epithalamy 
epithalamyt (ep-i-thal'a-mi), . Same as epi- 
tliii/iniiiiiiii. 
Those [rcj . l.'brale marriages were called 
son^-t nnptiall, oi' I -'.iiitlxii'inn, *, hut in :i eertaine misti- 
call souse. J'liili-ii/niiii, Artcnt KM.. roc.ic., p. 37. 
Sanetvm-Sanctoiun is thy Son- if SOURS, . . . 
WhlTl' Hum (ll'-vnt'-d ) ll<,-,[ lllvillcly gillg 
Chri-t s and In, I In i' In s k'/iitli'il'iinii. 
Sylvtt rr.tr. of l)u liartoa's Weeks, ii., 'I In- Ma-uitlcence. 
epithalline (ep-i-thul'in), a. [< 
-iiii 1 -.] Iii fri/i>/<><i<tntic ho/., .situated or grow- 
ing upon the thallus: applied to various out- 
growths or protuberances, as tubercles, squa- 
mnles, etc., "ii :i lichen thallus. 
epithallns (op-i-thal'us), n. [NL.. < Gr. i-i, 
on, + tfa/Uof, a branch.] In some lichens, the 
amorphous upper crust of the cortical layer. 
epitheca (ep-i-t lie/kit), .; pi. epithtcce (-se). 
[NL. (cf. Gr. cinftjKtfJ an addition, increase), < 
Or. eiri, upon, + 0>/Kri, a case: see theca.] 1. In 
2067., a continuous external layer investing 
and surrounding the thecte of certain corals. 
It Is lln' external iniliilltinn of talnihe, and Is well seen 
iu the T\ibii>orir, or organ-pipe. corals. It is a secondary 
runs invi ^1 merit. probably a tegumentary secretion, 
very conn in inly developed both in simple nnil In compound 
corals. In the former it is placed outside tint proper wall. 
I., which it ni:iy lie closely applied, or separated hy the 
eostie. It may be very thin or quite ilense, and in the lat- 
in- case it Is developed at the expense of the proper wall, 
which is then often indistinguishable. In compound corals 
it is nut unusual to tlnd a well-formed epitheca inclosing 
the whole corallum tielow, while each Individual eoralllte 
has Its own wall. See tabula. 
2. [rYip.] In entoin., a genus of neuropterous 
insects, of the family Libellulido!, or dragon- 
flies. 
epithecal (ep-i-the'kal), a. [< epitheca + -al.] 
Pertaining to an epitheca. 
epithecate (ep-i-the'kat), n. [< epitheca + 
-a it- 1 .] I'rovided with an epitheca, as a coral. 
epithecium (ep-i-tho'si-um), n. ; pi. epithccin 
(-a). [NL., < Gr. em, upon, + (%?, a case: see 
tli'iea, and cf. epitheca.] The surface of the 
fruiting disk in discocarpous lichens and dis- 
comycetous fungi. 
Epithelaria (ep'i-the-la'ri-S), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. irri, upon,+ ft/X;}, nipple, teat, + -aria, neut. 
pi. of -aritts : see -ary 1 .] A prime division of 
the grade Ca-Ientera, including all the coelen- 
terates excepting the sponges, which are dis- 
tinguished as Mesodcrmulia. Also called Nema- 
toimora, Cnidaria, and Telifcra. B. ron Lenden- 
felrt. 
epithelarian (ep*i-the-la'ri-an), a. and n. [< 
r'l>itliclariu + -an.] I. Pertaining to or bav- 
in;* the characters of the Epithcluria. 
II. n. A member of the Epithelaria. 
epithelial (ep-i-the'li-al), a. [< epithelium + 
-ill.] Pertaiiiing to epithelium, in any sense; 
constituting or consisting of epithelium: as, 
epithelial cells; epithelial tissue. 
Cells placed side by side, and forming one or more layers 
which invest the surface of the body or the walls of the 
Internal spaces, are called epithelial. Epithelial tissue, 
then, consists simply of cells. 
Oegenlmur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 21. 
epithelicell (ep-i-the'li-sel), n. [< NL. epi- 
thelium + fdlit, cell.] An epithelial cell; the 
form-element of epithelium or of epithelial tis- 
sue. Com x. 
epithelioid (ep-i-the'li-oid), a. [< epithelium + 
oiil.} Resembling epithelium. 
The t'pithrUonl tuhes formed in the two halves of the 
heart remain for some time separate. 
M. Putter, Emhryology, p. 88. 
epithelioma (ep-i-the-li-6'mii), ii. ; pi f 1'itli, - 
Itoiinttii (-ina-tii). [NL., < 1'iiithflinm + -omit.] 
In pntliol., carcinoma of the skin or mucous 
membrane. 
epitheliomatous (ep-i-the-H-ora'a-tus), a. [< 
tfiUMiom(t-) + -mix.] Pertaining to or of the 
iKiture of epithelioma. 
epithelium (op-i-the'li-um), M. [NL., orig. 
used to designate the outer layer of the iu- 
trt;uinent of the lips, which covers the papil- 
1; < Gr. tTi, upon, + (h/ty, the nipple, teat, < 66- 
etv, suckle.] 1. In mint., the superficial layer 
of cells of mucous membranes, covering the 
connect ivc-t issue layer, corresponding to the 
epidermis of the outer skin and continuous with 
it at the mouth and other natural openings. 
The usti:il nicanini; of the word, however, is somewhat 
wider than this, and includes all tissues similar in struc- 
ture to the above. It embraces the proper tissue of se- 
cictiiiK elands. whether derived from the hypoblast, as in 
tli" case of the gastric and intestinal plamls. the liver and 
the p inrreas, or from the epiblast, ns In the case of the 
sudoriparous. sebaceous, and mammary glands, or from 
the mesolil.ist, as in the case of I lie killings, ovaries, and 
it is applied, mi in-over, totheepcndvmaof thecere- 
oroeplna] ventri "iilai . miiii s ami t,, the epidermis itself. 
V\ ith what seems a distinct widening of its meaning, the 
1077 
term la not Infrequently employed to designate the endo- 
thchum of blood- and hinph rtiannels and of serous mem- 
branes. The epithelium in thus the covering of all free 
surfaces, mucous, external, and even serous, and forms the 
glands and other organs derived from these coverings. 
Epithelial tissue consists of cells, usually compactly set; 
the nuclei are usually distinct, with an intranuclear net- 
work and nucleoli. The intercellular substance is scanty, 
often inappreciable, and is culled cement. It contains no 
blood-vessels or lymphatics, but nerve nnrils extend into 
it. The epithelial tissue, forming the outermost cover- 
ing of free surfaces, is favorably situated for performing 
protective and secreting functions. The protective fiinc- 
tlon Is not only exhibited by the general layer of easily 
replaced cells coating the mucous membrane and outer 
akin, but in the latter case by a peculiar tendency to 
form keratin, and this results in a quite impervious outer 
horny layer, which guards against minor violence, the 
absorption of deleterious substances, and the invasion of 
pathogenic bacteria, as well as In the development of 
such especial means of protection as scales and feathers, 
hair and nails. This chemical feature of that epithelium 
which is especially devoted to protection, the production 
of keratin, can be matched by no single peculiarity on the 
part of the secretory epithelium : (or that must respond 
equally whether it Is called upon to eliminate waste pro- 
ducts, or to elaborate digestive ferments, or to manufac- 
ture milk. It Is probable that some of the cells lining 
the digestive tract have an active absorptive function with 
reference to the products of digestion, and that they select 
and take up certain substances from the intestine, and 
after more or less elaboration pass them on to the blood- 
or lymph-channels. This forms a kind of inverted secre- 
tion. The epithelial cells of secreting glands are, In part 
at least, under the direct control of the nervous system. 
Whether epithelial cells having a purely protective func- 
tion are, as regards their nutrition, under similar control is 
still a question. See cuts under jfalpighian and villus. 
The epithelium is the epidermis of the mucous mem- 
brane. Wilson, Anat. (1847), p. 540. 
2. In ornith., specifically, the dense, tough cu- 
ticular lining of the gizzard. It is sometimes 
even bony, and sometimes deciduous. 3. In 
bot., a delicate layer of cells lining the inter- 
nal cavities of certain organs, as the young 
ovary, etc. : also applied to the thin epidermis 
of petals Ciliated epithelium, any variety of true 
epithelium the cells of which are individually furnished 
on their free surface with cilia. The cells are usually 
of columnar form, packed closely side by side, with the 
cilia on their exposed ends. These cilia are microscopic 
processes of the cell, like eyelashes from an eyelid, and 
keep up a continual lashing or vfbratile motion, by which 
mucus Is swept along the passages Ciliated epithelium 
is found in man in the whole respiratory tract, the mid- 
dle ear and Eustachian tube, the Fallopian tubes and part 
of the uterus, in portions of the seminal passages, and in 
the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Columnar 
or cylindrical epithelium, epithelium whose cells are 
more or less rod-like in shape, set on end, and joined to- 
gether by their sides into a membrane. These cells are 
usually flattened or somewhat prismatic by mutual pres- 
sure. Goblet-cells are a modification of ordinary colum- 
nar epithelium cells, scattered here and there among the 
latter. Germinal epithelium. See the extract. 
The epithelial investment of the abdominal cavity re- 
tains its primitive character along a tract which corre- 
sponds to the rudiment of the primitive kidney longer 
than it does in other regions; and this epithelial layer 
may be distinguished as the germinal epithelium. 
Gfffenbauer, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 60S. 
Pavement epithelium, epithelium In which the cells 
are flattened and coherent by their irregular polygonal 
edges, like the tiles of a mosaic pavement. Also called 
tessellated, smtainowt, lamellone, lamellar, and flattened epi- 
thelium. It may be either timplt, when it consists of a 
single layer of cells, as in the epithelium of the pulmonary 
alveoli, or gtratijiea, when it consists of several layers, 
as in the epidermis. Simple epithelium, any epithe- 
lium whose cells form a single layer : distinguished from 
Gratified epithelium. Spheroidal epithelium, glandu- 
lar epithelium, characteristic of the terminal recesses and 
crypts of the secreting surfaces of glands, with more or 
less spherical or polyhedral cells. Stratified epithe- 
lium, any epithelium whose cells are in two or more lay- 
ers or strata, one upon another. -- Tegumentary epithe- 
lium, the epidermis Tessellated epithelium. Same 
as pavement epithelium. Transitional epithelium, 
stratified epithelium of three distinguishable layers of 
cells, such as occurs in the ureters and urinary bladder. 
Vascular epithelium, the epithelial or endothelial 
lining of blood-vessels and lymphatics, 
epithem (ep'i-them), n. [< LL. epithcma, a, 
poultice, < Gr. iirithma, something put on, a lid, 
cover, slab, etc., < hrmMmu, put on: see epi- 
thfl.] In mi-d., any external topical applica- 
tion not a salve or plaster, as a fomentation, a 
poultice, or a lotion. 
I'lKin this reason, rpithfmt or cordial applications are 
justly applied unto the left breast. 
Wr T. Bromu, Vnlg. Err., iii. 2. 
epithema (ep-i-the'ma), n.; pi. enithemata (-ma- 
ta). [NL.,s Gr. t rrifty/ia, something put on: see 
< /litlx in.] In ornitli., a horny or fleshy excres- 
i-em-e upon the beak of a bird. [Little used.] 
epitbesis (e-pith'e-sis), M. [NL., < Gr. fTiflcmf, 
a laying on, an addition, < exiTiBtmt, lay on, 
add: see eitithct.] 1. In gram., same as para- 
<I<IIH .2. The rectification of crooked limbs by 
means of instruments. Dungli.ton. 
epithet (ep'i-thet), n. [Formerlyalso fpitheton; 
= F. i : i>ithflc = Sp. i/iiti to =. Pg. epithcto = It. 
epiteto, < L. cjiithcton, < Gr. eiriOerov, an epithet, 
epitome 
neat, of firi'Orrof, added, < itriri6fvai, put on, put 
to, add, < M, on, to, + riUlvai (T/ *t), put, = 
K. ili* 1 : see thcxis and rfo 1 .] 1. An adjective, 
or a word or phrase used as an adjective, ex- 
pressing some real quality of the person or 
thing to which it is applied, or attributing 
some quality or character to the person or 
thing: as, a benevolent or a Imril-lniirted man; 
a scandalous exhibition ; sphinx-like mystery ; 
u l-'ubian policy. 
When ye see all these Improper or harde Epithet* vseil, 
ye may put them in the number of vncouths, as one that 
aid, the flouds of graces. 
I'uttrnham, Arte of Eng. Poeslc, p. 214. 
By the judicious employment of rpitheti we may bring 
distinctly to view, with the greatest brevity, au object 
with its characteristic features. 
A. D. Hepburn, Rhetoric, I 60. 
In no matter of detail are the genius and art of the poet 
more perceptible and nicely balanced than in the use of 
epitheti. Amer. Jour. Philol., IV. 4S5. 
Hence 2. In rhet., a term added to impart 
strength or ornament to diction, and differing 
from an adjective in that it designates as well 
as qiiul files, and may take the form of a sur- 
name: as, Dionysius the Tyrant '; Alexander the 
Great. 
The character of Bajazet ... Is strongly expressed In 
his surname of llderlm, or the lightning ; anil he might 
glory in an epithet which was drawn from the fiery energy 
of his soul and the rapidity of his destructive march. 
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Ulv. 
3t. A phrase ; an expression. 
"Suffer love;" agood epithet! I do suffer love, Indeed, 
for I love thee against my will. Shale., Much Ado, v. 2. 
epithet (ep'i-thet), v. t. [< epithet, n.] To en- 
title ; describe by epithets. [Rare.] 
>'ever was a town ltter epitheted. 
Sir II. Walton, EellqulK, p. :<m. 
epithetic, epithetical (ep-i-thet'ik, -i-kal), a. 
[< Gr. bnBerticif, added (neut. enideruiAv, an epi- 
thet, adjective), < tT/fltrof, added: see epithet.] 
Pertaining to an epithet; containing or con- 
sisting of epithets; characterized by epithets; 
abounding with epithets : as, the style is too 
epithetic, 
Some, Milton mad (an affectation 
Gleau'd up from college education), 
Approve no verse but that which flows 
In epithetic measur'd prose. Llvii<i, Rhyme. 
The principal made his way to the bar; whither Sam, 
after bandying a few epithetical remarks with Mr. Smunch , 
followed at once. Dickens, Pickwick, xl. 
epithetically (ep-i-thet'i-kal-i), adr. In an epi- 
thetic manner; by means of epithets. 
epitheton (e-pith'e-ton), n. [< L. epitheton, < 
Gr. eirideTov, an epithet : see epithet. ] An epi- 
thet. 
Alter the epithetoni, and I will subscribe. 
Foxe-, Martyrs (Second Exam, of J. PalmerX 
I spoke ft, tender Juvenal, as a congruent epitheton. ap- 
pertaining to thy young days, which we may nominate 
tender. Shot., [.. I.. I... i. .'. 
epithymeticalt (ep'i-thi-met'i-kal), a. [Writ- 
ten irreg. epitltumetical ; < Gr. iviftv/irrrtudr,, de- 
siring, coveting, lusting after (TO eiriSvurrrmfo, 
that part of the soul which is the seat of the 
desires and affections), < eiri&vfieiv, set one's 
heart on, desire, < nri, upon, T 6vft6f, mind, 
heart.] Belonging to the desires and appetites. 
The heart and parts which God requires are divided 
from the inferior and epithumeticat organs. 
Sir T. JJrmrne, Vulg. Err. 
epitimesis (ep'i-ti-me'sis), . [LL., < Gr. evtri- 
/itia/f, reproof, censure, criticism, < en-in/iav, lay 
a value upon, lay a penalty upon, censure, < em, 
upon, -r- Ttftav, value, honor, < rifti/, value, hon- 
or.] In rhet., same as epiplexis. 
epitomator (e-pit'o-ma-tor), n. [< ML. epito- 
iiiutor, < LL. cpitomare, epitomize, < epitome, 
epitome: see epitome.] An epitomizer. [Ware.] 
This elementary blunder of the dean, corrected by none, 
is repeated by nearly all his epitomator*. expositors, and 
imitators. Sir M. Hamilton. 
epitome (e-pit'o-me), n. [< L. epitome, epitoma, 
< Gr. e^trofifi, an abridgment, also a surface- 
incision, < emTf/ivctv, cut upon the surface, cut 
short, abridge, < em, upon, + refivitv, rapc'tv, 
cut.] 1. An abridgment ; a brief summary or 
abstract of a subject, or of a more extended 
exposition of it ; a compendium containing the 
sulistance or principal matters of a book or 
other writing. 
Me that shall out of his own reading gather for the use 
of another must (I think) do it by rjiitoitieor abridgment, 
or under heads and commonplaces. Ki>itomet also mar 
be of two sorts ; of any one art or part of knowledge out 
of many IxM.ks. or of one tmnk !> it" If. 
Eaex, Advice to sir fulkc <:rc\ilte. 1.-.96 (in Bacon's 
[Letters, II. 22> 
