ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
m., dj adjective. 
abbr. abbreviation. 
abL ablative. 
ace. accusative. 
acoom. accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adr adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agrl agriculture. 
AL. Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
A 1 1 1 i American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc. ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor. aortal. 
appar. apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archeeol archeeology. 
arith. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beug Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp. carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
i -mli Catholic. 
caus. causative. 
cerain ceramics. 
ef. L. confer, compare. 
ch. ..church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
ch re 1 1 1 chronology. 
oolloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
oomp composition, com- 
pound. 
com par comparative. 
conch conchology. 
conjunction. 
contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
eranlol craniology. 
cranlom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
K. East 
B. English(u8i/allg/tnan- 
ing moilrni English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
cmbryol embryology. 
Eng. English. 
engln engineering. 
rut i mi entomology. 
Epls Episcopal. 
eqnlv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethioplc. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Kur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f. . fern feminine. 
IF. French (uwally mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort. fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Frieslc. 
fut future. 
German 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol. geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth. Gothic (Mcesogothic). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani 
hist history. 
borol. horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
lev}. Icelandic (utuaUy 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
i. e. L. id Mt, that is. 
tmpers impersonal 
Impf imperfect. 
Impv Imperative. 
improp Improperly. 
Ina Indian. 
Ind. indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
Indef. Indefinite. 
Inf. Infinitive. 
instr Instrumental. 
inter] Interjection. 
Intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
IT. Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol. lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit. literature. 
l.ith Lithuanian. 
llthog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
1. 1.. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf. manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
Mil Middle Dutch. 
MK Middle English (other- 
vnte called Old Eng- 
lish). 
Nile. 
ML. 
mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
.. ..medicine. 
ir mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metapii metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Hex. Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
millt military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
Ml', Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth. mythology. 
n noun. 
n. , neut neuter. 
N. New. 
N. North. 
N. Amer. North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
New High German 
(usually rimply G., 
German). 
New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
immls numismatics. 
O. Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
mte called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog. odontography. 
odonto! odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith. ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
P. a. participial adjective. 
paleon. paleontology. 
part participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert. perfect. 
Per*. Persian. 
pers person. 
persp. perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrography. 
Portuguese. 
enician. 
philol ........... philology. 
philosophy. 
phllos 
phonog 
. 
phonography. 
photog. photography. 
phren. phrenology. 
phya. physical. 
Pj>fiol physiology. 
pl.,plur. plural 
poet poetical 
polit political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss. possessive. 
PP past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (uttially 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref. prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pros. present 
prat preterit 
pri v. privative. 
pro! > probably, probable. 
IT,, n. pronoun. 
pron. pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
pros. prosody. 
Prot Protestant 
prov provincial 
psychoL psychology. 
q. T L. mud (or pi. jva) 
mde, which see. 
reft reflexive. 
rag. regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Boman. 
Rom. Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Buss Russian. 
8. South. 
8. Amer South American. 
sc L. tcilicft, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Ski Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
8p. Spanish. 
rabj subjunctive. 
super! superlative. 
snrg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
yn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
techno! technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic, 
theat, theatrical 
theo! theology. 
therap. therapeut lea. 
toxlcol toxicology. 
tr, trans transitive. 
trip on trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
tjpog typography. 
nit ultimate, ultimately. 
T. Terb. 
rar variant 
et veterinary. 
T. L Intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachlan. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
oogeog zoogeography. 
lool zoology. 
loot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
A as iu fate, mane, dale. 
)i as in far, father, guard. 
& as in fall, talk, naught 
a as in ask, fast, ant 
a as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, mecfc, meat 
G as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit 
i as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 aa in note, poke, floor. 
ii as in move, spoon, room. 
d as in nor, song, off. 
u as In tub, son, blood. 
u as in unite, uciite, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
tx, x). 
u as in pull, book, could. 
u German ii, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as iu pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates Its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
as in prelate, courage, captain. 
I as in ablegate, episcopal 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound Is 
variable to, and In ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican. 
e as in prudent, difference, 
i as in charity, density, 
o as in valor, actor, Idiot 
ii as iu Persia, peninsula. 
Eas In the book, 
as in nature, feature. 
A mark (-) under the consonants f , d, 
f, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, th, zA. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
<J as in arduous, education, 
t as in leisure. 
9 as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
T! i as in then. 
ch as In German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, aa in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mon- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at Its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rom ; I. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; L e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; 1. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate trilh; i. e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
v' read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged; I. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or assorted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
:!il M I ' . 
