cytisin 
plants. It is of a nauseous taste, emetic, and 
poisonous. 
Cytisus (sit'i-sus), x. [NL., < L. cytisus, a 
shrubby kind of clover, prob. Medicago arborea 
(Linnaeus).] A genus of hardy leguminous 
papilionaceous shrubs, natives almost exclu- 
sively of the 
countries bor- 
dering on 
the Mediter- 
ranean. The 
leaves are usual- 
ly composed of 
three leaflets, but 
some species are 
leafless. The 
large flowers are 
yellow, purple, or 
white. One spe- 
cies, C. xcoparius 
(broom), is an ex- 
tremely common 
shrill) on uncul- 
tivated grounds, 
heaths, etc., of 
most parts of 
Great Britain. 
Some exotic spe- 
cies are com- 
mon garden- and 
shrubbery-plants, II /, 
as C. purpureug, 
an elegant pro- Broom ( c y ti,u, scoparius-,. 
cumbent shrub flowering branch ; . floers, natural size, 
used in rock- (ic rom Le Maour and Decaisne's " Traite 
work, C. alpinnx, general de Botanique.") 
etc. See brooini. 
cytitis (si-ti'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. KI'TOC, skin 
(see cutis), + -itis.'] Same as dermatitis. 
cytoblast (sl'to-blast), n. [< Gr. KVTOC, a hollow, 
a cavity (a cell), + /3/UHmif, a sprout, germ.] 1. 
Same as cytioblust. 2. One of the aimjebiform 
cells or cell-elements of the cytoblastema of 
sponges ; a cytode of a sponge. 
cytoblastema (sl"to-blas-te'ma), . [NL., < 
Gr. it/Tof , a hollow (a cell), + IJAaaTr//ia,a, sprout, 
germ.] 1. The protoplasm or viscid fluid in 
which animal and vegetable cells are produced. 
Hence 2. The blastema or germinal or forma- 
tive material of a cytode ; protoplasmic cell-sub- 
stance: specifically used of the common gelati- 
nous matrix of protozoans, as sponges. 
cytoblastematous, cytoblastemic (si"to-blas- 
tem'a-tus, -ik), a. Same as cytoblastemous. 
cytoblastemous (s!"to-blas-te'mus), a. [< cy- 
tobltist/'ina + -os.] Of or pertaining to cyto- 
blastema. 
cytococcus (si-to-kok'us), n. [NL., < Gr. KI'TO?, 
a hollow (a cell), + Ko/>/cof, a berry.] The kernel 
of a parent cell ; the nucleus of a cytula. A cy. 
tococcns differs from the nucleus of an ordinary cell in 
that it is supposed to include in itself some of the sub- 
stance of the spermatozoa by which the female ovum is 
fecundated and made to become a cytula. Also cytulo- 
cocrun. llai'ckel. 
Cytode (si'tod), . [< Gr. as if *Kvruityc, contr. 
of *KVToei:V/f, like a hollow, < KVTOC, a hollow 
(a cell), + f loo/;, form, shape.] In biol. : (a) A 
term applied by Haeckel to a unicellular organ- 
ism or element which has the value of a simple 
cell, but possesses no distinct nucleus. 
It is, nevertheless, a deeply significant fact, that the 
building stones of the bodies of higher animals are never 
represented by cytotleit, but always by cells. 
Frey, Histol. and Histochem. (trans.), p. 64. 
(6) A cell in general. 
I shall, therefore, assume provisionally that the pri- 
mary form of every animal is a nucleated protoplasmic 
body, cytode, or cell, in the most general acceptation of 
the latter term. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 583. 
Cytogenesis (si-to-jen'e-sis), n. [< Gr. KM-OC, a 
hollow (a cell), + yeveoii;, generation.] Cell- 
formation ; the genesis or development of cells 
in animal and vegetable organisms: original- 
ly used in vegetable physiology. Also cysto- 
gencsis, cytogeny. 
cytogenetic (si''to-je-net'ik), a. [< cytogenesis, 
after genetic.'] Generating or developing cells ; 
cytogenous; relating to cytogenesis. 
cytogenous (si-toj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. KVTOC, a hol- 
low (a cell), + -yfw?f, producing: see -genous.~\ 
Producing cells; cytogenetic: specifically ap- 
plied by Kolliker to retiform, reticular, areo- 
lar, or ordinary cellular tissue, but properly 
predicable only of cells themselves, as all other 
organic structures arise from cells. 
cytogeny (si-toj'e-ni), n. Same as cytogenesis. 
cytoid (si'toid), a. [< cyte + -oid.~] Cell-like : 
a term applied by Henle to corpuscles, as of 
lymph, chyle, etc., which seem to resemble 
1436 
each other essentially in their chemical and 
microscopical characters. Dunglison. 
Cytophora (si-tof 'o-ra), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
a hollow (a cell), + -0opof, < jipetv = E. fc 
A class of protozoans : same as Jiadiolaria. 
cytoplasm (si'to-plazm), n. [< Gr. irfrof, a 
hollow (a cell),'+ n-/ldo-/z, anything formed. 
Cf. cytioplasm.] Same as protoplasm. 
It [protoplasm] has also received from Beale, Kolllker, 
and Dujardin respectively, the names bioplasm, cytoplasm, 
and sarcode. Frey, Histol. and Histochem. (trans.), p. B6. 
cytoplasmic (si-to-plaz'mik), a. [< cytoplasm 
+ -ic.~\ Pertaining to cytoplasm. 
Strasburger refers these phenomena to the necessity of 
securing for the differentiating reproductive nucleus a 
definite cytoplasmic medium. Micros. Science, XXVI. 601. 
cytopyge (sl-to-pi'je), n. ; pi. cytopygre. [NL., < 
Gr. Kurof, a hollow (a cell), + vvyij, the rump.] 
The so-called excretory or anal aperture of 
unicellular animals. Haeckel. 
cytostome (si'to-stom), n. [< Gr. KVTOC, a hol- 
low (a cell), + G-ro/ia, mouth.] The mouth of 
a single-celled animal; the oral aperture or 
orifice of ingestion of unicellular organisms. 
cytostomOUS (si-tos'to-mus), a. [< cytostome 
+ -OMS.] Pertaining to a cytostome. 
cytotheca (si-to-the'ka), re. ; pi. cytotheca! (-se). 
[NL., < Gr. KiiVof, a hollow (thorax), + ftjw?, 
case.] Same as thorucotheca. 
Cytozoa (si-to-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. KVTOC, 
a hollow (a cell), + (<i>ov, animal.] Same as 
Sporozoa or Gregarinida. See the extract. 
With few (if any) exceptions, the falciform young [gre- 
garine or sporozoon] . . . penetrates a cell of some tis- 
sue of its host and there undergoes the first stages of its 
growth (hence called Cytozoa). Encyc. Brit., XIX. 852. 
cyttid (sit'id), n. A fish of the family Cyttidw. 
Cyttidse (sit'i-de), . pi. [NL., < Cyttus + 
-id(K.~\ In Gunther's classification of fishes, a 
family of Acanthopterygii cotto-scombriformes, 
with no bony stay for the preoperculum, an 
elevated body, two indistinct divisions of the 
dorsal fin, and an increased number of verte- 
brae : synonymous with Zenid<e. 
Oyttina (si-ti'na), n.pl. [NL., < Cyttus + -i2.] 
In Gunther's classification of fishes, the third 
group of Scorn bridal. It is characterized by a distinct 
division of the dorsal fin into two, the spinous being less 
developed than the soft part, an elevated body, and very 
small or rudimentary scales. The group was later raised 
to the rank of a family, Cyttidte. 
cyttoid (sit'oid), n. [< Cyttus + -oid.~\ A fish 
of the family Cyttidw. 
Cyttus (sit'us), n. [NL. (Gunther, 1860), < Gr. 
KOTrdf, an unknown fish referred to by Athe- 
naaus in the Deipnosophistse.] A genus of 
scombroid fishes, giving name to the family 
Cyttidce. 
cytula (sit'u-la), n. ; pi. cytula! (-le). [NL., 
dim. of Gr. Kimf, a hollow, a cavity (a cell).] 
In biol., a fertilized egg-cell; an impregnated 
ovum ; the parent cell of any organism, it is 
the ovum of the female, which is fecundated by becoming 
united with the substance of one spermatozoon, or more, 
of the male. 
The parent-cell (cytula), which was formerly regarded 
as merely the fertilized egg-cell, differs very essentially, 
therefore, both in point of form (morphologically), and in 
point of composition (chemically), and lastly also in point 
of vital qualities (physiologically). Its origin is partly 
paternal, partly maternal ; and we need not. therefore, be 
surprised when we see that the child which developes 
from this parent-cell inherits individual qualities from 
both parents. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), I. 182. 
cytulOGOCCUS (sit"u-lo-kok'us), n. [NL., < cy- 
tula, q. v., -I- Gr. KOKKOC, berry. Cf. cytococats.] 
Same as cytococcus. Haeckel. 
cytuloplasm (sit'u-lo-plazm), . [< NL. cytula, 
q. V., + Gr. TrAaa/ui, anything formed, < irJuaoaeiv, 
form, mold.] The protoplasmic substance of a 
cytula or fecundated ovule, resulting from the 
mingling of spermoplasm with ovoplasm. 
cyvar (ke'var), . [W. cyfar, lit. joint plow- 
ing. < cyf, cy, together (= L. com-, co-), + aru, 
plow; cf. ar, plowed land.] A Welsh mea- 
sure of land, from one half to two thirds of an 
acre. 
cyvelin (ke've-lin), . [W. cyfelin, a cubit, half 
a yard, < cyf, cy, together, + elin, elbow : see ell, 
elbow.} A Welsh measure of cloth, equal to 9 
feet. 
Cyzicene (siz'i-sen), a. [< L. Cyzicentis, < Cy- 
zicus, Cyzicum, < Gr. KXof.] Pertaining to 
the ancient Greek city of Cyzicus in Mysia, Asia 
Minor. 
Czechic 
czar, tsar (ziir, tsar), . [Also written some- 
times tsar; prop., according to the Russ. form, 
tsar, but in E. ftrst and still more usually czar; 
= D. czaar = Dan. Sw. czar = Sp. czar, zur = 
Pg. czar, tzar= It. czar, after F. czar, also tsar, 
tzar, through G. tzar, also zar, through OPol. 
czar, < Russ. tsar, more exactly tsari or tsare 
(the first letter being tse, the 23d letter of the 
Russ. alphabet, pron. ts, and the last being erf 
(mute final i or e), the 29th), = Pol. car (pron. 
tsar), formerly spelled czar, = Bohem. Serv. 
Bulg. car (tsar), the name and title of the Em- 
peror of Russia, also applied to the Sultan of 
Turkey; in fuller form Russ. tsttsari, tsesari = 
Pol. cesarz = Bohem. cisarzh = Serv. cesar = 
Croatian cesar = Slov. efsar = OBulg. tse'sari, 
emperor, Cffisar ; derived, prob. through the 
OHG. keisar (MHG. keiser, G. kaiser : see kaiser, 
Caesar), from L. C&sar, emperor, orig. the cog- 
nomen of Caius Julius Ca?sar: see Cwsar, and 
cf. kaiser, with which czar, tsar is ult. identical.] 
1. An emperor; a king; specifically, the com- 
mon title of the Emperor of Russia. In old Ens- 
sian annals the Mongol princes of Russia from the twelfth 
century are called czars ; the first independent Russian 
prince to assume the title was Ivan IV., the Terrible, who 
in 1547 was crowned Czar of Moscow. The title czar, 
though historically equivalent, like its original Caesar, 
to emperor, was not recognized as involving imperial 
rank at the time of its assumption by Ivan ; and Peter 
the Great's assumption of such rank under the title of n/i- 
perator, in addition to that of czar, was long contested by 
other powers. 
2. An article of dress, apparently a cravat, in 
use in the early part of the eighteenth century: 
probably named in compliment to Peter the 
Great, who visited England in 1698. 
czardas (zar'das; Hung. pron. char'dosh), . 
[Hung.] A Hungarian national dance. 
czarevitch, tsarevitch (zar'-, tsiir'e-vich), n. 
[= F. czarowitz, tsarei-itch = G. tzarcwitsch, < 
Russ. tsarevichu (the last two letters being cite 
(cli), the 24th, and erii (silent e) the 27th, of the 
Russ. alphabet), prince, < tsari, emperor: see 
czar, tsar. Another Russ. form is tsesarcvichu, > 
G. Casarewitsch, F. Cesarevitc)i, E. Cesarevitcli or 
Cesarewitcli.'] A Russian prince (imperial): for- 
merly applied to any son of the Emperor of Rus- 
sia, now specifically to the eldest son. Also 
czarewiteJi, tsarewitch, czarowitcli, czarowitz, and 
(in another form) cesttreritch, cesarewitcli. 
czarevna, tsarevna (za-, tsa-rev'na), n. [Russ. 
tsarevna, princess (imperial), < tsari, emperor : 
see czar, tsar. Another Russ. form is tsesarevna, 
> G. Casarewna, F. Cesarerna, E. Cesarertia.] 
A Russian princess (imperial): formerly ap- 
plied to any daughter of the czar, now only to 
the wife of the czarevitch. 
czarina, tsarina (za-, tsa-re'na), n. [= F. 
czarine, tzarine = Sp. czarina, zarina = Pg. 
czarina, tzarina = It. czarina = G. czarin, zarin ; 
< czar, tsar, + fern, term., F. -ine, etc., G. -in. 
The Russ. term is tsaritsa : see czaritsa.] An 
empress of Russia ; the wife of the Czar of Rus- 
sia, or a Russian empress regnant. Also cza- 
ritza, tsaritsa, tzaritea. 
czarisht (za'rish), o. [< czar + -is/i 1 .] Per- 
taining to the Czar of Russia. 
His czariih majesty despatched an express to General 
Goltz with an account of these particulars. 
Tatler, No. 65 
czaritza, tsaritsa (ztU, tsa-rit'za), n. [Also 
tzaritza, < Russ. tsaritsa, empress, < tsari, em- 
peror: see czar, tsar."] Same as czarina. 
czarowitch, czarowitz, . See czarevitch. 
Czech (chek; more accurately, chech), n. [Also 
written Csech, Tsech, Tscliech (prop., according 
to the orig., *Cliekh), < Bohem. (Czech) Chekh 
(the first letter being ch (also written c), pron. 
ch, and the last kh, pron. ch) = Russ. Chekhii 
= Slov. Click = Upper Serbian Chckh, Lower 
Serbian Tsekh (> Hung. Cseh), a Czech.] 1. 
A member of the most westerly branch of the 
great Slavic family of races, the term includ- 
ing the Bohemians, or Czechs proper, the Mo- 
ravians, and the Slovaks. They number nearly 
7,000,000, and live chiefly in Bohemia, Moravia, 
and northern Hungary. 2. The language of 
the Czechs, usually called Bohemian . It is close- 
ly allied to the Polish. See Bohemian, n., 5. 
Czechic (chek'ik), a. and >i. [< Czech + -ic.] 
I. a. Of or belonging to the Czechs. 
To reunite . . . Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Sile- 
sia into one Czechic realm. The Xatiim, XXXVI. 546. 
II. H. Same as Czech, 2. 
