energy 
The work of reform rei|iiireil nil the- fntf[t\fl of his l>ow- 
erful miiul, hacked by thu royal authority. 
rmttttt Fcrd. and Isa., if. f .>. 
4. In the Aristnli/imi /iliilnn., actuality; reali- 
zation ; existence ; tho being no longer in germ 
or in posse, but in lil'o or in cssc: opposed to 
/xiirt'i; jiiilcnci/, or /mteii Utility, rhnt.jintrneryyli 
the state of arijiiuvil Imhit ; .V..-.MK/ <<n:'i-<tii, tho exercise 
of a haliit: one when lie has learned to siiit; is a singer in 
Jirttt eneryy ; when he is singing, he is a singer in tecond 
energy. See act. 
5. A fact of acting or actually being. 
All verbs that are strictly so culled denote energies. 
{ln'-i ' :, Hermes, i. 9. 
6. In rhet., the quality of awakening the imagi- 
nation of the reader or hearer, and bringing tho 
meaning of what is said home to him ; liveliness. 
Who did ever, in French authors, see 
The comprehensive English eneri/.n ' 
RoKominon, On Translated Verse. 
Waller was smooth ; but Dryden taught to join 
The varying verse, the full resounding Hue, 
The long majestic inarch, and energy divine. 
Pope, Imlt. of Horace, II. i. 269. 
7. In physics: (a) Half the sura of the masses 
of the particles of a system each multiplied 
by the square of its velocity ; half the vis viva. 
See vis viva. This sense, introduced by Dr. Thomas 
Young, is now obsolete. It gave rise to the following, 
which was Introduced about 1850 by Sir William Thom- 
son, and is now widely current, (ft) Half the great- 
est value to which the sum of the masses of all 
the particles of a given system each multiplied 
by the square of its velocity, could attain ex- 
cept for friction, viscosity, and other forces de- 
pendent on the velocities of the particles; oth- 
erwise, the amount of work (see work) which a 
given system could perform were it not for re- 
sistance dependent on the velocities. The law of 
eneryy is precisely the principle that these two definitions 
are equivalent. This law applies solely to forces depen- 
dent alone on the relative positions of particles that 
is, to attractions, repulsions, and their resultants. It is 
shown mathematically that, taking any two level or equi- 
potential surfaces (see equipotential) which a particle 
might traverse in its motion, the difference of the squares 
of its velocities as it passed through them would bo thu 
same no matter from what point of space it started, nor 
what might be the direction and velocity of its initial mo- 
tion. Thus, the square of the velocity at any instant could 
bo deduced from that at any other by simply adding or 
subtracting a quantity dependent merely on the positions 
at these instants. In like manner, if a number of parti- 
cles were moving about, subject to mutual attractions and 
repulsions, it is shown in dynamics that if to the sum of 
the masses, each multiplied by the square of its velocity, 
be added a certain quantity dependent only ou the posi- 
tions of the particles at that instant, this last sum would 
remain constant throughout the motion. Of these quan- 
tities, half the mass of a particle into the square of its 
velocity is termed its actual energy, or energy of motion 
that Is, its kinetic activity; while the quantity to be 
added to the sum of the actual energy in order to obtain a 
constant sum is termed the potential energy that is, the 
latent or slumbering activity, or energy of position; the 
constant sum being termed the total energy. The corre- 
sponding general principle of physics Is that the total en- 
ergy of the physical universe is constant ; this is the prin- 
ciple of the persistence or conservation of energy. (See be- 
low.) Examples of actual energy are the energy of sensi- 
ble motion as in a moving cannon-ball, of sound-waves, of 
heat ; of potential energy, the energy of position of a weight 
raised above the earth, of elasticity as in a bent bow, of 
electricity, chemical combination, ete. Potential or po- 
sitional energy and actual or kinetic energy are in in- 
cessant interconversion ; for positional energy implies 
force, or a tendency to motion, as much as kinetic energy 
implies motion or change of position. Thus, in the case 
of a swinging pendulum, the actual energy Is null at the 
turning-points at the extremities of the swing, while the 
potential energy is at its minimum when the center of 
gravity is lowest ; and the oscillation, but for resistances 
(as friction), would continue forever. Another equivalent 
version of the law of energy is as follows : Suppose a sys- 
tem of bodies were moving under the influence of those 
positional forces to which the law exclusively applies, and 
suppose that at any one instant all the particles were to 
strike squarely against elastic surfaces so as to have the 
directions of their motions reversed, but their velocities 
otherwise unaltered ; then the whole series of motions 
would be performed backward, so that the particles would 
again pass through the same positions they had already 
passed through, and in tho same intervals of time, but in 
the reverse order. Thus, a squarely relxmnding cannon- 
ball in vacuo would move backward over the same trajec- 
tory, and with the same velocities, as in its forward motion, 
plunging into the mouth of tho cannon again with exactly 
the velocity with which it had issued. 
The heat which any ray, luminous or nonluminous, is 
competent to generate is the true measure of the energy 
of the ray. Tyndall, Radiation, $ 9. 
The quantity of energy can always be expressed as that 
of a body of a definite muss moving with a definite velocity. 
Clerk Maxmll, Matter and Motion, art xcvii. 
If we multiply half the momentum of every particle of 
a U"dy byits velocity, and add nil the results to K ethe.r, we 
shall get what is called the kinetic enfr.ii/ of the boilv. 
IT. A'. Cli/ord, Lectures. II. a). 
Correlation of energies or offerees, the transformabii 
ityof one form of energy into another. Thus, for example, 
when meehaiih'al < utT^y disappear*, as in friction when 
a railroad-train is stopped at a station, or in percussion 
1927 
when a cannon ball is arrested by a target, some other 
form of energy, chit- fly heat, is produced in its place ; 
mi. i, over, there is a definite numerical relation exist* 
inu between tlif enerny expended and the heat which is 
produced as iu equivalent. (See equivalent.) A water- 
wheel is an arrangement for transforming the energy of 
water into some oilier form of mechanical energy, as for 
sawing wood or grinding corn ; a steam-engine is used to 
transform the potential chemical energy of coal or wood 
and oxygen of the air into mechanical energy, as in a mill ; 
and in a voltaic battery the potential energy of the zinc 
and acid Is transformed into the energy of an electric cur- 
rent, and this in turn may be transformed into light and 
heat, or mechanical motion, or chemical separation (as in 
electroplating). It is found, however, that in every trans- 
formation, while no energy is absolutely lost, a consider- 
able portion is lost as useful or available energy, being 
transformed into useless heat ; further, it can be shown 
that the process which is continually going on is a change 
from a higher type of energy to a lower, as from heat at 
a high temperature to heat at a lower that Is, a degra- 
dation or dissipation of energy. If the change were to 
go on until all bodies were at the same temperature, 
then no work of any kind would be possible. The prin- 
cipal stores of energy on the earth, available for the pur- 
poses necessary to human life and comfort, are : (a) the 
energy of coal, wood, oil, and other combustibles: (b) of 
water in motion, or in an elevated position ; (e) of air in 
motion, as the wind ; (</) the muscular energy of animals. 
To these might bo added tho energy of direct solar radia- 
tion, the energy of the tides, and some others of less im- 
portance. The source of all these forms of energy, except 
that of the tides, Is to be found iu the radiant energy of 
the sun. Energy of recoil, the capacity for work which a 
body has upon a recoil, as a gun when tired.- Energy of 
rotation or translation, the capacity of a body for do- 
Ing work in virtue of its motion of rotation or translation. 
See motion. Extensive energy, the number of different 
cooperating powers which enter into a mental state. The 
phrase is also applied to a kind of elasticity. Radiant 
energy, that form of energy which is emitted by a hot 
body and which is propagated by undulations in the lu- 
mlniferous ether at a rate of about 186,000 miles per sec- 
ond, as the energy sent out by a stove, by the electric arc- 
light, or by the sun. Every body sends out radiant energy, 
whatever its temperature, but as Its temperature rises the 
amount increases, and to the sum of rays before emitted 
are added others of shorter and shorter wave-length. 
When the temperature of a solid body is raised to about 
600' C. it begins to be luminous that is, to radiate rays 
of red light and as it grows hotter it emits rays corre- 
sponding to the successive colors of the spectrum. At 1500 
C. It becomes white-hot that is, radiates all the rays of 
the spectrum. That portion of radiant energy which is 
Incapable of affecting the eye is generally spoken of as 
radiant heat, in distinction from radiant light. See heat, 
light, tpectrum.The law of the conservation of en- 
ergy or of force, the law that, fundamentally speaking, 
there are no forces in nature to which the law of energy 
does not apply ; the principle that the total energy of the 
universe is constant, no energy beiug created or destroyed 
in any of the processes of nature, every gain or loss in one 
form of energy corresponding precisely to a loss or gain in 
some other form or forms. (See correlation of energies.) 
This is the great fundamental principle of modern physics ; 
it was perhaps first enunciated by K. F. Mohr in 1837, 
though several physicists were Independently led to Its 
discovery. Those uniformities of nature which present 
phenomena of irreversible actions such as friction and 
other resistances, the conduction of heat and the phenom- 
ena of the second law of thermodynamics in general, 
chemical reactions, the growth and development of or- 
ganic forms, etc. cannot, according to this doctrine, re- 
sult from the laws of force alone, but are to be account- 
ed as statistical uniformities, due to vast numbers of for- 
tuitously moving molecules. = Syn. 2. Activity, intensity, 
push, stir, zeal. 
enervate (e-ner'vat or en'er-vat), v. t. ; pret. 
and pp. enervated, ppr. enervating. [< L. ener- 
vatus, pp. of enervare, deprive of nerves or 
sinews, weaken: see enerve.] 1. To deprive of 
nerve, force, or strength ; weaken ; render fee- 
ble: as, idleness and voluptuous indulgences 
enervate the body. 
For great empires, while they stand, doenervate and de- 
stroy (lie forces of the natives which they have subdued, 
resting upon their owne protecting forces. 
Bacon, Vicissitude of Things. 
Sheepish softness often enervatei those who are bred like 
fondlings at home. Locke. 
It is the tendency of a tropical climate to rnrrratr a peo- 
ple, anil thus fit them to become the subjects of a despot- 
Ism. Everett, Orations, p. 11. 
2. Figuratively, to deprive of force or applica- 
bility ; render ineffective ; refute. 
Quoth he, it stands me much upon 
T' enervate this objection. 
5. Butler, Hudibras, II. L 706. 
8. To cut the nerves of: as, to enervate a horse. 
Syn. 1. To enfeeble, unnerve, debilitate, paralyze, un- 
string, relax. 
enervate (e-ner'vat or en'er-vat), a. [< L. enrr- 
ratus, pp.:' see the verb.] Weakened; weak; 
enervated. 
The soft enervate Lyre is drown 'd 
In the deep Organ's more majestick Sound. 
Congnte, Hymn to Harmony. 
Without these intervening storms of opposition to ex- 
ercise iiis faculties, lie would become enervate, negligent, 
and presumptuous. Goldsmith, National Concord. 
enervation (en-er-va'shon), w. [= F. enerra- 
tion = Sp. enervation = Pg. enerrayio = It. 
enervazione, < LL. enerratid(n-). < ].,. nun-are, 
enerve: see enerve, enervate.'] The act of en- 
enfeeblement 
ervating, or the state of being enervated; re- 
duction or weakening of strength ; effeminacy. 
This colour of mellority and pre-eminence is a sign of 
enervation and weakness. 
Bacon, Colours of (iood and Evil. 
This day of shameful bodily enervation, when, from one 
end of life to the other, such multitudes never taste the 
sweet weariness that follows accustomed toll. 
Hawthorne, Bllthedale Romance, x. 
enervative (e-ner'va-tiv or en'er-va-tiv), a. [< 
enervate + -ive.] Having power or a tendency 
to enervate ; weakening. [Rare.] 
enervet (e-nerv'), r. t. [= D. enerveren = G. 
eneniren == Dan. enervere = 8w. enervera, < F. 
fnercer = Sp. Pg. enervar = It. enervare, < L. 
enerrare, take out the nerves or sinews, <. ener- 
vis, enervus, without nerves or sinews, < e, out, 
+ nervus, nerve, sinew: see nerve. Ct. ener- 
vate.] To weaken ; enervate. 
Such object hath the power to soften and tame 
Severest temper, smoothe the rugged'st brow, 
Enerve ... at will the manliest, resolutest breast. 
Mill, ni, P. K., li. 166. 
Age has enerv'd her charms so much, 
That fearless all her eyes approach. 
Dortet, Antiquated Coquet. 
enervose (e-ner'vos), a. [< L. enenis, enervus, 
without nerves or sinews (see enerre), + -ose.] 
In hot., without nerves or veins: applied to 
leaves. 
enervous (e-ner'vus), a. [< L. enenis, enervus, 
without nerves or sinews (see enerve), + -ous. 
Ct. enervose.] Without force ; weak: powerless. 
[Rare.] 
They thought their whole party safe ensconced behind 
the sheriffs of London and Middlesex, with their partisans 
of ignoramus ; and that the law was eneretna as to them. 
Staii! Trialt, Stephen College, an. 1081. 
enest, adv. A Middle English form of once. 
eneuch, enough (e-nuch'), a., n., and adv. 
Scotch forms of enough. 
He that has just eneuch may soundly sleep, 
The o'ercome only fashes folk to keep. Raintav. 
enfamet, A Middle English form of infamy. 
Testament of Love. 
en famille (on fa-mely'). [F. : en, in ; famille, 
family.] With one's family ; domestically; at 
home. 
Deluded mortals whom the great 
Choose for companions tete-a-tete, 
Who at their dinners en famille 
Get leave to sit where'er you will. Swift. 
enfaminet, [ME. enfamynen, enfaminien; < 
en- 1 + famine.] I. trans. To make hungry; 
famish. 
II. in trans. To become hungry ; famish. 
His folke forpyned 
Of werynesse, and also enfaiityned. 
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2429. 
enfamisht (en-fam'ish), v. t. [< en- 1 + famish.] 
To famish, 
enfarcet, . t. [Also infarce ; < OF. enfarcir, < 
L. infarcire, infercire, stuff into, stuff, < in, in, 
+ farcire, stuff : see en- 1 and farce, v.] To fill; 
stuff. 
Not with bellies, but with souls, replenished and en- 
farced with celestial meat, ficcon, Potation for Lent, 1. 91. 
enfauncet, n. A Middle English form of infancy. 
enfauntt, > A Middle English form of infant. 
See fount. 
enfavort, enfavourt, v. t. [< e-i + favor, fa- 
tour.] To favor. 
If any shall enfavour me so far as to convince me of any 
error therein, I shall in the second edition . . . return 
him both my thanks and amendment. 
Fuller, Plsgah Sight, I. 
enfeart, < ' [< en-l + feari.] To alarm ; put 
in fear. 
But now a woman's look his hart enfearet. 
T. Hudmn, tr. of Du llartas s Judith, v. 38. 
enfectt, v. t. An obsolete variant of infect. 
enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v. t.: pret. and pp. enfee- 
bled, ppr. enfeebling. [Formerly also infeeble ; 
< ME. enfeblen, < OF. enfeblir, enfebleir, enfieblir, 
enfoiblir (= Pr. enfeblir) (cf . OF. Pr. afeblir), en- 
feeble, < en- + feble, feeble : see en- 1 and fee- 
ble.] To make feeble ; deprive of strength ; re- 
duce the strength or force of ; weaken ; debili- 
tate ; enervate : as, intemperance enfeebles the 
body; long wars enfeeble a state. 
We by syime enfeblen our feith. 
Wi/clif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), I. 94. 
So much hath hell debased, and pain 
Enfeebled me, to what I was in heaven. 
Millon. P. L.. ix. 488. 
Some . . . enfeeble their understandings by sordid and 
brutish business. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living. 
= Syn. Sec list nniler tnermte. 
enfeeblement (eu-fe'bl-ment), n. [< enfeeble 
+ -ment.] The act of enfeebling, or the state 
of being enfeebled ; enervation; weakness. 
