ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
bL ablative. 
ace. accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agrl agriculture. 
AL. Anglo- Latin. 
alg. algebra. 
Amer. American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc. ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
aor aorlst 
appar. apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archieol arclueology. 
arith. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
A8 Anglo-Saxon. 
aitrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav. Bavarian. 
Bong. Bengali. 
blol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
Dot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryoL bryology. 
Bnlg Bulgarian. 
carp. carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
'in on chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp. composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch. conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
cranlom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat. ?. .. dative. 
iH-f. definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
dia different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East 
I' Kngllsh(uuaUy nuniH- 
imj modern English). 
eccl., eccles eoclealimtlnal. 
econ economy. 
e. g I., exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. I n.l East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology- 
Eng. English. 
engln engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epls Episcopal. 
equlv equivalent. 
ep especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol. ethnology. 
ct j in. etymology. 
Eur. European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f. fern feminine. 
F. French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries. Frieiic. 
fut. future. 
6 Gennan(unia{tynwan- 
in'.t New High Ger- 
mau). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mostogothlc). 
Or. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her heraldry. 
berpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort liortic.il It lire. 
Hung. Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usually 
meaning Old Ice- 
la.ndlc,ot}ierwi*e call- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
I. e. l.idett, that Is. 
impers impersonal 
impf imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp improperly. 
linl Indian. 
tad. indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
Indef. indefinite. 
inf. Infinitive. 
instr. instrumental. 
inter] Interjection. 
intr., hit runs intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg Irregular, Irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap. Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin}. 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
llchenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
Ut literature. 
l.itli Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
in., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach. machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
mannf. manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
M I > Middle Dutch. 
Mr Middle English (other- 
wile called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mcch mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med. medicine. 
i n en- 11 r. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metapb metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Ilex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medle- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
mllit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut neuter. 
N. New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural 
uaut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modem 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(utuallii limply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numls. numismatics. 
O. Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (nih.-r- 
wiie called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan. Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHO Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLO Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
in nit h. ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTcut. Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathol pathology. 
pert. perfect 
Fen. Persian. 
pen. person. 
-perspective. 
BT,, . Peruvian. 
-petrography. 
. Portuguese. 
.pharmacy. 
.Phenician. 
phlloL philology. 
philos. philosophy. 
phonog. phonognpby. 
photog ......... photography. 
phren .......... phrenology. 
phys. .......... physical. 
physlol ......... physiology. 
pL,plur ........ pluraL 
poet ............ poetical 
pollt .......... political 
Pol ............. Polish. 
poss ............ possessive. 
pp. ............ past participle. 
ppr ............. present participle. 
Pr. ............. Provencal (unurfZy 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref. ........... prefix. 
prep ........... preposition. 
pres. ........... present. 
pret ........... preterit 
prlr ............ privative. 
prob ........... probably, probable. 
pron ........... pronoun. 
pron ........... pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. .......... properly. 
pros. ........... prosody. 
Prot ........... Protestant. 
I n i v ........... provincial 
psychol ........ psychology. 
q. v ............. L. quod (or pi qua) 
rude, which see. 
reft. ............ reflexive. 
reg ............. regular, regularly. 
repr ............ representing. 
rbet ............ rhetoric. 
Bom ........... Roman. 
Bom ........... Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Run. .......... Russian. 
8. .............. Sooth. 
8. Amer ........ South American. 
sc. ............. L. icilieet, understand, 
supply. 
Scotch. 
Peruv. 
So. . 
Scand .......... Scandinavian. 
Scrip ........... Scripture. 
sculp ........... sculpture. 
8rv ............ Servian. 
sing ............ singular. 
Skt ............ Sanskrit. 
Slav ............ Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. ............ Spanish. 
sub] ............ subjunctive. 
super! .......... superlative. 
surg ............ surgery. 
snrv ............ surveying. 
8w ............. Swedish. 
ayn. ............ synonymy. 
Syr ............. Syriac. 
techno! ......... technology. 
teleg ........... telegraphy. 
teratol ......... teratology. 
term. .......... termination. 
Tent .......... Teutonic. 
theat ........... theatrical 
theol .......... theology. 
therap ......... therapeutics. 
tozicol ......... toxicology. 
tr., trans ...... transitive. 
trigon .......... trigonometry. 
Turk. .......... Turkish. 
ult . . .......... ultimate, ultimately. 
T ............... verb. 
var. ............ variant 
ret. ............ veterinary. 
v. L ............ intransitive verb. 
v. t. ............ transitive verb. 
W. ............. Welsh. 
Wall ........... Walloon. 
Wallach ........ WaUachlan. 
W. Ind ......... West Indian. 
loogeog ........ zoogeography. 
loot ........... zoology. 
......... tootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang, 
a as i i fate, mane, dale. 
i far, father, guard. 
as i 
& as i 
e as i 
i fall, talk, naught 
n ask, fast, ant 
ii fare, hair, bear. 
i met, pen, bless. 
as in mete, meet, meat 
* as In her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
o as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
fl as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. 
n as In pull, book, could. 
u German ii, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
$ as in prelate, courage, captain. 
4 as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
u as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound Is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican, 
e. as in prudent, difference, 
j as in charity, density, 
g as In valor, actor, Idiot 
(i as in Persia, peninsula. 
| as in the book. 
U as in nature, feature. 
A mark (-) under the consonant! f , d, 
$, t Indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, ih, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
d as in arduous, education. 
as in leisure. 
t as in seizure. 
th as In thin. 
TH as In then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as In ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mon- 
' 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent is not marked U at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; I. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; 1 e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; i. e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root 
* read theoretical or alleged; 1 e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read c/'Mif- -I.-. 
