due 
This effect is due to the attraction of the sun and moon. 
J. D. Forbes. 
In the mind of the savage every effect is believed to be 
due to a special worker, because special workers have been 
observed to precede effects in a multitude of instances. 
//. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 330. 
That which is most characteristic of us [Americans] is 
unmistakably a political education due to English origin 
and English growth. Stille, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 191. 
6. In law : (a) Owing, irrespective of whether 
the time of payment has arrived: as,- money 
is said to be due to creditors although not 
yet payable. (6) Presently payable; already 
matured: as, a note is said to be due on the 
third day of grace Due and payable, said of a sub- 
sisting debt the time for payment of which has arrived. 
Due notice, due diligence, such as the law requires 
under the circumstances. Due process of law, in 
Amer. const, law, the due course of legal proceedings ac- 
cording to those rules aud forms which have been estab- 
lished for the protection of private rights. Constitutional 
1792 
duffer 
That ducncxK, that debt (as I may call it), that obliga- 
tion, which, according to the law of nature, in a way of 
meetness and comeliness, it was fit for God as a creator to 
deal with a creature. Goodwin, Works, I. ii. 199. 
duel (du'el), n. [= D. Dan. duel = G. Sw. duell, 
< F. duel, < It. duetto = Sp. duelo = Pg. duelfo, 
< ML. duelluin, lit. a combat between two, a 
restored form of L. bellum, OL. duellum, war duenna (du-en'a), n. [Sp., formerly duenna, 
(see bellicose, etc.), < duo = E. two.] 1. A sin- nQW gpelled ^na, vernacular form of dofta, 
gle combat; specifically, a premeditated and migtre | s lady (fem . corresponding to masc. 
prearranged combat between two persons with dugf master don sir ) < L. domina, mistress, 
deadly weapons, and usually in the presence of fem _ ' of dominus master: see dominus, don?, 
at least two witnesses, called seconds, for the donna etc n lp The chief lad in wa i t i ng on 
purpose of deciding a quarrel, avenging an m- the Q ueen of Spain ._ 2 . An elderly woman 
suit, or clearing the honor of one of the com- hold j a mi ddlo station b 
tinguished from a legislative act. They 
to those processes which the American law inherited from 
the English common law, as part of the law of the land 
secured by Magna Charta ; but they may include any new 
form of legal proceeding devised and sanctioned by legis- 
lative act, provided it be consonant with the recognized 
general principles of liberty and justice. 
II. n. 1. That which is owed ; that which is 
required by an obligation of any kind, as by 
contract, by law, or by official, social, or reli- 
gious relations, etc. ; a debt ; an obligation. 
And unto me addoom that is my dew. 
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 56. 
I'll give thee thy due, thou hast paid all there. 
Shale., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2. 
Measuring thy course, fair Stream ! at length I pay 
To my life's neighbour dues of neighbourhood. 
Wordsworth, The Biver Eden, Cumberland. 
For I am but an earthly Muse, 
And owning but a little art, 
To lull with song an aching heart, 
Aud render human love his dues. 
Tennyson, 111 Memoriam, xxxvii. 
Specifically 2. Any toll, tribute, fee, or other 
legal exaction: as, custom-house dues; excise 
dues. 
Men that cleave the soil, 
Sow the seed, and reap tile harvest with enduring toil, 
.Storing yearly little dues of wheat and wine and oil. 
Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters (Choric Song). 
3. Eight ; just title. 
The key of this infernal pit by due . . . 
I keep. Milton, V. L., ii. 850. 
Easter dues. See Easier^. For a full due (naut.), so 
that it need not be done again. 
The stays and then the shrouds are set up for a full 
due. Luce, Seamanship, p. 116. 
Sound dues, a toll or tribute levied by Denmark from 
an early date (it is mentioned as early as 1319) until 1857, 
on merchant vessels passing through the Sound between 
Denmark and Sweden. These dues were an important 
source of revenue for Denmark ; they were sometimes par- 
tially suspended, were regulated by various treaties, and 
continued until abolished for a compensation fixed by 
treaties with the maritime nations. To give the devil 
Ms due. See devil. 
due 1 (du), adv. [< due, a.] Directly; exactly: 
only with reference to the points of the com- 
pass: as, a due east course. 
Due west it rises from this shrubby point. 
Milton, Comus, 1. 306. 
The Danube descends upon the Euxine in a long line 
running due south. De Quincey, Herodotus. 
due 2 t, * [Early mod. E. also dewe; < ME. 
duen, by apheresis from enduen, endewen, en- 
dowen : see endue 2 , endow.] To endue ; endow. 
For Fraunces founded hem [religious orders] nougt to 
faren on that wise, 
Ne Domyuik dued hem neuer swiche drynkers to worthe 
[become]. Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 776. 
This is the latest glory of thy praise, 
That I, thy enemy, due thee withal. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2. 
due-bill (du'bil), n. A brief written acknow- 
ledgment of indebtedness, differing from a 
promissory note in not being payable to or- 
der or transferable by mere indorsement. 
due corde (do'e kdr'de). [It. : due, fern, of duo, 
< L. duo = E. two; corde, pi. of corda, < L. 
chorda, cord, chord : see chord.] Two strings : 
in music, a direction to play the same note si- 
multaneously on two strings of any instrument 
of the violin class. 
due-distant (du'dis"tant), a. Situated at a 
suitable distance. [A nonce-word.] 
A seat, soft spread with furry spoils, prepare ; 
Due-distant, for us both to speak and hear. 
Pope, Odyssey, xix. 
duefult (du'ful), . [Formerly also dewful; < 
duel + -ful.] Fit; becoming. 
But thee, Jove ! no equall Judge I deeme, 
Of my desert, or of my dewfull Right. 
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 35. 
putes The practice was formerly common, but has gener- duenna to forbid your coming more under my lattice ? 
ally been suppressed by adverse public opinion in civilized Sterne, Tristram Shandy, Slawkenbergnis s Tale, 
countries. In England and the United States dueling is 3 A e iderly woman who is employed to 
illegal, death resulting from this cause being regarded as ~V ' *. mvprT , Ps . s . ., 
murder, no matter how fair the combat may have been; guard a younger, a gover 
and the seconds are liable to severe punishment as acces- you are getting so very pretty that you absolutely need 
series. Deliberate dueling is where both parties meet a auenna , Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, ix. 
avowedly with intent to murder. In law the offense of .,-,- .,., r i ft j..tj n . n r> n ^ 
dueling consists in the invitation to fight ; and the crime duet (du-ef ), n. [Also, as It. , duetto; = D. Dan. 
duet = G. Sw. duett = Sp. duf to = Pg. duetto, < 
It. duetto, < duo, < L. duo = E. two.] A musical 
composition either for two voices or for two 
instruments, or for two performers on one in- 
strument, and either with or without accom- 
is complete on the delivery of a challenge. 
They then advanced to fight the duel 
With swords of temper'd steel. 
Sir Hugh le Blond (Child's Ballads, III. 258). 
A certain Saracen . . . challenged the stoutest Christian 
of all the army to a duell. Coryat, Crudities, I. 119. an i men t 
Modern war, with its innumerable rules regulations, ^ etef n ' A Middle English form of duty. 
limitations and refinements, is the Duel of Nations. l> , t s/ T1 ;;i rr t Him nf Jiirttn 
Summer, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1846. duettmO (do-et-te n9), n. [it., dim. Ot auetto, 
A duel is a fighting together of two persons, by previous duet.] A short, unpretentious duet, 
consent, and with deadly weapons, to settle some antece- Ariettas and duettinos succeed each other, 
dent quarrel. 2 Big/top, Cr. L. (7th ed.), 813. Longfellow, Hyperion, p. 329. 
2. Any fight or contest between two parties; duetto (do-et'to), n. [It. : see duet.] A duet, 
especially, a military contest between parties They tnen set O fj m a sor t O f duetto, enumerating 
the advantages of the situation. Scoff, Monastery, xviii. 
due volte (do'e vol'te). [It. : due, fern, of duo, 
< L. duo = E. two; volte, pi. of volta, turn : see 
vault, n.] Two times; twice: a direction in 
musical compositions. 
representing the same arm of the service. 
The Son of God, 
Now entering his great duel, not of arms, 
But to vanquish by wisdom hellish wiles. 
Milton, P. B., i. 174. 
The long-range artillery duels so popular at one time * i / -*.\. * 
in the war. The Century, XXXVI. 104. duff (duf), M. [Another form of dough (with / 
duel (du'el), t..; pret. and pp. dueled, duelled, <ff\ d f* = Caught, dwarf etc.): see 
ppr. dueling <, duelling. [= D duelleren = G. du- *8*.] L - Dough; paste of bread. [Prov 
elliren = Dan. duellere = Sw. duellera; from Eng.] -2. Naut., a stiff flour pudding boiled 
the noun.] I. intrans. To engage in single ina bag or cloth : as, sailors plum duff, 
combat ; fight a duel. 
With the king of France duelled he. 
Metrical llomances, iii. 297. 
The crew . . . are allowed [on Sunday] a pudding, or, 
as it is called, a duf. This is nothing more than flour 
boiled with water, and eaten with molasses. 
Ii. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 19. 
3. Vegetable growth covering forest-ground. 
[Local, U. S.] 
This duf (composed of rotten spruce-trees, cones, nee- 
dles, etc.) has the power of holding water almost equal to 
the sponge, and, when it is thoroughly dry, burns, like 
punk, without a blaze. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 289. 
I have seen the smoke from fires in the du/ even after 
the snow has fallen. 
Rep. of Forest Commission of State of New York, 1886, 
[p. 102. 
4. Fine coal. 
II. trans. To meet and fight in a duel ; over- 
come or kill in a duel. 
Who, single combatant, 
Duell'd their armies rank'd in proud array, 
Himself an army. Milton, S. A., 1. 345. 
He must at length, poor man ! die dully of old age at 
home ; when here he might so fashionably and gentilely, 
long before that time, have been duell'd or flux'd into an- 
other world. South, Works, II. vi. 
The stage on which St. George duelled and killed the 
dragon. Maundrell. 
duelert, duellert (du'el-er), n. A combatant duffar, n. Same as duffer 1 *, duffart. 
in single fight; a duelist. duffart (duf 'art), n. and a. [So., also dowfart, 
You may also see the hope and support of many a flour- <J?/ r ?> < *"# q ' V-> + '"**' """"^ L "' A 
ishing family untimely cut off by a sword of a drunken dull, Stupid tellOW. 
dueller, in vindication of something that he miscalls his U. a. Stupid ; dull ; spiritless. 
honour. South, Works, VI. iii. duff.flay (duf 'da), n. The day on which duff is 
dueling, duelling (du'el-ing), . [Verbal n. of served on board ship ; Sunday. 
duel, v.] The fighting of a duel ; the practice duffel, n. and a. See duffle. 
of fighting duels. duffer 1 (duf'er), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. A 
duelist, duellist (du'el-ist), n. [= D. duellist, < peddler ; specifically, one who sells women's 
F. duelliste = Sp. duelista = Pg. It. duellista ; as clothes. 
duel + -ist.] One who fights in single combat; A class of persons termed "duffers," "packmen," or 
one who practises or promotes the practice of "Scotchmen," and sometimes "tallymen, "traders who go 
rounds with samples of goods, and take orders for goods 
dueling. 
You imagine, perhaps, that a contempt for your own life 
gives you a right to take that of another ; but where, sir, 
is the difference between a duellist who hazards a life of 
no value, and the murderer who acts with greater security ? 
Goldsmith, Vicar. 
duello (du-el'6), m. [< It. duello : see duel.] 1. 
A duel ; a single combat. 
This being well forc'd, and urg'd, may have the power 
To move most gallants to take kicks in time, 
And spurn out the duelloes out o' th' kingdom. 
Fletcher (and another!), Nice Valour, iii. 1. 
2. The art or practice of dueling, or the code 
of laws which regulate it. 
The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have one 
bout with you : he cannot by the duello avoid it. 
Shak., T. N., iii. 4. 
duelsome (du'el-sum), a. [< duel + -some.] In- 
clined or given to dueling ; eager or ready to 
fight duels. [Rare.] 
Incorrigibly duelsome on his own account, he is for oth- 
ers the most acute and peaceable counsellor in the world. 
Thackeray, Paris Sketch-Book, ii. 
duefia (do-a'nya), n. [Sp.] See duenna. 
dueness (du'nes), n. [< duel + - ness .] Fit- 
ness; propriety; due quality. [Bare.] 
, 
afterwards to be delivered, but who, carrying no goods for 
immediate sale, were not within the scope of the existing 
charge, were in 1861 brought within the charge by special 
enactment and rendered liable to duty. These du/crs 
were numerous in Cornwall. 
S. Dou'ell, Hist. Taxation, III. 38. 
2. A hawker of cheap, flashy, and professedly 
smuggled articles; a hawker of sham jewelry. 
[Eng. in both uses.] 
duffer 2 (duf'er), n. [Appar. a var. of duffart, 
q. v.] A stupid, dull, plodding person ; a fogy ; 
a person who only seemingly discharges the 
functions of his position ; a dawdling, useless 
character: as, the board consists entirely of 
old duffers. 
Duffers (if I may use a slang term which has now be- 
come classical, and which has no exact equivalent in Eng- 
lish proper)are generally methodical and old. Fosset cer- 
tainly was a duffer. Hood. 
"And do you get 800 for a small picture?" Mackenzie 
asked severely. "Well, no," Johnny said, with a Imigh, 
" but then I am a duffer." 
W. Black, Princess of Thule, xxv. 
The snob, the cad, the prig, the dufer du Manrier has 
given us a thousand times the portrait of such specialties. 
No one has done the duffer so well. 
U. James, Jr., The Century, XXVI. 55. 
