ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
ari agriculture. 
AL Anglo- Latin. 
slg algebra. 
Amer American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist 
appar apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archceol archaeology. 
arith. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
A8 Anglo-Saxon. 
astro! astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus cauBative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
din 11 1. . . : chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch. conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
cranlol cranlology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def. definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
dlfl different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynain dynamics. 
E East. 
E English(u8i<aZ/ymian- 
itvj modern English). 
eccl., cedes ecclesiastical. 
econ. . . . '. economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. I M.I East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng. English. 
engineering. 
entomology. 
Epli Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
. - 1 especially. 
Eth Ethioplc. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol. ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
I. fern feminine. 
F. French (umally mean- 
ing modern French). 
Hem Flemish. 
fort. fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Frieslc. 
fut future. 
O Gennan(u*uoUyman- 
ing New High Oer- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
mil v galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geoL geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth. Gothic (Slcesogothic). 
Or Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist. history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (utuatty 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwite call- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
I. e L. id at, that Is. 
impers Impersonal. 
in 1 1 if . Imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
imnrop Improperly. 
I ml. Indian. 
Ind Indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
Indef. Indefinite. 
Inf. Infinitive. 
Instr Instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr.. int rans Intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG. Low German. 
lichenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit. literature. 
Llth Lithuanian. 
lit In IK lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
in., masc masculine. 
M Middle. 
nindi machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math. mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
Ml. Middle English (other. 
wite called Old Eng- 
lish). 
m;h. mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
in' .1. medicine. 
mensnr mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Mex. Mexican. 
Mi; i Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
niilit. military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., nent neuter. 
K New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
Minn. nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
M. .M i nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
O. Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wite called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old SlavonlcX 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan. Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontoL odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OOaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHO. Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPrnss Old Prussian. 
orig. original, originally. 
oralth ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTent Old Teutonic. 
paleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert. perfect. 
Pers. Persian. 
pen. person. 
persp. perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrography. 
Portuguese. 
hen Phenlcian. 
philoL philology. 
phllos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physlol physiology. 
pl.,plur plural. 
poet poetical 
IK. lit political. 
Pol Polish. 
POM possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr Provencal (umally 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal)i 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present 
I ir . t preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron. pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psyche il. psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
mat, which see. 
refl. reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet. rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
B. Sooth. 
S. Amer South American. 
sc. L. tcilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt, Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp Spanish. 
snbj subjunctive. 
superL superlative. 
surg surgery. 
gnrv surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
MM synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teralol. teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut. Teutonic. 
theat. theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap. therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog typography. 
alt ultimate, ultimately. 
v. verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
v. L intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach. Wallachlan. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoogeog. zoogeography. 
zool. zoology. 
root. sootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
i as In fate, mane, dale. 
as in far, father, guard. 
& as in fall, talk, naught 
a as in ask, fast, ant 
ii as in fare, hair, bear, 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
as in mete, meet, meat, 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
1 as in pin, it, biscuit 
i as in pine, fight, flic, 
o as in not, on, frog. 
o as in note, poke, floor. 
o as in move, spoon, room. 
o as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. 
v, vi). 
u as in pull, book, could. 
ii German u, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
Its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. vii. 
Thus: 
9 as In prelate, courage, captain. 
.- as in ablegate, episcopal. 
B is) ta abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
M as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, Its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short -sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. vll. Tims : 
a as in errant republican. 
e. as in prudent, difference. 
i as In charity, density, 
o as In valor, aotor, idiot 
S as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
u as in nature, feature. 
A mark (~) under the consonants t. d, 
I, : indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
t as In nature, adventure. 
j as in arduous, education. 
g as in leisure. 
t as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
6h as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
rn- ) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rom; 1. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
' read theoretical or alleged; i e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read ,.'.,...?.'. 
