Cynoidea 
responding divisions being Jlluroidea and Arc- 
ttiitlett. The Cynoidea agree most nearly with the &lu- 
ruidea, but have a well-developed carotid canal opening 
into the foramen lacerum posterius, a distinct condyloid 
foramen, an open glenoid foramen, undeveloped Cowper's 
glands, and a large os penis. There is but one family, 
the Canidce, including the dogs, wolves, foxes, etc. See 
Canidce. 
The Dogs (including the Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes un- 
der this head) form the most central group of the Carni- 
vora, which may be termed the Cynoidea. 
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 358. 
cynolyssa (si-no-lis'ii), n. [NL., < NGr. nvv6- 
Avaaa, canine madness (cf. Gr. Kvvofoamc, mad 
from the bite of a dog), < Gr. KVUV (KW-), a dog, + 
At'o-ffo, madness.] Canine madness. See rabies. 
Cynomorium (si-no-mo'ri-um), n. [NL. (L. 
eyiiomorion, Pliny), '< Gr. Kin>o/i6piov, a name of 
the bpofidyxn (prob. broom-rape, orobanche), < 
KVUV (KW-), a dog, + fi6piov, a part, prop. dim. of 
ft6po( (a part), lot, destiny; cf . /icpof, a part.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the natural order 
Balanophoracea. 
The only species, C. 
coccineutn, is a red, 
fleshy, herbaceous 
plant, covered with 
scales instead of 
leaves, and is a 
native of northern 
Africa, Malta, and 
the Levant. It was 
known to the old 
herbalists as fungwt 
Melitemdft, and was 
Cynomorium coccineum. Valued as an astritl- 
, cluster of male and female flowers; . 8<"t and styptic 111 
section of fruit. cases of dysentery 
and hemorrhage: it 
was held in such esteem by the Knights of Malta that it 
was carefully deposited in stores, from which the grand 
master sent it in presents to sovereigns, hospitals, etc. 
Cynomorpha, Cynomorphse (si-no-m6r'fa, 
-fe), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. KIIUV (KW-), a dog, + fiopffi, 
form.] A division of catarrhine monkeys, in- 
cluding the baboons and other lower monkeys, 
as distinguished from the anthropoid apes, or 
Anthropomorpha. 
cynomorphic (si-no-mor'fik), a. [< Cynomorpha 
+ -ic.] Pertaining to the Cynomorpha; cyno- 
pithecoid. 
Cynomyonax (si-no -mi 'o-naks), . [NL. 
(Coues, 1877), < Cynomys + Gr. avnf, king.] A 
genus of ferrets, of the family Mustelidce and 
subfamily Mustelince, related to Putorius. The 
1430 
rhine quadrumanous quadrupeds are divided, 
containing all excepting the anthropoid apes 
of the family Simiidw. it is divided into two sub- 
families: (I) Semnupitheetiue, with complex stomach and 
no cheek-pouches, containing the genera Kofalit. Semno- 
pithems, Colobux, etc. ; and (2) Cyiiopithecince, with simple 
stomach and cheek-pouches. The characters of the family 
are chiefly comparative or negative, being those in which 
the general structure recedes from the man-like type pre- 
sented by the higher simians. The gradation from the 
highest semnopithecoid to Hie lowest cynocephalus is a 
gentle one, though the difference between these extremes 
is great. 
Cynopithecinae (sl-no-pith-e-si'ne), n. pi. [NL. , 
< Cynopithecus + -ince.] The lower one of the 
two subfamilies into which the Cynopithecida; 
are divisible, including all kinds of cynopithe- 
coid apes, monkeys, and baboons which have 
a simple stomach and cheek-pouches. The lead- 
ing forms are Cercopitltecus, or ordinary long-tailed mon- 
keys; Macaeufi, the macaques; and some short-tailed 
forms closely related to the latter, as Imius and Cynopi- 
thecus, commonly called apes, with Papia or Cynocephalus 
and Mandrilla or Mormon, the dog-faced and pig-faced 
baboons. See Cynopitheciut. 
cynopithecoid (si"no-pi-the'koid), a. and n. [< 
Cynopithecus + -aid.] I. a. Pertaining to the 
lower series of catarrhine monkeys ; not simian 
or anthropoid; cynomorphic: specifically ap- 
plied to the Cynopithecidce. 
II. . One of the Cynopithecidw ; a cynopithe- 
coid ape, monkey, or baboon. 
Cynopithecus (si^no-pi-the'kus), n. [NL., < 
Gr. KVUV (KW-), a dog, + vifcjKof, an ape.] A 
genus of catarrhine monkeys, of the family Cy- 
. ... ,.- 
Black-footed Ferret ( Cynomyonax nigripes}. 
type is the black-footed ferret of North America, C. ni- 
gripes, found in the towns of the prairie-dog (Cynomyx), 
whence the name. 
Cynomys (si'no-mis)," n. [NL. (Bafinesque, 
1817), < Gr. KVUV (Kim-), a dog, + fii>f = E. mouse.'] 
A genus of rodent quadrupeds, of the spermo- 
phile division of the family Sciuridtz, approach- 
ing the marmots proper (Arctomys) in the stout, 
thick-set body and short, bushy tail. The pelage 
is close and harsh ; the nail of the thumb is well marked ; 
the outer -ears are rudimentary ; the cheek-pouches are 
small ; the skull is massive, short, and broad, with wide 
zygomatic arches and large postorbital processes ; and the 
dentition is very strong and heavy. The genus contains the 
well-known prairie-dogs or barking squirrels of western 
North America, which live in extensive underground bur- 
rows, in colonies often of immense extent, in the sterile 
regions of the West. There are two species, C. ludovi- 
cwnus, the common prairie-dog, whose range in general is 
from the plains to the Rocky Mountains, and C. columbi- 
anus, extending thence westward. See cut under prairie- 
dog. 
Cynonycteris (sl-no-nik'te-ris), n. [NL., < Gr. 
KVUV (icw-), a dog, + vmrepif, a bat : see Nycteris.] 
A genus of fruit-bats, of the family Pteropo- 
didce, differing from Pteropus in having a tail, 
though a short one, and the fur of the neck not 
woolly. There are about 8 species, extending from the 
Malay peninsula into Africa. C. cegyptiaca haunts the 
chambers of the pyramids, and is probably the species 
often represented in Egyptian paintings and sculptures. 
C. collara is the collared fruit-bat of Africa. 
cynophrenology (si"n6-fre-nol'6-ji), n. [< Gr. 
KVUV (ami-), a dog, + phrenology."] The phrenol- 
ogy of the dog's brain. Wilder. 
Cynopithecidae (si "no -pi -the 'si -de), n. pi. 
[NL.,< Cynopithecus -f 1 -idee.] The lower one 
of the two great families into which the catar- 
Black Ape of Celebes (Cynopithecvs rttfffr}. 
nopithecid(f, and giving name to the subfamily 
Cynopitheciiue. The type and only species is C. niger, 
of Borneo. It is a large, black, tailless monkey, commonly 
called an ape on account of its general aspect. It is an 
isolated and peculiar form, not well representing the sub- 
family to which it gives name except in standing midway 
in the general series, and connecting the cercopithecoids 
and macaques with the baboons. 
Cynopoda (si-nop'o-da), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
of cynopodus : see cynopodous.] In zool., a name 
given by J. E. Gray to the herpestine or ich- 
neumon division of the family Viverrida; the 
species of this division being cynopodous. The 
term is contrasted with jSSluropoda. 
cynopodous (si-nop'o-dus), a. [< NL. cynopo- 
dus, < Gr. KUUV (KVV-), a dog, + Trouf (ff<x?-) = E. 
foot.] Dog-footed ; having feet like a dog's, 
or with blunt, non-retractile claws: opposed to 
celuropodous, or cat-footed; specifically, pertain- 
ing to or having the characters of the Cynopoda. 
Cynopterus (stuop'te-rus), w. [NL. (Cuvier), 
< Gr. KVUV (KW-), a dog, + vrtpiv = E. wintj.] 
A genus of Oriental fruit-bats, of the family 
Pteropodidce, externally resembling Cynonyc- 
teris. C. maryinatm, a common Indian species, is very 
destructive to fruit ; an individual of the species has been 
known to devour two ounces of banana in three hours, yet 
to weigh but one ounce when killed next morning. Its 
dental formula is: i., J or f ; c., \; pm., ; m., j. 
cynorexia (si-no-rek'si-a), . [NL., < Gr. ici-ov 
(KW-), a dog, + 6pe^if, appetite, desire, < bpiysiv, 
reach after, grasp at, desire.] In pathol., an 
insatiable, voracious appetite, like that of a 
dog; bulimia. 
cynorrhodon, cynorrhodium (si-nor'o-don, si- 
no-ro'di-um), . [NL., < L. cynorrhodon, the 
dog-rose, < Gr. Kw6po6ov, the dog-rose, < KVUV 
(KW-), a dog, + p6im>, a rose.] In hot., a fruit 
like that of the rose, fleshy and hollow, inclos- 
ing the achenes. 
Common Weakfish or Squeteague (Cynoscion regalis). 
cyperologist 
Cynoscion (sl-nos'i-on), . [NL. (Gill, 1861), < 
Gr. Kiuv (KW-), a dog, + ( ?) OKiaiva, a sea-fish : see 
Sciwna.] A genus of seisenoid fishes, of which 
there are several well-known and important 
species. C. regalis is the common weakftsh or sque- 
teague ; C. tnaeutatiis is the spotted weakflsh ; two Cali- 
fornian species are C. panipmnii and C. nobilis. See 
weak/ink, 
cynosurat, n. See cynosure. 
Cynosural (si'no- or sin'o-sur-al), a. [< cyno- 
sure + -al.] Relating to or of the nature of a 
cynosure; attracting attention, as a cynosure. 
Had either, Madam, of that cynvsural triad [Raleigh, 
Sidney, and Spenser] been within call of my most humble 
importunities, your ears had been delectate with far no- 
bler melody. Kinynley, Westward Ho, p. 35. 
Cynosure (si'no- or sin'o-sur), n. [At first in 
L. form cynosura ; = P. cynosura = Pg. cyno- 
sura = Sp. It. cinosura, < L. Cynosura, < Gr. 
Kw6aovpa, the constellation of the Little Bear, 
containing the star which is now but was not 
then the pole-star (which forms the tip of the 
tail), and thus often the object to which the 
eyes of mariners were directed, lit. the dog's 
tail, < Kwof, dog's (gen. of KVUV, dog), + ovpd, 
tail.] Something that strongly attracts atten- 
tion ; a center of attraction. 
Where perhaps some beauty lies, 
The Cynoxure of neighbouring eyes. 
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 80. 
Let the fundamentals of faith be your cynosura, your 
great light to walk by. Jer. raj/(or,Works(ed. 1835), II. 124. 
The Chevalier Bayard, the cynosure of Chivalry. 
Sumner, True Grandeur of Nations. 
CynosurUS (si-no-su'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. KV- 
v6aovpa, dog's tail: see cynosure.] A genus of 
grasses with the flower-spikelets forming a uni- 
lateral spike. There are but three or four species, of 
the Mediterranean region, of which C. cristatm is consid- 
ered a good pasture-grass. 
Cynthia (sin'thi-ii), n. [L. (sc. dea), Diana 
(Artemis), the Cynthian (goddess), fern, of Cyn- 
tliius, adj. of Cyntlius, < Gr. KivBof, a mountain 
in Delos, birthplace of Apollo and Artemis (Di- 
ana).] 1. In myth., one of the names given to 
Artemis (Diana), from her reputed birthplace, 
Mount Cynthus in the island of Delos. Hence 
2. In poetry, a name of the moon, the emblem 
of Diana. 
Yon gray is not the morning's eye, 
"Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia'! brow. 
Shalr., R. and J.,iii. 5. 
3. In fool. : (a) A genus of nymphalid butter- 
flies, containing such as the painted-lady, C. 
cardui. Fabricius, 1808. (6) A genus of sim- 
ple sessile tunicaries, of the family Ascidiid(e, 
with coriaceous body-wall and four-lobed oral 
and atrial orifices. Savit/ny, 1827. (c) A genus 
of crustaceans. Thompson, 1829. (d) A genus 
of Coleoptera. Latreille, 1829. (e) A genus of 
Dipteru. Desvoidy, 1863. 
cyonH, An obsolete form of scion. 
Cyon 2 (si'on), n. [NL., < Gr. K'I-UV (KW-) = L. 
cants = E. hound, a dog: see Canis and hound.'] 
A genus of wild dogs of southeastern Asia, dif- 
fering from Canis in lacking the small last lower 
molar. It contains such forms as C. primofmts, the buan- 
suah, regarded by some as a primitive type of the domestic 
dog ; C. duklmnenirit, the buansuah, dhole, or wild dog of 
the Deccan, India ; and C. umoA'efMJt, of Sumatra. The 
genus was established by Hodgson. Also written Cuon 
and Kuan. See cut under buannuah. 
cyophoria (si-o-fo'ri-a), w. [NL., < Gr. Kvcupopia., 
pregnancy, < Kw^opof" pregnant, < m' of, fetus, + 
-<t>6pof, -bearing, < <t>peiv = E. bear^.] In med., 
the time of gestation, or of carrying the fetus ; 
the period of pregnancy. 
Cyperaceae (si-pe-ra'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Cy- 
perus + -Ofe(e.] The sedge family, a natural 
order of monocotyledonous plants nearly al- 
lied to the grasses, including 60 genera and 
between 2,000 and 3,000 species. The plants of 
this order are grassy or rush-like and generally perennial 
herbs, with solid and often triangular stems, and leaves 
with closed sheaths. The small flowers are borne in 
spikelets and are solitary in the axils of the glumaceous 
bracts. The fruit is a small coriaceous achene. The 
plants are found in all climates, and are often abundant, 
but are little eaten by cattle. Some club-rushes are used 
for making mats, chair-bottoms, etc. The papyrus of 
Egypt was made from the stems of Cypenis Papyrus. 
The principal genera are Carex, Cyperue, Fiwbritttylis, 
Scirpux, Rhynchositora, and Selena. 
cyperaceous (si-pe-ra'shius), n. Belonging to 
or resembling plants of the family Cyperacea 
that is, sedges and their congeners. 
cyperographer (si-pe-rog'ra-fer), n. [< NL. 
( 'i/pfriis, q. v., + Gr. yp6.<bem, write, + -er 1 .] 
A writer on the Cyperaceas. Bcntham, Notes 
on Cyperaceee, p. 361. 
cyperologist (si-pe-rol'o-jist), n. [< NL. Cy- 
perus, q. v., + Gr. -'Aoyia (see -ology) + -ist.] 
