feuage 
feuage (fu'aj), H. [< OF. feuage, foiutge, foage 
(ML. reflex foatjium), fire-wood, a tax on fire- 
places, < ML. focaticum, a tax on fireplaces, < 
L. focus, a fireplace (> OF. feu, fireplace, fire) : 
see fuel, focus.} A tax formerly imposed upon 
fireplaces and chimneys. 
The Prince of Wales . . . imposing a new taxation upon 
the Gascoignes, ol Feuage or Chymney money, so discon- 
tented tliii people as they exclaime against the govern- 
ment of the English. liunirl, Hist. Eng., p. 214. 
feuar (fu'ijr), . [Sc., i. e., 'feuer, < feu, q. v.] 
In Scots lair, one who holds a feu orfeus. Also 
funr. 
feu-contract (fu'kon"trakt), n. In Scots law, a 
contract which regulates the giving out of laud 
in feu between the superior and vassal or feuar. 
feud 1 (fuil), n. [In form and pronunciation 
now assimilated to feud 2 , q. v. ; < ME. fede, 
fi'i/lc, prop, "feitlte, < AS. fafJith, nom. rarely 
ftehtl/u, faihtho = OFries. felthe = D. veete = 
OHG. fehida, MHG. vehede, vede, Q. felidc = 
Icel. Sw. fegd, formerly fcjd = Dan. fcide, en- 
mity, hostility, feud, war (whence ML. faida, 
feida, OF.faide, fede, feide,foide); not in Goth, 
(where "faihitlta would be expected: Goth. 
fijathwa, hatred, is only remotely connected); 
an abstract noun in -tit, < AS. fait, hostile, out- 
lawed, guilty, fdhman, a f oemau, in ME. a noun, 
fo, foo, mod. E. foe : see foe and fiend. Feud 
is thus the abstract noun of foe (which was 
orig. an adj.).] 1. Enmity; animosity; ac- 
tive hostility ; a vengeful quarrel between in- 
dividuals or parties; especially, hostility be- 
tween families or parties in a state ; a state of 
civic contention. 
The natural issue of this [unreasonable desire] must be 
perpetual feuds and bickerings, contentions and strug- 
gles. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxiv. 
The person al feuds and animosities that happen among 
so small a people might obstruct the course of justice. 
J. Adams, Works, IV. 306. 
It was said that Francis and Hastings were notoriously 
on bad terms, that they had been at feud during many 
years, that on one occasion their mutual aversion had im- 
pelled them to seek each other's lives. 
Macaulay, Warren Hastings. 
Ring out the feud of rich and poor, 
Ring in redress to all mankind. 
Tennyson, In Memoriam, uvi. 
2. More specifically, an aggravated state of hos- 
tility, marked by frequent or occasional san- 
guinary conflicts, between one family or clan 
and another, to avenge insults, injuries, or mur- 
ders inflicted by one party, or by any member 
of it, upon those of the other side ; a vendetta. 
The Crosiers hand thee at a feud. 
Death of Farcy Reed (Child's Ballads, VI. 143). 
Right Of feud, in early Eny. law, the right to self-protcc- 
tion and redress by personal violence ; the right to resist 
wrong and retaliate for one's self atid one's kinsmen ; or 
the corresponding liability to be attacked for vengeance. 
See frithl. 
A glance at the early history of our national justice 
shows that its original groundwork was the right of feud. 
J. R. Green. 
feud 2 (fud), n. [< ML. feudum, also written 
feoditm (whence the less proper E. spelling 
feod, q. v.), a feud, fief, fee ; < OHG. film, fehu, 
cattle (also prob., as in AS. feoh, etc., proper- 
ty in general): see fee 1 . Hence (from OHG.) 
OF. fieu, fief, feu, fled, (whence ME. fee, T&.fee 2 , 
and, from fief, later E. fief and faff, feoff) = 
Pr. feu = It. fio, fee, fief : see fee 2 , fief, feoff. 
The origin of the d in ML. feudum is uncertain ; 
as the word was artificial, the d was perhaps 
a mere insertion to avoid the collocation euu; 
the reg. ML. reflex of the OHG., etc., would be 
feuum, which actually occurs in the Dooms- 
day Book. Feud 2 and its derivatives are less 
prop, spelled feod, etc.] 1. In feudal tow, an 
estate in land granted on condition of services 
to be rendered to the grantor, in default of which 
the land was to revert to the grantor ; a fief ; a 
tenure of land under and by dependence on a 
superior. The grantor or lord was entitled to the hom- 
age or fealty of the grantee or vassal. The estate was so 
called in contradistinction to allodium, which is an estate 
subject to no superior but the general law of the land. 
Palgrave considers that the origin of feudal tenure may 
be traced to the grants made by the Romans to the bar- 
barian Laeti occupying the Limitanean or Rlpnarian ter- 
ritories, upon the condition of performing military ser- 
vice. These dotations or feuds descended only to the 
male heir of the donee, and could not be alienated to a 
non-military tenant. 
W. K. Sullivan, Introd. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. ccxxiii. 
2. Land held in feudal tenure by a vassal. 
The essential anil fundamental principle of a territo- 
rial feud was, that it was land held by a limited or con- 
ditional estate the property being in the lord, the usu- 
fruct in the tenant. 
W. K. SnUii-<rti. Tntr-xl. to o'Ciirry's Anc. Irish, p. ccxxii. 
138 
2193 
Honorary feud, in law, a title of nobility descendible to 
the eldest SON, exclusive of all the rest. Military feuds, 
in Great Britain, the original feuds, which were in the 
hands of men who performed military duty for their ten- 
feud'al 1 (fu'dal), a. [</ettdi + -al.] Pertaining 
to or in the nature of a feud or partizan conflict. 
Few were the words and stern and high, 
That marked the foem&i\s feudal hate. 
Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 4. 
feudal 2 (fu'dal), a. [Also written feodal; = F. 
feodal = Sp. Pg. feudal = It.feudale = G. feudal, 
etc., < ML. feudalis, feudal, a vassal, < feudum, 
a feud: see feud 2 .'] 1. Pertaining to feuds, 
fiefs, or fees; relating to or dependent upon the 
method of landholding called feud, fief, or fee : 
as, feudal tenure; feudal rights or services; a 
feudal lord or vassal. 
The feudal tenure, which was certainly at first the ten- 
ure of servants who, but for the dignity of their master, 
might have been called slaves, became in the Middle Ages 
the tenure of noblemen. 
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 341. 
The old feudal spirit which prompted a man to treat 
his tenants and villeins as part of his stock . . . had been 
crushed before the reign of Edward III. 
Stubbs, Const. Hist., 469. 
2. Pertaining to the state of society under this 
system of tenure ; characteristic of the relations 
of lord and vassal. 
It is time . . . that we had a feudal map of England 
before the manorial boundaries are wiped away. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 64. 
Feudal system, a system of political organization with 
reference to the tenure of land and to military service and 
allegiance prevalent in Europe in the middle ages. Its 
main peculiarity was that the bulk of the land was divid- 
ed into feuds or fiefs, held by their owners on condition 
of the performance of certain duties, especially military 
services, to a superior lord, who, on default of such per- 
formance, could reclaim the laud. This superior might 
1 either the sovereign, or some subject who thus held of 
the sovereign, and iu turn had created the fief by subin- 
feudation. According to the pure feudal system, the lord 
was entitled to the fealty of his tenants, but not to that 
of their subtenants, every man looking only to his imme- 
diate lord. On the continent of Europe, while the system 
was in full operation, this principle made the great lords 
practically independent of their nominal sovereigns, who 
could command their allegiance only through their self- 
interest or by superior force; and therefore kings were 
often powerless against their vassals. In England, how- 
ever, the sovereign was always entitled to the fealty of all 
his subjects. Feudal tenures were abolished in England 
by act of Parliament in 1660, in Scotland in 1747, and in 
France at the revolution of 1789. In Germany, Austria, 
etc., they continued till after the revolutionary movements 
of 1848-50. In each case, however, they had long previ- 
ously been much mitigated in their social and political ef- 
fects. A feudal system prevailed in China from a very early 
period, but was brought to an end in 220 B.C., on the con- 
quest of the whole country by Siang Wang of Tsin, known 
as Tsin-shi-Hwang-ti. The feudal system of Japan was 
abolished in 1871, when the daimios or barons surrendered 
their lands to the mikado. See daimio. 
feudalism (fu'dal-izm), n. [= F.feodalisme = 
Sp. Pg. It.feudalismo; as feudal 2 + -ism.'] The 
feudal system and its incidents ; the system of 
holding lands by military service. 
On the seemingly trilling pomp and pretence of chivalry, 
the mischievous fabric of extinctfeudalism was threatening 
gradually to reconstruct itself. Stubbs, Const. Hist. , 469. 
Feudalism was really a co-operative association for the 
mutual defence of the members. 
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 52. 
Though he was no chartist or radical, I considerCarlyle's 
by far the most indignant comment or protest anent the 
fruits ot feudalism to-day in Great Britain. 
W. Whitman, Essays from "The Critic," p. 34. 
feudalist (fu'dal-ist), n. [< feudal + 4st. Cf. 
feudist."] 1. A supporter of the feudal system. 
The Prussian Feudalists had risen up in arms against 
some of his [Bismarck's] liberal reforms. 
Lowe, Bismarck, II. 395. 
2. One versed in feudal law; a feudist. 
feudalistic (fu-da-lis'tik), a. Of the nature of 
feudalism. 
While the main tenor of his life was feudalistic, the 
habitant of New France spurned certain duties that were 
regarded as essential prerogatives of his master in the 
Old World. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 152. 
feudality (fu-dal'i-ti), n. [= F. feodalite = Sp. 
feudalidad = Pg. feudalidade = It.feudalita; 
as feudal 2 + -ity.] The state or quality of be- 
ing feudal; feudal form of constitution. 
It had doubtless a powerful tendency to cherish the in- 
fluence of feudality and clanship. Hallam. 
At the end of the last century, when revolutionary effer- 
vescence was beginning to ferment, the people of Aries 
swept all its feudality away, defacing the very arms upon 
the town gate, and trampling the palace towers to dust. 
J. A. Symondt, Italy and Greece, p. 327. 
feudalization (fu"dal-i-za'shon), n. [(.feudal- 
ize + -ation."] The act of feudalizing or reducing 
to feudal tenure, or of conforming to feudalism. 
The feudnHsation of any one country in Europe must 
be conceived as a process including a long series of politi- 
cal, administrative, and judicial changes. 
Main?, Village Communities, p. 133. 
feudum 
Down indeed to the first French Revolution, the excep- 
tional tenure of land in frauc-alleu, which here and there 
survived amid the general feudalisation, was held by 
Frenchmen in high honour. 
J/ttiHf, Early Law and Custom, p. 340. 
The feudalization of the Church by grants or purchase 
of its highest offices as fiefs of lord or king, and by their 
transmission, like lay estates, from father to son. 
J. R. Qreen, Conq. of Eng., p. 496. 
feudalize (fu'dal-Iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.feudal- 
ized,ippT. feudalizing. [<. fettdal 2 + -ize.] To re- 
duce to a feudal tenure; conform to feudalism. 
We must conceive of the whole territory of France as 
feudalized that is, divided and subdivided into larger 
and smaller fiefs, nominally constituting a complete hie- 
rarchy. Stills, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 143. 
The Church, too, never became feudalized. 
J. /(. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 293. 
feudally (fu'dal-i), adv. In a feudal manner. 
Hallam. 
feudary (fu'da-ri), a. and n. [< ML. feudarius, 
n., one invested with a feud, prop, an adj., < 
feudum, a feud: see/ed! 2 .] I. a. Pertaining 
to or held by feudal tenure. 
And what greater dividing than by a pernicious and 
hostile peace to disalliege a whole feudary kingdom from 
the ancient dominion of England. 
Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish. 
II. n. ; Tpl.feudaries(-Tiz). 1. A tenant who 
holds his lands by feudal service ; a feudatory. 
But before the releasement thereof, first he was miser - 
ablie compelled . . . to giue ouer both his crowne & scep- 
ter to that Antichrist of Rome for the space of Hue dales, 
& his client, vassale, feudarie, & tenant to receive againe 
of him at the hands of another Cardinal. 
Fate, Martyrs, p. 230. 
2. An ancient officer of the court of wards in 
England. 
Also written feodary. 
feudatary (fu'da-ta-ri), a. and n. [= F.feuda- 
taire = Sp. Pg. It. feudatario, a. and n., < ML. 
feudatarius, n., the holder of a feud, prop, adj., 
<. feudum, a feud: see feud 2 . Ct. feudatory and 
feudary.] Same us feudatory. 
feudatory (fu'da-to-ri), a. and n. [The more 
exact form (for the n.) is feudatary, < ML. feu- 
datarius, n. : see feudatary. Ct. ML. feudator, 
the holder of a feud, < feudum, a feud: see 
feud 2 .] I. a. Holding or held from another on 
feudal tenure. See feudal 2 . 
He hath claimed the kingdom of England, as feudatory 
to the see apostolic. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 104. 
II. n.; pi. feudatories (-riz). 1. A tenant or 
vassal holding his lands of a superior on con- 
dition of military or feudal service ; the tenant 
of a feud or fief. See feudal 2 . 
The Norman Conquest . . . introduced the feudal sys- 
tem, with its necessary appendages, a hereditary mon- 
archy and nobility ; the former in the line of the chief, 
who led the invading army, and the latter in that of his 
distinguished followers. They became his feudatories. 
The country both land and people (the latter as serfs) 
was divided between them. Calhoun, Works, I. 99. 
The great feudatory at Rouen seemed, in a way in which 
no other feudatory seemed, to shut up his over-lord in a 
kind of prison. E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II. 132. 
2. A fief. 
A service paid by the King of Spaine for the kingdomes 
of Naples and Sicily, pretended feudatorys to the Pope. 
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 22, 1644. 
It must not be supposed that in the partition of France 
into feudatories the king was ignored. He, from the very 
nature of the system, was its head, from whom all author- 
ity theoretically descended. Stint, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 142. 
feudbotet (fud'bot), . [A mod. form, repr. 
AS. fiehtli-bot, < f&htli, a feud, quarrel, + bot, 
amends, fine, boot: see feud 1 and boo ft."] A 
fine for engaging in a feud or quarrel. 
feu de joie (fe de zhwo). [F., a bonfire, lit. 
fire of joy: feu, fire, < L. focus, a hearth, fire- 
place (see focus); de, of; joie, see joy. Hence 
E. dial. (Craven) feudjor, a bonfire.] A bonfire, 
or a firing of guns, in token of joy. 
About three o'clock the discharge of fifty pieces of can- 
non was answered by &feu de joie from all the regiments 
of the garrison, and the yeomanry corps drawn up for the 
purpose in Stephen's Green. N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 406. 
feudist (fu'dist), n. [< F. fcudiste = Sp. Pg. 
feudista, < L. feudum, feud: see feud 2 .] 1. A 
writer on feuds ; one versed in feudal law. 
I call it, as ttiefeudwts do, jus utendi prsedio Hlie.no; a 
right to use another man's land, not a property in it. 
Spehnan, Feuds and Tenures, ii. 
2. One living under the feudal system. 
The Greeks, the Romans, the Britons, the Saxons, and 
even originally thefeudists, divided the lands equally. 
Blackxtone, Com.. II. xiv. 
feudum (fu'dum), n. [ML., a,l8ofeodum,feou- 
dium: see feud 2 .] 1. Land granted to be held 
as a benefice, in distinction from land granted 
to be held allodially. 2. An estate of inheri- 
tance ; an interest in land descendible to heirs. 
K. E. Digby. 
