iav 
(KVV-), dog, + jo/?, ya'/i'i, a weasel.] A genus 
Mampalon ( Cynofale btnntttf). 
of Viverridii', typical of the subfamily Cynoga- 
lincc, containing a species, Cynogale lieniielti, 
found in Borneo, Malacca, and Sumatra, called 
in Borneo mamjialon. It is the most aquatic repre- 
sentative of the family, being partly web-footed, with soft, 
thick fur like an otter's. It Inhabits damp places along 
the hanks of rivers. 
Cynogalina (si'no-ga-li'ne), . pi. [NL., < Cy- 
nogale + -!''.] A subfamily of carnivorous 
quadrupeds, of the family Vii-errida-, belonging 
to the viverrine or teluropodous division of that 
family, and represented only by the genus Cy- 
nogale. The nose Is hairy and ungrooved ; the sectorial 
tooth has a large tul-rcular ledge ; the claws are retractile 
to some extent : and the toes are partially webbed. 
Cynoglossum (si-no-glos'um), n. [NL. (L. 
cynogl<>sn>ts, Pliny), < Gr. nivdyhuaow, bound's- 
tongue, neut. of xwoy)jjooo<;, dog-tongued, < uruv 
(KW-), a dog, + y~/iJaaa, tongue.] A genus of 
plants, natural order Boraginaeece, consisting of 
about 60 herbaceous species, of temperate re- 
gions and the mountains of the tropics. There 
are species in North America. The hound's-tongue. 
C. HjRriuaie. is a weed of the old world, naturalized in the 
I mted States, with a disagreeable smell like that of mice. 
It was at one time used as a remedy for scrofula. 
cynography (si-nog'ra-fi), M. [< Gr. KVUV (KW-), 
a dog, + -ypaQia, < jpaijxti', write.] A history of 
the dog; a treatise on the dog. [Bare.] 
cynoid (si'noid), a. [< Gr. Ktnvfim/r, also contr. 
KvvudtK, dog-like, < xiuv (KW-), a dog, + fWof, 
form.] Dog-like; canine; specifically, of or 
pertaining to the ' 'uimiili <i. 
Cynoidea (si-mii'df-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. mw- 
eMff. dog-like : see ryiimd, and cf. Cynodia.] One 
of three divisions of the fissiped or terrestrial 
carnivorous mammals, consisting of the canine 
as distinguished from the feline and ursine 
members of the Fera; Jissipedia, the other cor- 
