fall 
mast-head, and is rove through blocks attached 
to cutting-pennants. Also called ciitthti/-fiill. 
Cant-fall ('.), the fall (if the cant-purchase.- Cat- 
tackle fall, same as rat-fall. Fall and tackle. An- 
other name for Muck ami tin-He. See Uockl. The fall 
Of man, or the fall, in tlieol., the lapse of mankind into 
a state of natural or innate bin fulness ("original sin") 
through the transgression of Adam and Eve. The doc- 
trine of the fall is the doctrine that the first parents of 
the race were created without sin, but by voluntary trans- 
gression of God's law fell from the state of innocence, and 
that in consequence all their descendants have become 
guilty and amenable to divine condemnation and punish- 
ment. 
Though Scripture gives no definition of the idea of sin, 
it leaves no elements of the doctrine of sin unnoticed, but 
gives a full account of how sin penetrated into human na- 
ture by the fall of ma n. Scha/and Ilerzog, Encyc., p. 2186. 
The fall Of the leaf, autumn ; hence, figuratively, decay ; 
decline. 
The hole yere is denided into iiii partes, Spring time, 
Somer, faule of the leafe, and winter, whereof the whole 
winter, for the roughnesse of it, is cleane taken away from 
shoting. Aschain, Toxophilus (ed. Arber), p. 48. 
His beauty is at the fall of the leaf. 
Walpole, Letters, II. 211. 
To try a fall, to take a bout ut wrestling; wrestle: 
hence, to contend with another for superiority in any way. 
I am given, sir, secretly to understand that your younger 
brother, Orlando, hath a disposition to come in disguised 
against me to try a fall. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1. 
Piscator. There is a very great and fine stream l>elow, 
under that rock, that fills the deepest pool in all the river, 
where you are almost sure of a good fish. 
Viator. Let him come, I'll try a fall with him. 
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 249. 
II. a. Pertaining to or suitable forthe autumn 
or fall of the year ; autumnal : as, fall crops ; 
a fall dress. [U. 8.] Fall canker-worm, dande- 
lion, duck, etc. See the nouns. 
fall 2 (fal), n. [Sc. ; cf . OBw./ofo, a pole or perch 
(Jamieson); ML. falluni, "modus agri, ut vi- 
detur, apud Anglosaxones."] In Scotland, a 
measure of length equal to 6 Scotch ells, or 18 
feet 6.575 inches English measure; also, a su- 
perficial measure equal to 36 square ells. In 
Scots land-measure 40 falls make a rood, and 4 
roods an acre. 
fall 3 (fal), . [< Sw. Dan. Itval (pron. val), a 
whale, = Icel. hvalr = AS. hwiel, E. n-liale, q. v. 
E. wh in Aberdeen is pronounced as /.] A 
whale. [Scotland (Aberdeen and N. E. coast).] 
A fall ! a fall ! the signal given by the lookout man of 
a whaler when a whale is seen, 
falla (fal'a), . A dialectal form of fellow. 
Then up and bespake the good Lairds Jock, 
The beat falla in a* the companie. 
Dick o' the Cow (Child 8 Ballads, VI. 71). 
fal-la, n. Same as fa-la. 
fallacet, . [ME., also folios ; < OF. fallace, 
deception: see fallacy."] Deception; deceit; 
trickery. 
He is reuerenced and robed that can robbe the peuple 
Thorw/a((<w and false questes and thorw fykel speche. 
Piers Plowman (C), xii. 22. 
He ... taketh it as who saith by stelthe 
Through coverture of his/aKn*. 
Gotrer, Conf. Amant., I. 63. 
fallaciont (fa-la'shon), n. [Improp. < L./aHo- 
eia: see fallacy."] A fallacy. 
Tomitanus, in Italic, hath expressed euerie fallacion in 
Aristotle, with diuerse examples out of Plato. 
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 132. 
Secondly, your minor is ambiguous, and therefore in that 
respect your argumente may be also placed in the falla- 
cion of equiuocation. Wldtgift, Defence, p. 63. 
fallacious (fa-la'shus), a. [= F. fallacieux, < 
liLi.fallaeiosus, deceptive, < fallacia, deception : 
see fallacy."] 1. Pertaining to, of the nature 
of, or embodying fallacy; deceptively errone- 
ous or misleading. 
This fallacious idea of liberty, whilst it presents a vain 
shadow of happiness to the subject, binds faster the chains 
of his subjection. Burke, Vlnd. of Nat. Society. 
But so vain and fallacious are all human designs, that 
the event proved quite contrary to his expectation. 
J. Adams, Works, V. 102. 
The conclusion of my friend is fallacious, inasmuch as 
it is founded on a narrow induction. 
Sumtter, Prison Discipline. 
2. Of a deceptive quality ; having a misleading 
appearance. 
Yet how fallacious is all earthly bliss. 
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 457. 
It was one of those districts where peat had been taken 
out in large squares for fuel, and where a fallacious and 
verdant scum upon the surface of deep pools simulated 
the turf that had been removed. 
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 191. 
=Syn. Fallacious, Delusive, Deceptive; deceiving, deceit- 
ful, misleading, sophistical, elusory, illusive, false, disap- 
pointing. Deceptive may be used where there is or is not 
an attempt to deceive ; in delusive and fallacious the in- 
tent to deceive is only figurative : as, a fallacious argu- 
ment ; a delusive hope. See deceptive. 
2128 
Nothing can lit- man JteBoofau than to found our po- 
litical calculations on arithmetical principles. 
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 55. 
Greedily they pluck'd 
The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew 
Near that bituminous hike where Sodom (lamed; 
This more delusive, not the touch, but taste 
Deceived. Milton, V. L., x. 563. 
It is to be feared that the sciences are above the com- 
prehension of children, and that this mode of education, 
to the exclusion of the classical, is ultimately deceptif. 
]'. Kiinf, Grammar Schools. 
fallaciously (fa-la'shus-li), adv. In a fallacious 
manner; falsely; erroneously; sophistically. 
We have seen \\ovi fallaciously the author has stated the 
cause. A.ddi*<>n. 
fallaciousness (fa-la'shus-nes), n. The char- 
acter of being fallacious. 
It is remarkable that Davy's logic, too, was at fault, 
and on just the same point as Rumford's, but with even 
more transparently logical fallaciousness, because his ar- 
gument is put in a more definitely logical form. 
Sir W. Thomson, Encyc. Brit., XI. 557. 
fallacy (fal'a-si), . ; pi. fallacies (-siz). [Ex- 
tended in imitation of L. fallacia; < ME./a.toce. 
ftillits (see fallace), < OF. fallace, F. fallace = 
Pr. fallacia = Sp. fulacia = Pg. It. fallacia, < 
It. fallacia, deception, deceit, <. fallax (fallac-), 
deceptive, deceitful, < fallere, deceive: see 
/ai'/i.] 1. Deceptiveness ; deception; deceit; 
deceitfulness ; that which is erroneous, false, 
or deceptive; that which misleads; mistake. 
Until I know this sure uncertainty, 
I'll entertain the otfer'd fallacy. 
Sha*., C. of E., ii. 2. 
I have not dealt by fallacy with any. 
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, v. 2. 
Winning, by conquest, what the first man lost, 
By fallacy surprised. Milton, P. R., i. 156. 
Is virtue, then, unless of Christian growth, 
Mere fallacy, or foolishness, or !>oth? 
Coirper, Truth, 1. 516. 
Specifically 2. A false syllogism; an invalid 
argumentation; a proposed reasoning which, 
professing to deduce a necessary conclusion, 
reaches one which may be false though the 
premises are true, or which, professing to be 
probable, infers something that is really not 
probable, or wants the kind of probability as- 
signed to it. A fallacy is either & sophism or a paralo- 
tii#w, according as the deceit is intentional or not. But 
the word paralogism is also used to signify a purely logi- 
cal fallacy that is, SL formal fallacy, or a direct violation 
of the canons of syllogism. Logicians enumerate as many 
different kinds of formal fallacy as they give of canons of 
syllogism, from four to eight. See below. 
No man was less likely to be imposed upon \>y fallacies 
in argument, or by exaggerated statements of fact. 
Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson. 
The lazy lielief that in some unspecified way things 
will so adjust themselves as to prevent the natural conse- 
quences of a wrong or foolish act is a very common fal- 
lacy. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 221. 
A fallacy is used to mean : (1) A piece of false reasoning, 
in the narrower sense ; either an invalid immediate infer- 
ence, or an invalid syllogism ; a supposed equivalent form 
which is not equivalent, or a syllogism that breaks one 
of the rules. (2) A piece of false reasoning, in the wider 
sense; whereby from true facts a false conclusion is in- 
ferred. (3) A false belief, whether due to correct reason- 
ing from untrue premises (reasons or sources) or to incor- 
rect reasoning from true ones. (4) Any mental confusion 
whatever. A. Sidgiriek, Fallacies. 
Fallacies In things, according to the old logicians, fal- 
lacies that are not in words. They are of seven kinds : 
(1) The fallacy of accident, arising when a syllogism is 
made to conclude that, because a given predicate may 
be truly affirmed of a given subject, the same predicate 
may be truly affirmed respecting all the accidents of that 
subject. (2) The fallacy of speech respective and speech 
absolute, occurring when a proposition is affirmed with a 
qualification or limitation in the premises, but virtually 
without the qualification in the conclusion. (3) The fal- 
lacy of irrelevant conclwtion t ori9norationoftheelench, oc- 
curring when the disputant, professing to contradict the 
thesis, advances another proposition which contradicts it 
in appearance but not in reality. (4) The fallacy of the 
consequent, or non sequitur, an argument from consequent 
to antecedent, which may really be a good probable argu- 
ment. (5) Begging the question, or the petitio principii, 
a syllogism, valid in itself, but in which that is affirmed 
as a premise which no man who doubts the conclusion 
would admit. (6) The fallacy of false cauie, arising when, 
in making a reductio ad absurdum, besides the proposition 
to be refuted, some other false premise is introduced. (7) 
The fallacy of many interrogations in which two or more 
questions are so proposed that they appear to be but one : 
as, " Have you lost your horns ? " a question which implies 
that you had horns. Fallacies of composition and 
division, fallacies which arise when, iu the same syllo- 
gism, words are employed at one time collectively, and at 
another distributively, so that what is true in connection 
is inferred to be also true in separation, or the reverse. 
Fallacy Of accent, a fallacy arising from the mode of 
pronouncing a word. Fallacy of amphibology, a fal- 
lacy arising from the doubtful construction of a sentence. 
Fallacy Of an illicit process, a false syllogism in which 
a term enters into the conclusion with a different distri- 
bution from what it had in the premise. Fallacy Of 
equivocation, a fallacy arising from the double meaning 
faller-wire 
of a \mrcl. Fallacy Of figure Of speech, a fallacy aris- 
ing from a tropical use of language. Fallacy of homo- 
nymy, a fallacy ari.sini: from tile double meaning of a 
single word.- Fallacy of Illicit particularity, a syiio- 
gism in which the degree of particularity of the conclusion 
is different from the sum of those, of the premises. See j>nr 
iiciii>t,-itti. - Fallacy of no middle, a false syllogism in 
which the premises have no term in common that is drop- 
ped from the concliuion. Fallacy of undistributed 
middle, a syllogism in which the middle term is unilis 
trihnted in both premises: as, He who says that you are an 
animal speaks truly ; he who says that you are a goose says 
that you are an animal; therefore, he who says that you are 
a goose speaks truly. Fallacy of unreal middle, a fal 
lacy which fails to assert the existence of any object of 
the kind denoted by the middle term : as, Pegasus was a 
horse, and Pegasus had wings; therefore, some horse has 
had wings. Semilogical fallacy, or fallacy in words, 
a fallacy which deceives by some defect of language, and 
ceases to do so when the meaning of the propositions is 
strictly analyzed. 
fallal (fal'lal'), n. anda. [Of dial, origin; prob. 
a made word, or an arbitrary variation of fal- 
l>ala.~] I. w. 1. Apiece of ribbon, worn with 
streaming ends as an ornament in the seven- 
teenth century. 
His dress, his bows and tine fal-lalls, Evelyn. 
Hence 2. Any trifling ornament. 
He found his child's nurse, and his wife, and his wife s 
mother, busily engaged with a multiplicity of boxes, with 
tiounces, feathers, fallals, and finery. 
Thackeray, Newcomes, Ixxi. 
II. a. Finicking; foppish; trifling. 
The family-plate too in such quantities, of two or three 
years' standing, must not be changed, because his precious 
child, humouring his old fal-lal taste, admired it, to make 
it all her own. Jtichardmn, Clarissa Harlowe, I. 322. 
fallalishly (fal'lal'ish-li), adv. [< "fallalish (< 
fallal + -is/il) -f -ty2.] Foppishly ; triflingly. 
Some excuse lies good for an old soul whose whole life 
has been but one dream a little fallalishly varied. 
lin-liardmn, Sir Charles Grandison, V. 300. 
fallaxt (fal'aks), n. [An error for fallace, or 
fallow, simulating the L. fallax, adj. : see fal- 
lace.'] A fallacy. 
To utter the matter plainly without fallax or cavilla- 
tion. Cranmer, To Bp. Gardiner, p. 240. 
But that denieth the supposition, it doth not reprehend 
the fallax. Bacon, Colours of Good and Evil. 
fall-block (fal'blok), n. That block of a tackle 
from which the fall, or free part of the rope, 
descends. 
fall-board (fal'bord), . A wooden drop-shut- 
ter of a window, hinged at the top or bottom. 
fall-cloud (fal'kloud), n. See clowfl, 1 (c). 
fall-doort, [Formerly faldore ; = G. fallthiir 
= D&a.falddor = Sw. falldorr."] A trap-door, 
fallen (fa'ln), p. a. [Formerly often written 
fain; pp. of falfi,r."] 1. In a lapsed or degraded 
state; prostrated; ruined: as, the fallen angels. 
If thou beest he But O, how fallen! how changed 
From him who . . . didst outshine 
Myriads, though bright! Hilton, P. L., i. 84. 
2. Slaked. [Prov. Eng.] 
fallencyt (fal'en-si), . [Cf. ML. fallentia, < L. 
fallen(t-)s, ppr. of fallere, deceive: see/a7i and 
failance."] Fallacy ; error. 
Socinus sets down eight hundred and twofallenciet . . . 
concerning the contestation of suites and actions at law. 
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, Pref., p. 7. 
fallen-Star (fa'ln-star'), n. 1. A name of spe- 
cies of bluish-green alg of the group Nostochi- 
nea;, that grow on damp ground : so called from 
the suddenness of their appearance. 2. A local 
English name of a sea-nettle, Medtisa aiquorea. 
faller (fa'ler), n. 1. One who or that which 
falls or causes to fall. 
He made many to fall [margin, multiplied the faller]. 
Jer. xlvi. 16. 
The Ring Faller, who drops gilt copper rings in the 
streets and claims half the estimated value from the finder. 
Quoted in Jtibtou-Turners Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 595. 
Specifically, in mach. : (a) In cotton-mannf., one of the 
small arms on a mule-carriage which bears the faller-wire. 
(ft) In a fulling-, milling-, or stamping-machine, a stamp 
which is generally raised by the cams, and then falls ver- 
tically and endwise. E. H. Knight, (c) In Jiax-inanuf., 
a bar in the spreading-machine having numerous vertical 
needles forming a comb or gills ; a gill-bar. It detains 
the line somewhat m it passes the drawing-roller. E. II. 
KnvtM. (a) In silk-manuf. See faller-wire, 2. 
2. The hen-harrier, Circus eyaneus. 
faller-wire (fa'ler-wir), . 1 . In a mule or slub- 
bing-machine, a horizontal bar which depresses 
the yarn or slubbiugs below the points of the 
inclined spindles, so that they may be wound 
into cops upon the spindles in the backward 
motion of eitherthe billy or the mule-carriage. 
2. In a silk-doubling machine, wire by means of 
which the motion of the bobbin can be stopped 
if the thread breaks. It is attached to the thread by 
its eyelet-end. If the thread breaks, the wire drops upon 
the arms of a balance-lever aud actuates a detent. E. IT. 
Knight. 
