electorial 
electorial (e-lek-to'ri-al), a. [< elector + -ial.'] 
Same as electoral. [liare.] 
I make nu doubt they ,tln revolution society | wonM 
soon erect tlieiiiM-lveh into an electorial college, it thinn* 
were ripe to give effect to their claim. 
Burke, Rev. in Krance. 
electorship (e-lek'tor-ship), n. [< elector + 
Tne office of uu elector. 
And if the Bavarian Imth male-issue of this young lady, 
the son in to succeed him in the eltcturxhiv. 
/Imtvll, Letters, I. vl. 23. 
Electra (o-lek'trft), n. [L., < Or. 'JU^r/wi, a 
fern. jinijuT naiiio: see 7/rfri.] 1. One of 
the Pleiades, 20 Tauri. 2. FNL.] In cool.: (a) 
A genus of polyps. Lamarck, 1816. (b) A ge- 
nus of lepiuopterous insects. Stephens, 1829. 
(c) A genus of dipterous insects. Loew t 1845. 
(rf) A genus of mollusks. 
electret, . A Middle English form of electron. 
electrepeter (e-lek-trep'e-ter), n. [Incorrect- 
ly formed, appar. meant for *electrotrope, < Or. 
f//.fKTfMv 9 amber (repr. electricity), + Tptiretv, 
turn.] An instrument for changing the direc- 
tion of electric currents. 
electress, n. See electoress. 
electric (o-lek'trik), a. and n. [= F. tlectrique 
= Bp. elcctrico = l j g.electrico = It. elettrico (cf. 
D. G. elektrisch = Dan. Sw. elektrisk), < NL. 
electrietts, < L. electrum, amber (repr. electri- 
city): seee/ecirww. First used by Gilbert, "Vim 
illatn etectricam nobis placet appellare" (De 
Magnete (1600), ii. 2, p. 47).] I. a. [Also elec- 
trical.'] 1 . Containing electricity, or capable of 
exhibiting it when excited by friction : as, an 
electric body, such as amber or glass. 
There Is no need to admit with Carteslus that because 
some electrical bodies are very close and fixed, what they 
emit upon rubbing is not part of their own substance. 
lioyle, Atmospheres of Consistent Bodies (1667). 
2. Pertaining to or consisting in electricity: 
as, electric power; an electric discharge. 
Home substances possess In a very high degree the ca- 
pacity of transmitting the electric power or condition ; 
others possess in a high degree the capacity of intercept- 
ing It. Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 147. 
3. Derived from or produced by electricity: as, 
an electric shock; an electric light. 4. Con- 
veying electricity ; producing electricity ; com- 
municating a shock by electricity : as, an elec- 
tric machine ; electric wires ; the electric eel or 
fish. 
Certain fishes belonging to the genera Torpedo (among 
the Elasmobranchli), Gymnotus, Malapterurus, and Mor- 
myrus (among the Teleostel), possess organs which convert 
nervous energy Into electricity, just as muscles convert 
the same energy into ordinary motion. . . . The nerves of 
the electrical organs proceed from the fifth pair, and from 
the electric lobe of the medulla oblongata, which appears 
to be developed at the origin ." the pneumogaatrics. 
Huxley, Aunt. Vert., p. 54. 
6. Operated by electricity : as, an electric bell ; 
an electric railway. 6. Figuratively, full of 
fire, spirit, or passion, and capable of commu- 
nicating it to others ; magnetic. 
Electric Pindar, quick as fear, 
With race-dust on his cheeks, and clear 
Slant startled eyes. 
Jtfr*. Browning, Vision of Poets. 
Such was the electric vitality of this friend of ours. 
O. n . Curttt, Int. to Cecil Dreeme. 
Dynamo-electric machine. See electric machine, be- 
low. Electric absorption. See residual charge, under 
residual. Electric action, in organ-building, a mecha- 
nism in which the connection between the keyboard 
and the pipes Is made by the help of electricity. Elec- 
tric alarm, any alarm or signaling device controlled or 
operated by a current of electricity. The alarm is sound- 
ed by the closing of the electric circuit, which may be 
effected by a thermostat, a door, a sash, or other device, 
according to the purpose for which the alarm is used. See 
alarm, thertnoxtat, and fire-alarm. Electric annuncia- 
tor, an apparatus by means of which the location of the 
point at which an electric circuit is made or broken is in- 
dicated. A number of electromagnets are connected, each 
with some particular stat i< i, n >< n, or point from which a 
signal may come ; the opening or closing of the circuit at 
any of these points operates the electromagnet to which 
it is joined, bringing into view a number, letter, or word 
indicating the location of the point. An alarm-bell is 
generally rung at the same time Electric apparatus, 
the various machines and appliances necessary fur con- 
ducting electrical experiments, and illustrating the laws of 
electric action.- Electric atmosphere, electric aura. 
see a ra i . - Electric bridge, call- bell, clock, current, 
displacement, eeL egg, fuse, governor, hammer, 
harpOOn. eta see the nouns. Electric field, miy space 
iu Which electric force exists. Electric force, the force 
existing among Itodies charged with electricity. due to 
the existence of the charge. Electric lamp, the con- 
trivance in which the electric light is produced. --Elec- 
tric light, light produced by electricity ; especially, a 
brilliant light for purposes of illumination obtained by 
means of a powerful current of electricity, generated by 
a magneto- or dynamo-electric machine. The light is 
of two general kinds, tlu- nrc-li'tht mid the in<'<tii<lfwnt 
li'fht. In the first the voltaic arc is employed; in the 
second a resisting conductor is rendered incandescent 
by the current. The arc-light (see voltaic arc, under 
1807 
nrcl) in produced when a powerful current pafutes be- 
tween two <;irl">n ejrrtr.idts, at first in contact and 
afterwant separated a short ilistane.-, the ie-ult IKMII^ 
the fornmtirni of the voltaic arc. The light nf the are and 
the glowing cartK>ii'|HiinU has ^rcat intensity, and electric 
lamps nf thin kind are extensive!) tied tor puri>oneHof illu- 
mination, where a iowcrful liyht (l.'Aiu nindl' -p.iuer ,,\ 
upward) can be economically employed. In order to keep 
the carbon electrodes at a constant distance, MO that the 
liyht may lie uniform, some form of regulator is generally 
needed. Commonly an electromagnet, through which the 
current passes, is used for this purpose. As the carbon* 
are slowly consumed the distance between them increase* ; 
the current meets with greater resistance, and is weakened 
accordingly; this in turn weakens the electromagnet, 
which acU less powerfully on fU armature, and thus 
through some mechanical device causes the points to ap- 
proach each other. If they come too near together, the 
strengthened current strengthens the electromagnet, and 
the same contrivance pulls them apart again ; so that 
the current automatically regulates lUelf. In electric can- 
dles this necessity is done away with ; here, as in the Jab- 
lochkoff candle, for example, the carbon pencils are placed 
side by side, separated by someiinmlatingearthysuhfttaMir 
the arc is formed at the top, and 
the candle burns away in a tnuimer 
analogous to that uf an ordinary 
Incandescent Lamp, 
or Glow-lamp. 
a, carbon filament. 
Brush Electric Arc-lamps. 
Frictional Electric Machine. 
A t glass plate; B, rubber, holding amalgam; C. collecting points; 
D, prime conductor. 
cylinder of glass, which is made by means of a handle to 
revolve between stationary cushions whose surfaces are 
covered with amalgam. One form of electricity (positive) 
is generated on the revolving plate, and is taken off by 
combs to a large brass cylinder, called the prim* conduc- 
tor; the other (negative) is generated on the cushions, and 
may also be collected on a conductor, but is generally al- 
lowed to pass off to the earth through a metallic chain. 
The electricity obtained is the equivalent of themechanf- 
cal energy UtMttded in turning the crank, less that which 
through friction i.-* expended in producing useless heat. 
An induction-machine aeta upon the principle of induc- 
tion. Thus, in the Holtz machine no friction is used 
except to charge the armatures. It consists uf a station- 
ary glass plate with two open spaces, or "windows." on 
opposite sides of the center, and of a second glass plate 
electric 
which IR revolved very rapidly In front nf it. On the other 
side of the moVHble plate, HIM! op|nt*ile the * itidows, are 
twoconib connecting with )>raKMconi|iiet<.rHt<iiiliiiK in large 
knobs. On one edge of each window in attached apieceof 
paper, called the armature, and a tongue of pa|K*r protects 
from it into the open space toward th- revolting wheel. 
In the use of the lloltz machine and others of the name 
kind a small initial charge must first ! communicated to 
the armature. By lu-metum this is increased until a 
maximum, depending on the insulating jxjwernf the ma- 
chine and Iu support*, is reached. The electrical energy 
il< \. lojH'd has its equivalent in the work done In over- 
coming alternate attraction and repulsion of the moving 
and fixed parts. The effects of an Induction -machine are 
much more powerful than those of the plate machine, and 
It is less Influenced by dampness in the air. It is cons< 
candle. With these candles alternating currents are em- 
ployed to obviate the difficulty that would otherwise arise 
from the more rapid consumption of the carbon forming 
the positive pole. In an incandescent electric lamp, or 
glow-lamp, the current is made to pass through a strip of 
some substance which, because of its high resistance, be- 
comes highly heated, and hence brilliantly incandescent. 
Practically, the only suitable substance known is carbon, 
which in the form of a thin strip or wire, carefully pre- 
pared for the purpose (for example, from a strip of bam- 
fxx>) and bent in a loop, ia inclosed in a bulb of glass from 
which the air has been exhausted. The vacuum is essen- 
tial to prevent the consumption of the carbon at the high 
temperature to which it is raised. The incandescent light 
is comparable in brilliancy to a good gas-burner, and is 
hencesuitable for general house illumination; it is superior 
to gas In steadiness, and has the great advantage that it 
does not vitiate the air. The current employed has, for 
lamps of ordinary power, much less strength than that 
needed for the arc-light. The clutch-lamp is an arc-lamp 
in which the rod to which the upper carbon ia attached 
is surrounded by an annular clutch, which is raised when 
the circuit is completed, thus establishing the arc. Elec- 
tric log, a ship's log in' which the recording mechanism 
may be stopped by closing an electrical circuit through the 
tow-line when it is necessary to haul the logon board ship. 
Another form of electric log uses the recording mecha- 
nism to close a circuit through the tow-line, and report the 
record of the log on the vessel. See log, Electric ma- 
chine, a machine for generating large quantities of elec- 
tricity. Those commonly used for producing statical elec- 
tricity depend upon either friction or induction for their 
operation. For producing current electricity a magneto- 
electric or dynamo-electric machine is employed. The 
frictional electric machine usually consists of a plate or 
a very useful machine in the physical laUiratory, 
being much used for statical experiments. When a pow- 
erful current of electricity i* required, a magneto-electric 
or dynamo-electric machine driven by a steam- or am- 
eiiL'ine, or by water-jx>wer, is employed. These machines 
dqNM upon the induction which takes place between 
magneU and coils of wire, when their relative positions 
aie <hanged. (See induction.) The distinction between 
the magneto- and dynamo-machine* is that In the former 
a permanent magnet is employed, while ID the Utter IU 
place is taken by aa electromagnet. A simple form of 
the first consists of a large horseshoe magnet, before the 
poles of which two bobbins wound with Insulated copper 
wire and inclosing cores of soft 
iron are made to revolve ; the 
variation in magnetic intensity 
and polarity as these soft iron 
cores alternately approach and 
recede from the poles of the per- 
manent magnet produces in- 
duced currents in the wire of 
the bobbins. These currenU are 
reversed for each half-revolu- 
tion, and hence a machine of 
this type produces an alternat- 
ing current. By the use of a com- 
mutator, however, the current 
may be rectified, so that it passes 
through the connecting wire al- 
ways in the same direction. In 
another form of the machine the 
soft iron core is in the form of a 
ring, about which a number of 
separated coils of insulated wire 
are wound, the ends of which are taken to the central axis. 
This circular armature revolves between the poles of the 
horseshoe magnet, and the result Is the generation of a 
current in one direction in one half of the coils, and In the 
opposite direction In the other half. The current is taken 
off for the ouUlde circuit by means of two metallic brushes 
on each side of the central axis. The magneto-electric 
machine has been displaced for practical use by the dy- 
Armature of Brush Dynamo- 
electric Machine. 
Brush Dynamo-electric Machine. 
nanuvelert rio machine, or dynamo. The dynamo-machines 
In use are of many forms, but all consist essentially of one 
or more large electromagneU(called the field- mag?icti) be- 
tween the poles of which an armature, consisting of a soft 
iron core wound with coils of insulated copper wire, hi made 
to revolve very rapidly by means of an engine. In most of 
them the principle of reduplication is involved that is, 
commencing with a very small amount of rewidual mag- 
netism in the field-magneU, the inductive action between 
them and the revolving armature results in the produc- 
tion of a feeble current tn the coils. Tills current may be 
made to pass through the wire of the stationary magneU, 
strengthening them so that they exert a stronger inductive 
influence on the armature, thus producing a strong cur- 
rent in the colls, which again charges more strongly the 
field -magn eta, and so on until the machine is in full action. 
The charging of the field-magneU is accomplished in dif- 
ferent ways. In some forms of the machine the field- 
magneU are excited by independent current*, produced by 
separate machines ; in other forms (called wn>* dynamo*) 
the current generated in the armature charges the field- 
magnets, and is also 
used for the otiUide 
work, the coils of the 
electromagneU, in 
other words, form- 
ing part of the exter- 
nal circuit; in still 
other forms (called 
hunt di/namot) a 
portion only of the 
current generated 
in the armature Is 
used to charge the 
field-magnets, the 
remainder being 
taken off for the 
practical outside 
work. Many differ- 
ent forms of the 
in ;ii -hine are now In 
use, and they have 
proved an economi- 
cal and convenient Edison's Electric Ma 
