estuarine 
Fossil remains of land animals arc, of course, rarely 
found except in lacustrine or estuarine deposits. 
2014 
The seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, writ- 
ten II or ?/. 
estuary (es'tu-a-ri), n. and a. [Formerly also nunciation of ancient Greek, characterized by 
testuary; < L. '(e'sttuiriitm , a part of the sea-coast giving the letter r/ its ancient sound of a in mate 
which during the flood-tide is overflowed but 
at the ebb-tide is left covered with mud, a chan- 
nel extending inland from the sea, an air-hole, 
in ML. also a hot bathing-room, < wstus (cestu-). 
or ey in they : opposed to iotaeixm, the Reuch- 
linian and modern Greek method, which gives 
to r/ and to some other vowels and some diph- 
thongs the sound of e in be or i in machine. 
One 
etching 
cifically, to engrave by the use of a mordant : 
as, to etch a design on a copperplate : applied 
in the fine arts either to a design or to the plate 
upon which it is made. See etching. 
I have very seldom seen lovelier cuts made by the help 
of the best tempered and best handled gravers than I 
have seen made on plates etched, some by a French and 
others by an English artificer. Boyle, Works, III. 459. 
It was found to liberate iodine from potassium iodide, 
attack mercury, and etch glass. 
Jour. Franklin Intt., CXXV. 317. 
particularly one that is covered by water only 
at high tide. [The original sense, now rare.] 
2. To sketch; delineate To etch with the dry- 
point, to draw in free-hand upon bare copper with a sharp 
tool ground to a cutting edge. 
II. intrans. To practise etching, 
place in etch 2 (ech), n. A contracted form of eddish. 
rows one above another, < etage, a stage: see Lay dun! , upon the etCKi and 80W it with barley. 
stage."] An ornamental piece of furniture con- Mortimer, Husbandry. 
2. That part of the mouth or lower course of a s i s t m g essentially of a set of open shelves in- t h3 ( h) _ t _ -< MK echen var . of eken e ke : 
river flowing into the sea which is subject to A ^ i * i.~i.i:~~ ..... n Awnn ^ An +ni tihA**6m s - /7 . ,. , L . , * J . .... .. A _*_.. 
tended for holding small ornamental objects, 
et al. A common abbreviation of Latin et alii 
(masculine) or et alia; (feminine)' and others ': w , th tl]e fox , g ca8e 
used in legal captions : as, Smith, Brown, Jones, 
et al. 
i^*Z^a^S^^a&i Etamin (et'a-min), n. [Ar. ras-el-tannt,,, the 
in France.. dragon's head.] A star of the second magni- 
The other side of the peninsula is washed by the mouth tude above the head of the Dragon ; y Draconis. 
here we must not say estuary of a stream yellow as It is the zenith-star of the Greenwich observatory, where etcher (ech'er) n 
Tiber. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 99. it has always been used for determinations of aberration. 
etamine (et'a-min), n. [< F. etamine, OF. esta- 
tides ; specifically, an enlargement of a river- 
channel toward its mouth in which the move- 
ment of the tides is very prominent. The prin- 
cipal estuaries, as thus restricted, are those of the St. Law- 
rence in North America, the Plata in South America, the 
see eke.] A dialectal or obsolete variant of eke. 
Where the lion's skin is too short, we must etch it out 
Cotton, tr. of Montaigne, v. 
It is, not without all reason, supposed that there are 
any such empty terms to be found ii 
ers, to which they had recourse to etch out their systems, 
some learned writ- 
3f. A place where water boils up. 
Whether it be observed that over the estuary . 
, SJf i A^LVf^^?Ttlnd a ^u3: -aftef plowing tlie stubble. [Prov. Eng.]' See 
arise any visible mineral fumes or smoak, . . . and, if such 
Then there are cotton etamines. 
Philadelphia Times, March 21, 1886. 
, . . . , 
fumes ascend, how plentiful they are, of what colour, and 
of what smell? Boyle, Works, IV. 799. 
II. a. Belonging to or formed in an estuary: 
as, estuary strata. 
We may conclude that the mud of the Pampas continued etape (e-tap'), n. [F \etape: see Staple.-] 
to be deposited to within the period of this existing estii- public store-house for goods; a Staple-' 
ary shell. Danrin, Geol. Observations, ii. 31" * "' '"'-- 
estuatet, estuationt. See a'Stuate, asstuation. 
estuft, n. An obsolete form of stuff. 
estufa (es-td'fii), n. [Sp. : see store.] A stove; 
where their understandings could not furnish them with 
conceptions from things. Locke. 
One who etches ; one whose 
is etching. 
-strain (ech'gran), n. A crop sown in spring 
mine, Doitmg-cioui: see VSMWIH, luititn, lummy, ---. " . x . w . 'I -. * .-T^ ** -,* . 
stamin.] A textile fabric ; a kind of bunting. e ^ is ^ 2 
See tamin. etching (ech'ing),n. [Verbal n. of etch'i, t>.] 1. 
Cream-colored etamines with close canvas ground. ... A ^f es8 o f engraving in which the lines are 
produced by the action of an acid or mordant 
instead of by a burin. A plate (usually of copper, 
but sometimes of glass, stone, etc., according to the use 
to which it is to be put, or the effect sought to be pro- 
duced) is covered with a ground made of asphaltum, wax, 
and pitch, which is evenly blackened with the smoke of 
wax tapers. (See etching-ground.) On this ground the 
1. A 
town. 
__!. Phillips, 1706. 2. An allowance of provi- 
sions and forage for soldiers during the time of 
their march through a country to or from winter 
quarters. Bailey, 1727. 3. In Russia, a prison- 
. 
design is drawn with a steel point or needle, as with a 
quaners. jiuuvy, <&t. o. AII jn.uooi., a pi ioun- pencil on paper (care being taken not to cut the metal), 
an oven; a close rooV where heat "or a fire is like building with a stockaded yard, used to the point leaving the metal exposed where it passes. 
steadily maintained for any purpose. See the 
extract, and stove (in horticulture). F. Park- 
[Used in parts of the United States ori- ther. 
confine and shelter at night parties of exiles 
proceeding under guard from one place to ano- 
ginally settled by Spaniards.] 
At different points about the premises were three cir- 
cular apartments sunk in the ground, the walls being of 
masonry. These apartments [in which a fire is kept con- 
stantly burning] the Pueblo Indians called estufas, or 
places where the people held their political and religious 
meetings. L. 11. Morgan, Amer. Ethnol., p. 157. 
esturet, n. See asstwe. ofanior* 
esurient (e-su'ri-ent), o. and . [<L.esMriex(<-XS e&a.piert, 
ppr. of es'urire, e'ssurire, be hungry, hunger, lit. 
desire to eat, desiderative of edere, pp. esus, eat, 
= E. eat: see eat.] I. a. Inclined to eat ; hun- 
gry. [Rare.] 
The severest exaction surely ever invented upon the 
self-denial of poor human nature ... is to expect a gen- 
tleman to give a treat without partaking of it ; to sit em- 
rient at his own table, and commend the flavour of his 
venison upon the absurd strength of his never touching it 
himself. Lamb, Elia, p. 427. 
Il.t n. One who is hungry or greedy. 
Sure it is that he was a most dangerous and seditious 
person, a politic pulpit driver of independency, an insati- 
able esurient after riches and what not, to raise a family, 
and to heap up wealth. Wood, Athense Oxon. 
esurinet (es'u-rin), a. and n. [Improp. < L. 
esurire, be hungry (see esurient) ; in the adj. use 
with ref. to edere, eat.] I. a. Eating; corrod- 
ing; corrosive. 
Over-much piercing is the air of Hampstead, in which 
sort of air there is always something esurine and acid. 
Wiseman. 
IL n. In med., a drug which stimulates the 
appetite or causes hunger. 
et.prep. A dialectal variant of at. 
-el*. [ME. -et, < OF. -et, m., -ete, f., mod. F. 
-et, -ette = Sp. -eto, -eta = It. -etto, -etta, a dim. 
suffix; cf. -ette, and -ot, -otte. E. -et represents 
both F. -et, m., and -ette, f. ; later words from F. 
-ette retain that ending in E. Cf . -let. In some 
words -et is of AS. origin: see def.] A suffix 
of French or other Romance origin, properly 
diminutive in force, as in billet 1 , billet*, bullet, 
fillet, hatchet, islet, jacket, locket, mallet, pallet, 
pullet, ticket, etc. In most words of this sort the di- 
minutive force is but slightly or not at all felt in English, 
and it is no longer used as an English formative, except 
as in -let. In summit this diminutive suffix appears as -it. 
In some words, as gamut, hornet, perhaps linnet, etc., -et 
is of Anglo-Saxon origin. 
-et2. 
Our convict party spent Tuesday night in the first regu- 
lar etape at Khaldeyeva. . . . Half the prisoners slept on 
the floor under the uares (sleeping-platforms) and in the 
corridors. . . . The sleeping-platforms and the walls of 
every Siberian Mape bear countless inscriptions, left there 
by the exiles of one party for the information ... of their 
comrades in the next. 
Kennan, The Century, XXXVII. 43. 
[F. etapier, < etape : see etape. Cf. 
stapler.] One who contracts to furnish troops 
with provisions and forage in their march 
through a country. E. Phillips, 1706. 
6tat-major(a-ta'ma-zh6r'), n. [F.] Milit., the 
staff of an army or a regiment. See staff. 
^ A commo ^ abbreviation of etcetera. 
et cetera, etcetera (et-set'e-ra). [L. : et, and; 
cetera, neut. pi. of cetcnts, fern, cetera, neut. 
ceterum, other, another, rare in sing., usually 
pi. ceteri, cetera;, cetera, the others, the other 
things, the rest, the remainder (the L. spelling 
cetera, etc., is preferred, but cwtera is in good 
use) ; prob. < *ci-, qui-, pronominal stem in quis, 
any one, etc., + -terns, compar. suffix, as in 
alter, other. See alter, other, etc. In E. also 
The "plate is then submerged in a bath of dilute acid, 
which bites in those parts of the surface exposed by the 
drawn lines, while the remainder of the surface is pro- 
tected from its action by the wax coating. Furrows are 
thus formed which, when the plate has been cleaned and 
charged with ink, will, if impressed upon a piece of moist 
paper, print an impression of the design. When blackened, 
the plate may be plunged into cold water to give its sur- 
face a polish. For copperplates to be used in printing, 
the mordant commonly used is nitric acid, but in its place 
some modern etchers employ a so-called " Dutch mor- 
dant," made of muriatic acid and chlorate of potash. 
When the fainter lines of the design appear to be suffi- 
ciently bitten in, the plate is taken from the bath and, 
after being carefully washed in cold water these lines are 
stopped out with a paint-brush charged with a varnish 
made of asphaltum and turpentine, so that they will be 
protected from the acid when the plate is replaced in 
it. This process is repeated from time to time until the 
strongest lines in the design have been sufficiently bitten 
in, after which the remaining ground is washed oft with 
spirits of turpentine, and the plate is ready to be inked. 
Artists who etch from nature while the plate is in the acid 
bath proceed inversely that is, they begin by biting in 
the stronger lines, and end with the fainter ; but in either 
case, whether the latter are stopped out or last put in, they 
are subjected to a smaller degree of acid action. If the first 
impressions are imperfect, the plate can be retouched with 
the dry-point, or rebitten after a fresh ground has been 
laid on with a roller. The tools used in etching comprise 
needles, gravers or burins of different shapes, scrapers, 
burnishers, oil-rubbers, dabbers, camel's-hair brushes, etc. 
A surface of porcelain may be etched and bitten, and the 
formerly &c., the character &, &, being a liga- 
ture of et.] And others; and so forth; and so 
on : generally used when a number of individ- 
uals of a class have been specified, to indicate 
that more of the same sort might have been 
mentioned, but for shortness are omitted: as, 
stimulants comprise brandy, rum, whisky, wine, 
beer, etcetera. [It is sometimes used as an 
English noun, with plural etceteras.] 
Come we to full points here, and are etceteras nothing? 
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 
And is indeed the selfsame case 
With theirs that swore et cceteras. 
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. ii. 660. 
I have by me an elaborate treatise on the aposiopesis 
called an et ccetera. Addison, Tatler, No. 133. 
I called the pangs of disappointed love 
And all the sad etcetera of the wrong, 
To help him to his grave. 
Wordsworth, Prelude, viii. 
An oath imposed on the clergy by the Anglican bishops 
in 1640, "binding them to attempt no alteration in the 
government of the Church by bishops, deans, archdeacons, 
A suffix of Latin origin, * e " Hallam, Const. Hist., ix. 
another form of -ate, -ad, as in ballet, sallet, son- etch 1 (ech), r. [< D. etsen, etch, = Dan. astsc = 
net, etc. Compare the doublets ballad, salad, Sw. etsa, < G. atzcn, feed, bait, corrode, etch, < 
sonata. MHG. etsen, OHG. eszen, give to eat, lit. cause 
eta ('- or a'ta), n. [Gr. i/ra, orig. the name to eat, caus. of ezan . = E. eat: see eat.] I. trims. 
of the aspirate, < Phen. (Heb.) heth. See H,~] 1. To cut or bite with an acid or mordant ; spe- 
writt'en etccetera, et aefera; aiso abbr. etc'.,$c., 8 n k . en line8 V >e V "ed with a metallic pigment which on 
rpflritiw ran lip hiirnpil into fcnn w:im Jim] I'nveivn with 
retiring can be burned into the ware and covered with 
glaze. 
Some plates were sent abroad alwut the year 1530, eaten 
with aqua fortis after Parmesano; and etchimj with cor- 
rosive waters began by some to be attempted with lauda- 
ble success. Evelyn, Sculpture. 
2. An impression taken from an etched plate. 
3. A line etched, or appearing as if etched. 
[Rare.] 
Never is my imagination so busy as in framing his re- 
sponses from the etchings of his countenance. 
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 32. 
Calligraphic etching, a process consisting in drawing 
with a pen dipped in common ink on a well-cleaned cop- 
perplate. When the ink is dry the plate is covered with 
a thin etching-ground, and afterward smoked. It is then 
left for a quarter of an hour in a bath of cold water, 
which softens the ink, so that when on removal from the 
bath the surface is gently rubbed with a piece of flannel, 
the ink and the varnish over it will come away together, 
leaving the design clearly traced in bright lines on the cop- 
per, to be bitten in as usual. Etching-embroidery, a 
kind of fancy-work done with black silk and with water- 
color, such as sepia and India ink, upon a light silk 
ground, in imitation of prints from engravings and etch- 
ings. It was very much in fashion during the early part 
of the nineteenth century. Etching figure. See figure . 
Painter's etching, a phrase used to designate an etch- 
ing which in lirst conception, composition, delineation, 
and mechanical execution is entirely the work of one art- 
ist, as opposed to an etching executed after a design or 
picture by another artist. Soft-ground etching, also 
called jtraintre rn inaniff' il<~ crtn/mi. an etching executed 
by covering a plate with a ground made of equal parts of 
