engrave 
engrave 2 ! (en-grav'), t>. t. [< en- 1 + grai:e%. Cf. 
grave 1 , v. t.] To deposit in a grave; bury; in- 
ter; inhume. 
The sixt had charge of them, now being dead, 
In seemly sort their corses to engrave. 
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 42. 
engravement (en-grav'ment) ; . [< engrave 1 + 
-ment.~\ 1. The act of engraving, or the state of 
being engraved. 2f. The work of an engraver; 
an engraving. 
We, . . . beingthe offspringof God, pughtnot to think 
that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, the 
engravement of art and man's device. 
Barrow, Expos, of Decalogue. 
engraver (en-gra'yer), n. One who engraves ; 
especially, an artist who produces ornaments, 
patterns, or representations of objects by 
means of incisions on a hard surface; specifi- 
cally, one who produces such designs with a 
view to the taking from them of impressions 
in printers' ink or other pigment. 
To work all manner of work, of the engraver, and of the 
cunning workman, and of the embroiderer. Ex. xxxv. 35. 
Images are not made in the brain itself, as the pencil of 
a painter or engraver makes the image in the table or 
metal. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 47. 
Engravers' sand-bag, a leather cushion tightly packed 
with sand, used to prop up a copper plate at a convenient 
working angle, or to permit the free movement of a plate or 
wooden block, when fine lines are being engraved upon it. 
engraveryt (en-gra' ver-i), n. [< engrave 1 + 
-ery.~\ The work of an engraver. 
Some handsome engraveries and medals. 
Sir T. Browne, Miscellanies, p. 210. 
engraving (en-gra'ving), . [Verbal n. of en- 
grave 1 ,v\] 1. The act or art of cutting designs, 
inscriptions, etc., on any hard substance, as 
stone, metal, or wood. Many branches of the art, 
as gem-engraving, cameo-cutting, and die-sinking, are of 
great antiquity. 
2. Specifically, the art of forming designs by 
cutting, corrosion by acids, a photographic pro- 
cess, etc., on the surface of metal plates or of 
blocks of wood, etc., for the purpose of taking 
off impressions or prints of the design so formed. 
Wood-engraving appears to have come first into use, the 
earliest dated wood-engraving, representing St. Christo- 
pher, bearing the date of 1423, while the earliest engrav- 
ing worthy of the name from a metal plate was produced 
by Maso Finiguerra, a goldsmith of Florence, in 1452. 
Relief-engraving on wood was, however, in use among the 
Orientals at a far earlier period. In engraving on metal 
the lines or marks which are to appear on the paper are 
sunk into the plate, and before being printed from are filled 
with ink, the rest of the surface being cleaned before the 
impression is taken. On a block of wood the lines for 
impression are left prominent, the blank parts being cut 
away, so that the wooden block serves as a type. Copper 
and steel plates are printed from separately on a press spe- 
cially adapted for this use ; wooden blocks, on the ordi- 
nary pi'inting-press, commonly along with the accompany- 
ing text. The wood generally used for fine engraving is 
box, and the metals commonly employed by engravers are 
copper and steel. Different methods or styles of engrav- 
ing on steel or copper are known as aquatint, etching, 
mezzotint, stipple, line-engraving, etc. 
In facsimile engraving, . . . the drawing is made upon 
the wood with a pen or the point of a brush, generally by 
another person, and all that the engraver does is just to 
hollow all the little areas of wood that are left inkless. 
P. <?. Hamerton, Graphic Arts, p. 413. 
3. That which is engraved, or produced by en- 
graving; an engraved representation, or an 
incised plate or block intended to be printed 
from: as, an engraving on a monument or a 
watch-case ; a steel or a wood engraving. 
With the work of an engraver in stone, like the en- 
gravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones 
with the name of the children of Israel. Ex. xxviii. 11. 
4. An impression taken from an engraved 
plate or block; a print Anaglyptographic en- 
graving, anastatic engraving. See the adjectives. 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing. See bureau. 
Chalk engraving, a form of stipple engraving used to 
imitate drawings made in chalk. The grain of the chalk 
drawing is reproduced by irregular dots of different forms 
and sizes. Copperplate engraving, the art of engrav- 
ing on prepared: plates of copper for pnnting. To the plate 
is given a surface which is perfectly plane and highly pol- 
ished. It is next heated sufficiently to melt wax, with 
which it is then rubbed over, so that when cooled it is 
covered with a white skin, to which the design or drawing 
is transferred. The engraver, with a steel point, follows 
the lines of the drawing, pressing lightly so as to penetrate 
through the wax and line faintly the copper surface be- 
neath. The wax is then melted off, the surface cleaned, 
and the engraving is proceeded with, a burin or graver 
being used to cut the lines, a scraper to remove the slight 
bur raised by the burin, and a burnisher to soften or tone 
down the lines and remove scratches. The engraver uses 
also a woolen rubber and a little olive-oil to clean the face 
of the plate, in order to render the condition of his work 
plainly visible ; and this rubber serves also to polish off 
the burs. Facsimile engraving, engraving on wood, 
in which every line is either drawn on the block or else 
photographed from pen or pencil drawing in reduced size, 
the work of the engraver being to remove the wood from 
between these lines. This is the earliest method of wood- 
engraving, and is called facsimile in contradistinction to 
tint engraving, in which, the drawing being in wash, 
1934 
gauche, or oil paint, the engraver has to invent the lines, 
which he cuts in such a manner as to render when print- 
ed the exact shades of the original drawing a method 
of engraving of comparatively recent origin. Line-en- 
graving, the art, methods, etc., of engraving in incised 
Hues on metal. Modern line-engravers frequently be- 
gin by etching, and complete their work with the dry- 
point and the burin. After the design has been trans- 
ferred to the etching-ground, and the parts to be bitten 
in, such as grass, foliage, sea-waves, and the flowing lines 
of draperies, have been drawn with the needle, all white 
objects, such as drapery, satin, clouds, ice, the light parts 
of water, etc., are stopped out, to preserve them from the 
corroding acid. A ruling-machine, consisting of a straight 
bar of steel with a sliding socket having a perpendicular 
tube containing a diamond-pointed pen attached to its 
side, is used to lay flat tints, such as clear-blue skies, in 
parallel lines, either straight or curved, as the shape of 
the object to be represented may demand. When the 
plate has been bitten in, the ground is removed and the 
unbitten parts are engraved with the burin. This instru- 
ment is handled in various ways, according to the texture 
of the object under treatment, as by cross-hatchings, un- 
dulating or straight lines, dots in lozenge-shaped or square 
spaces formed by the intersection of lines, etc. ; care being 
taken to avoid sameness of stroke, and to give as much 
variety as possible to the necessarily more or less me- 
chanical jiatterns produced by a stiff unyielding instru- 
mei 
gra 1 
fact , 
the impressions are taken. Photo-intaglio engrav- 
ing any process for producing lines on a plate by photog- 
raphy, and subsequently etching them in. Process en- 
graving, a name often given to photographic engraving. 
Also called process. (See also etching, heliotypy, lithogra- 
phy, mezzotint, photo-engraving, photogravure, etc.) 
engreatent (en-gra'tn), v. t. [< en- 1 + great- 
en.] To make great or greater ; augment; ag- 
gravate. 
As sin is grievous in its own nature, so it is much en- 
greatened by the circumstances which attend it. 
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 396. 
engredget, v. t. [ME. engredgen, engreggen., < 
OF. engregier, < ML. "ingraviare for L. ingra- 
vare, make heavy, weigh down, aggravate, < 
in, on, + gratis, heavy. Cf. engrieve, and see 
aggravate, aggrieve, aggredge.] To aggravate ; 
lie heavy on. 
All thise thinges . . . engreggen the conscience. 
Chaucer, Parson's Tale. 
engrievet (en-grev'),. [< ME. engreven, < OF. 
engrever, grieve, aggrieve, < en- + grever, grieve. 
Cf. engredge and aggrieve.] To grieve; pain. 
For yit no thyng engreveth me. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 3444. 
Aches, and hurts, and corns do engrieve either towards 
rain or towards frost Bacon, Nat. Hist. 
engross (en-gros'), v. t. [Formerly also ingross; 
< ME. engrossen, write large, < OF. engrossir, 
engroisser, engrossier, engroissier = Sp. engrosar 
= Pg. engrossar = It. ingrossare, < ML. ingros- 
sare, make large, write large, engross, ingros- 
sari, become large, < L. in- + LL. grossus, thick, 
gross, ML. also large: see gross.] If. To make 
large or larger ; make additions to ; increase in 
bulk or quantity. 
For this they have engrossed and pil'd up 
The canker'd heaps of strange-achieved gold. 
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. 
Not sleeping, to engross his idle body, 
But praying, to enrich his watchful soul. 
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7. 
2f. To make thick or gross ; thicken. 
The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were, 
Engrost with mud. Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 46. 
3. To take in the gross or in bulk; take the 
whole of ; get sole possession of ; absorb com- 
pletely : with or without all. 
Cato . . . misliking greatly the engrossing of offices in 
Rome that one man should haue many at once. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 174. 
If thou engrossest all the griefs as thine, 
Thou robb'st me of a moiety. 
Shak., All's Well, iii. 2. 
Now with my friend I desire not to share or participate, 
but to engross his sorrows. 
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 5. 
These negroes, in fact, like the monks of the dark ages, 
engross all the knowledge of the place, . . . being in- 
finitely more adventurous and more knowing than their 
masters. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 99. 
Specifically 4. To monopolize the supply of, 
or the supplies in ; get entire possession or con- 
trol of, for the purpose of raising prices and 
enhancing profits : as, to engross the importa- 
tions of tea ; to engross the market for wheat. 
Some by engrossing of looms into their hands, and let- 
ting them out at such unreasonable rents. 
Act of Philip and Mary, quoted in English Gilds 
[(E. E. T. S.), Int., p. clxiii. 
What your people had you haue ingrossed, forbidding 
them our trade. 
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 207. 
5. To occupy wholly ; take up or employ en- 
tirely, to the exclusion of other things : as, busi- 
ness engrosses his attention or thoughts ; to be 
engrossed in study. 
Engyschistae 
Barakat, excited by this tale, became engrossed with the 
desire of slaying his own father, whom he was made to be- 
lieve to be his father's murderer. 
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 122. 
6. To write out in a fair large hand or in a for- 
mal or prescribed manner for preservation, as a 
public document or record. The engrossing of docu- 
ments was formerly executed in England, and for some 
purposes till a late period, in a peculiar hand, called the 
engrossing-hand, derived from the ancient court-hand, 
nearly illegible to all but experts. The engrossing-hand 
of the present day is a fair round hand, purposely made 
as legible as possible. The engrossing of testimonials and 
other commemorative documents is often a work of much 
art involving the employment of ornamental characters 
of various forms, and sometimes also of elaborate adorn- 
ment, and a studied arrangement for effective display. 
That the actes of the yelde and of other yelds precedents 
shullen be enacted and engrossed in a quayer of parchemyn. 
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 379. 
Jack had provided a fair copy of his father's will, en- 
grossed in form upon a large skin of parchment. 
Swift, Tale of a Tub, xi. 
= Syn. 3 and 4. Sunllow up, Engulf, etc. (see absorb) ; to 
lay hold of, monopolize. 
engrosser (en-gro'ser), n. 1. One who takes, 
or gets control of, the whole ; a monopolizer ; 
specifically, a monopolizer of commodities or a 
commodity of trade or business. 
A new sort- of engrossers, or forestallers, having the 
feeding and supplying this numerous body of workmen 
in the woollen manufactures out of their warehouses, set 
the price upon the poor landholder. Locke. 
Lord Bolingbroke tells us, that "we have lost the spirit 
of our Constitution ; and therefore we bear, from little 
engrossers of delegated power, that which our fathers would 
not have suffered from true proprietors of the Royal au- 
thority." V. Knox, Essays, cxix. 
2. One who copies a writing in large fair char- 
acters, or in an ornamental manner. 
engrossing-hand (en-gro'sing-hand), n. The 
handwriting employed in engrossing. See en- 
gross, 6. 
engrossment (en-gros'ment), n. [< engross + 
-ment.] 1. The act of engrossing; the appro- 
priation of things in large or undue quantities; 
exorbitant acquisition. SliaJc., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. 
2. The act of copying out in large fair or 
ornamental characters : as, the engrossment of a 
deed, or of a testimonial. 3. The copy of an 
instrument or writing made in large fair char- 
acters. 
Which clause, being approved by all parties, was in the 
king's presence entered in the bill that his majesty had 
signed ; and being afterwards added to the engrossment, 
it was again thus reformed. Clarendon, Life, II. 49&. 
4. The state of being engrossed or entirely 
occupied about something, to the exclusion of 
other things ; appropriation ; absorption. 
In the engrossment of her own ardent and devoted love. 
Sulwer. 
engrossure (en-gros'nr), n. [< engross + -ure.] 
Same as engrossment, "4. 
Engrossure in his work. Missionary Rev., IX. 278. 
enguardt (en-gard'), v. t, [< OF. engarder,< 
en- + garder, guard : see en- 1 and guard.] To 
guard; defend. 
A hundred knights ! Yes, that on every dream, 
Each buz, each fancy, each complaint, dislike, 
He may enguard his dotage with their powers, 
And hold our lives in mercy. Shak., Lear, I. 4. 
enguich6 (on-ge-sha'), a. [F., < OF. etiguiche, < 
en- + guiclte^ a handle of a shield, buckler, etc.] 
In her., having a rim around the mouth: said 
of a hunting-horn used as a bearing, and used 
only when the rim is of a different tincture from 
the rest of the horn. 
engulf, ingulf (en-, in-gulf'), v. t. [< OF. en- 
golfer, engulf (= Sp. Pg. engolfar, get into 
narrow sea-room, refl. plunge into a business, 
= It. ingolfare, engulf), < L. in + ML. golfus, 
gulfus (OF. golfe, etc.), gulf: see gulf.] 1. To 
swallow up in or as in a gulf or whirlpool; 
overwhelm by swallowing or submerging. 
You begin to believe that the hat was invented for the 
sole purpose of ingulfing coppers, and that its highest 
type is the great Triregno itself, into which the pence of 
Peter rattle. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 310. 
2. To cast into or as into a gulf. 
If we adjoin to the lords, whether they prevail or not, 
we engulf ourselves into assured danger. Uayward. 
engulfment, ingulfment (en-, in-gulf 'ment), . 
[< engulf, ingulf, + -ment.] The act of engulf- 
ing, or the state of being engulfed. 
The formation of the crevasses was violent, accompanied 
by an explo&ive noise ; and, where they traversed villages, 
escape from iiwutftnent was by no means easy. 
Science, V. 351. 
engynt, engynet, " Obsolete variants of engine. 
Engyschistae (en-jis-kis'te), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
eyyrf, near (with ref. to narrowness), + a^tar6(, 
verbal adj. of ax'&w, cleave.] In Gunther's 
