envier 
To pursue what is right amidst all the persecutions of 
surrounding earners, dunces, and detractors. 
V. Knox, Essays, Ixxxix. 
1958 
When I call back this oath, 
The pains of hell environ me. 
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, ii. 1. 
envy 
Its opulence was an object it could not conceal from environment (en-vi'ron-ment), . K F. Cl 
I. V Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 361. rOHnement , < environner, surround : see envii .. - 
envinet. v. t. [ME. envinen, envynen, < OF. en- and -ment.] 1. The act of environing or sur- envoyl; < F. envoyi (= Sp. Pg. enviado = It. 
viner, F. enviner, < en- + vin, < L. vimim, wine : rounding, or the state of being environed. 2. inviato), a messenger, envoy, lit. one sent, pp. 
Lor. [Sets his foot on Alonzo's breast.] 
Alon. Long since 
looked for this I'envoy. 
cw ,,j_ Massinger, Bashful Lover, v. 1. 
environ envoy 2 (en'voi), n. 
[In form assimilated to 
see wine.] To furnish or store with wine. 
A bettre envyned man was nowher noou. 
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 342. 
envious (en'vi-us), a. [< ME. envious, envyose, 
envius, < OF. envios, envieus, F. envieux = Pr. 
inveios, envios = Sp. envidioso = Pg. invejoso = 
It. invidioso, < L. invidiosus, envious, exciting 
envy, invidious, < invidia, envy: see envyl, n. 
Cf . invidious, a doublet of envious.] 1 . Feeling 
or disposed to feel envy. 
Claudas was a noble knyght and a sure and moche and 
stronge, but he was euer envionse a-gein alle tho that 
were a-bove hym. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iii. 889. 
Be not thou envious against evil men. Prov. xxiv. 1. 
For him in vain the envious seasons roll 
Who bears eternal summer in his soul. 
0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, vii. 
2. Tinctured with envy; manifesting or ex- 
pressing envy: as, an envious disposition; an 
envious attack; an envious tongue. 
Cesar and Pompey of martialle wodnesse, 
By theyr enuyose compassyd cruelte, 
Twene Germany and Affrik was gret enmyte. 
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 28. 
Then down together hands they shook, 
Without any envious sign. 
Duel of Wharton and Stuart (Child's Ballads, VIII. 261). 
3f. Calculated to inspire envy; enviable. 
He to him lept, and that same envious gage 
Of victors glory from him snatcht away. 
Spenser, f. Q., I. lv. 39. 
4t. Jealous ; watchful ; exceedingly careful. 
That which environs; the aggregate of sur- 
rounding things or conditions. 
It is, however, in the insect world that this principle of 
the adaptation of animals to their environment is most 
fully and strikingly developed. 
A. B.. Wallace, Nat. Select., p. 66. 
The step which distinguishes, so far as it can be distin- 
guished, the animal kingdom from the vegetable one, 
takes place when, relatively to the needs of the organism, 
the environment is heterogeneous both in Time and Space. 
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., 151. 
Conditions of environment, in Mol., the sum of the 
agencies and influences which affect an organism from 
without ; the totality of the extrinsic conditioning to 
which an organism is subjected, as opposed to its own in- 
trinsic forces, and therefore as modifying its inherent ten- 
dencies, and as a factor in determining the final result of 
organization. It is an expression much used in connection 
with modern theories of evolution in explaining that at a 
given moment a given organism is the resultant of both in- 
trinsic and extrinsic forces, the latter being its condition* 
of environment and the former its inherited conditions. 
environmental 
vironment + 
environment; environing; surrounding: as 
environmental influences. 
of envoyer, send : see envoy 1 .'] One despatched 
upon an errand or a mission ; a messenger; spe- 
cifically, a person deputed by a ruler or gov- 
ernment to negotiate a treaty, or transact other 
business, with a foreign ruler or government. 
Formerly the word was usually applied to a public min- 
ister sent on a special occasion or for one particular pur- 
puse; hence an envoy was distinguished from an ambas- 
sador, or permanent resident at a foreign court, and was 
of inferior rank. 
The Castilian envoy, Don Lnis Carroz, was not present 
at Mechlin, but it [the treaty] was ratified and solemnly 
sworn to by him, on behalf of his sovereign, in London, 
April 18th. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 23, note. 
Henry [II. ] received the envoys, and sent them back with 
ambassadors of his own and large presents. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 124. 
Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, 
in diplomacy, the full title of a minister of the second 
grade resident in a foreign country, next in dignity to an 
ambassador. =Syn. See ambassador, 1. 
;al (en-vi-ron-men'tal), a. [< en- envoyset, . t. [ME. envoysen, < OF. envoisier, 
-al.] Having the character of an envoysier, enveisier, envisier, amuse, divert, en- 
tertain.] To amuse ; entertain. 
After soper whan the clothes weren vp thei enuoysed 
the worthi knyghtes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 463. 
In analyzing the popular generalization that "like be- 
gets like," it may eventually be shown how much of that enVOVShip (en'voi-ship), n. f< envoy 2 + -ship.'] 
likeness may be due to the hammering of the same en- "" - 
environmentally (en-vi-ron-men'tal-i), adv. 
By means of the environment or aggregate of n ifS"l evcM ' mea ^ b P; f nmdM = P 8- tm $ a 
surroundine thines or conditions. = Tt : ***?{? env y> odm . m > < L - Avidia, hatred or 
ill will felt by a person, jealousy, envy, or hatred 
surrounding things or conditions. 
Environmentally-miti&teil Sensations are classified ac- 
lv mod. E. also envie ; < 
envy, envye, envie, < OF. envie, F. envie = 
eveia, evea = Sp. envidia = Pg. inveja 
cordini 
arouse' 
As keen dogs keep sheep in cotes or folds of hurdles bound 
ach of air, "^falHha^t .moves, environs (en-vi'ronz or en'vi-ronz), n. 
No men are so envious of their health. Jer. Taylor. 
= Svn. See invidious. 
enviously (en'vi-us-li), adv. In an envious man- 
ner; with envy; with malignity excited by the 
excellence or prosperity of another; spitefully. 
How enviously the ladies look 
When they surprise me at my book ! Swift. 
enviqusness (en'vi-us-nes), n. The state or 
quality of being envious. Bailey, 1727. 
enviret, v. t. [ME. enviren, enveren, < OF. en- 
virer, turn back, turn, < en- + virer, turn: see 
veer. Cf. environ.] To surround; environ. 
Of the Holy Gost rounde aboute envirid. 
Lydgate. (Halliwell.) 
Myne armez are of ancestrye enveryde with lordez, 
And has in banere bene borne sene syr Brut tyme. 
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1694. 
environt, adv. [ME. environ, enviromi, envyroun 
(usually joined with aboute, about), < OF. envi- 
ron, F. environ (= Pr. environ, enviro, eviron), 
around, about, < en, in, + viron, a turn (also 
used as an adv., equiv. to environ), < vironner, 
turn, veer, < virer, turn, veer : see veer.] About ; 
around. 
A compas enviroun. Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 300. 
The erthe is fulle large and fullo gret, and holt in round- 
Hesse and aboute envyroun, be aboven and be benethen 
20425 miles. Mandeville, Travels, p. 186. 
And he kepte right wele the Citee and the contre envi- 
g to the nature of the agent by which they are or ^} ^11 felt toward a person, odium, unpop- 
, .. __ n. pi. 
F. environs, pi., < environ, adv., around.] Places 
Mind, IX". 338. ularity. < invidus, having hatred or ill will, en- 
vious, < invidere, hate, envy, look at with ill will, 
orig. look askance at, cast an evil eye upon, < in, 
lying circumjacent; surrounding parts or local- upon, + videre, see: seeyision, etc.] 1. Afeel- 
ing of uneasiness, mortification, or discontent 
excited by the contemplation of another's su- 
periority, prosperity, or success, accompanied 
with some degree of enmity or malignity, and 
ities : as, the environs of a city or town. 
Small streams, brought from the Cydnus, traverse the 
environs. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 233. 
envisage (en-viz'aj), v. t.; pret. and pp. en- 
visaged, ppr. envisaging. [< F. envisager, < en, in, 
+ visage, visage: see visage.] To look in the 
face of ; face ; view ; regard ; hence, to appre- 
hend directly; perceive by intuition: some- 
times, as a term of philosophy, equivalent to 
intuit. 
To bear all naked truths, 
And to envisage circumstance, all calm, 
That is the top of sovereignty. 
Keats, Hyperion, ii. 
Nature, to the Buddhist, ... is envisaged as a nexus 
of laws, which reward and punish impartially both obe- 
dience and disobedience. 
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, i. 7. 
We can only affirm and mentally envisage the one [idea] 
by denying and suppressing the representation of the 
other ; and yet we have to strive to predicate both, and to 
embody them together in the same mental image. 
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit, XX. 69. 
envisagement (en-viz'aj-ment), n. [< F. en- 
visagement; as envisage' + -ment.] The act of 
envisaging; view; apprehension: as a term of 
philosophy, equivalent to intuition (which see). 
In the Schoolmen, likewise, Platonizing Christianity 
rises to an envisagement of its significance and function. 
ran, that noon that cutred ne myght but iitill rTmysdoT Jour. Spec. Philos., XIX. 49. 
Merlin (E. E. T. s.), ii. 179. envoit, '* An obsolete form of envoy 1 . 
envolume (en-vol'um), v. t. ; pret. and pp. en- 
volumed, ppr. envoluming. [< era- 1 + volume.'] 
To form into or incorporate with a volume. 
[Bare.] 
A Middle English form of en- 
Lord Godfrey's eye three times environ goes. 
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, ii. 80. 
environ (eu-vi'ron), v. t. [< ME. environen, en- 
virounen, environnen, envyronen, enveronnen, < t 
OF. em'iruner, environner, F. environner (= Pr. envolupet, v. t. 
environar), surround, < environ, around: see en- velop. 
viron, adv.] 1. To surround; encompass; en- envoy 1 t (en-voi'), v. t. 
circle ; hem in. 
Thei be-hilde the town that was right feire, and well 
sette in feire contrey and holsom air, ffor the town was 
envyroned a-boute with the wode and the river. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 546. 
Methought, a legion of foul fiends 
Environ'd me, and howled in mine ears. 
[ME. envoyen, < OF. en- 
voyer, envoier, earlier enveier, envier, entveier, 
F. envoyer, send, = Pr. Sp. Pg. enviar = It. in- 
viare, < L. in, in, upon (or, as to OF. ent-, < L. 
inde, thence, away), + via, way (> L. viare,> 
OF. veier, voyer, travel) : see via, voyage.] To 
in umie ears send. Lydgate. (Halliwell.) 
SAa*" 1 RichT'iii. ) i. 4 envoy 1 (en-voi'), . [< ME. envoye, envoy, < OF. 
" envoi, a message, a sending, the post- 
., . ., . . 
She was environed on every point of her territory by her envo !/j F. e 
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., vii. script to a poem, < envoyer, send : see envoy 1 
2f. To go about ; pass around ; traverse the cir- 
cuit of. 
To envyrone that holy Lend with his blessede Feet. 
Mandeville, Travels, p. 1. 
3. Figuratively, to hedge about ; involve ; en- 
velop: as, the undertaking was environed with 
difficulties. 
A good sherris-sack . . . ascends me into the brain 
dries me there all the foolish, and dull, and crudy vapours 
which environ it. Shak., 2 Hen. IV iv 3 
t>. Cf. invoice.] 1. Formerly, and sometimes 
still archaically, a postscript to a composition, 
particularly a ballade or other sentimental 
poem, to enforce or recommend it. it sometimes 
served as a dedication. As a title it was often, and is still 
occasionally, written with the French article, I'envoy or 
I envoi (len-voi'). 
The Blind Minstrel is a vigorous versifier. ... As a 
specimen of his graver style we may give his envoy or con- 
cluding lines. Craik, Eng. Lit., I. 390. 
2. Figuratively, termination; end. 
often or usually with a desire or an effort to dis- 
comfit or mortify the person envied: usually 
followed by of. 
Ffor thei diden so well, that the knyghtes of the rounde 
table ther-of hadde envye. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 455. 
All the conspirators, save only he, 
Did that they did in envy of great < '.vsar. 
Shak., J. C., Y. 5. 
Envy is an uneasiness of mind caused by the considera- 
tion of a good we desire, obtained by one we think should 
not have had it before us. 
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xx. 18. 
Base envy withers at another's joy, 
And hates that excellence it cannot reach. 
Thomson, Spring, 1. 283. 
My punctuality, industry, and accuracy fixed his dislike, 
and gave it the high flavor and poignant relish of envy. 
Charlotte Bronte, The Professor, lv. 
2f. Hatred ; ill will ; malice. 
You turn the good we offer into envy. 
Shak., Hen. VIII., ill. 1. 
I am justly payed, 
That might have made by profit of his service, 
But by mistaking, have drawn on his envy. 
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, ii. 2. 
3f. Public odium ; ill repute. 
To discharge the king of the envy of that opinion. 
Bacon. 
Lucius Bestia, 
The tribune, is provided of a speech, 
To lay the envy of the war on Cicero. 
B. Jonson, Catiline, iv. 5. 
4. An object of envy. 
This constitution in former days used to be the envy of 
the world. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. 
= Syn. 1. Jealousy, Envy. Jealousy is the malign feeling 
which is often had toward a rival, or possible rival for the 
possession of that which we greatly desire, as in love or 
ambition. Envy is a similar feeling toward one, whether 
rival or not, who already possesses that which we greatly 
desire. Jealousy is enmity prompted by fear; envy is 
enmity prompted by covetousness. 
Jealousy is never satisfied with anything short of an 
omniscience that would detect the subtlest fold of the 
heart. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 2. 
Envy is only a malignant, selfish hunger, casting its evil 
eye on the elevation or supposed happiness of others. 
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 81. 
envy 1 (en'vi), v. ; pret. and pp. envied, ppr. en- 
vying. [Early mod. E. also envie; < ME. en- 
vyen, envien, < OF. envier, anvier, F. envier, envy, 
long for, desire, = Pr. enveiar = Sp. envidiar = 
Pg. invejur=It.invidiare, envy; from the noun.] 
I. trans. 1. To regard with envy; look upon as 
the possessor of what is wanting in or to one's 
self, with a longing for it, and either with or 
