focusing-frame 
focusing-frame (fo'kus-ing-fram), n. In a 
photographic camera, the frame which holds 
the ground-glass used in focusing to receive 
the image projected by the lens. 
The ground glass is also ronmvn] ; the negative to be 
copied is secured in the fwnnxinff frame in its place. 
Lea, Photography, p. 385. 
focusing-glass (fo'kus-ing-glas), n. A small 
pocket inagnifying-glass, sometimes with a 
shade to exclude the light, used in examining 
the image projected on the ground-glass of a 
photographic camera. 
fodder 1 (fod'er), n. [< ME. fodder, foddur, 
foder, fodder, < AS. fodor (rare and improp. 
gen. dat. fothres, fotlire), foddor, foddus, food, 
esp. for cattle, fodder, = D. voeder = LG. voder, 
voer = OHG. fuotar, MHG. f uoter, G. futter, 
food, fodder, provender, = Icel. fodhr = Sw. 
Dan. foder, fodder; the same, but with different 
suffix, as AS. foda, E. food: see food*. Hence 
ult. forage, foray.] Pood for cattle, horses, 
and sheep, as hay, straw, and other kinds of 
vegetables. The word is usually confined to 
food that grows above ground and is fed in 
bulk. 
The sheep far fodder follow the shepherd. 
Shak., T. Q. of V., L 1. 
This was at once the mystery and misery of Mike's ex- 
istence, often pausing between pulls at the fodder, after 
he had finished his corn, to consider it. 
W. it. Baker, New Timothy, p. 182. 
Further on, . . . glistening stalks of fodder . . . caught 
the level gleaming from the west, as might the rifles of a 
regiment that has been ordered to fire lying down. 
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 212. 
= Syn. See feed, n. 
fodder 1 (fod'er), v. t. [< y[E.fodderen,fothereii, 
< AS. "fodrian (implied in deriv. fodrere, fod- 
derer, forager) = D. voederen = LG. vodern, 
roren = G. fiittern = Icel. fodhra = Sw. fodra 
= Dan./orfre, fodder; from the noun.] 1. To 
feed with dry food or cut grass, etc.; supply 
with hay, straw, etc. : as, farmers fodder their 
cattle twice or thrice in a day. 
Salt herbage for the foddering rack provide 
To fill their bags, and swell the milky tide. 
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iii. 
2f. To graze, as cattle. 
Let the cases be filled with natural earth (such as is 
taken the first half spit from just under the turf of the 
best pasture-ground), in a place that has been well foth- 
er'd on. Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense, May. 
fodder 2 t (fod'er), n. A variant of father*. 
fodderer (fod'er-er), . [ME. not found; AS. 
fodrere, a fodderer, forager, < * 'fodrian: see 
fodder*, r. ?.] One who fodders cattle, 
fodet, n. and v. An obsolete form of food*. 
fodge (foj), n. [Sc. ; cf. equiv. fadge* and 
fudge*.] A fat, puffy-cheeked person, 
fbdgel (foj' el), a. andn. [Sc.; also foggel; cf. 
fodge.} I. a. Fat; stout; plump. 
If in your Iwund ye chance to light 
Upon a fine, fat, foggel wight, 
O' stature short, but genius bright, 
That's he, mark weel. 
Burns, Capt. Grose's Peregrinations. 
II. n. A fat person. 
fodient (fo'di-ent), . and n. [< L. fodien(t-)s, 
ppr. of fodere, dig, dig up, dig out: see fossil.'] 
I. a. If. Digging; throwing up with a spade. 
Blount. 2. In zool. : (a) Digging; fossorial. 
(6) Of or pertaining to the Fodientia: as, a, fo- 
dient edentate. 
II. n. One of the Fodientia. 
The fodients are only two, perhaps three, species in 
number. Stand. Nat. Hist., V. 60. 
Fodientia (fo-di-en'shi-ii), n. pi. [NL., < L. fo- 
dien(t-)s, ppr. of fodere, clig, + -j 2 .] The fodi- 
ent edentate mammals, a suborder of Bruta or 
Edentata, comprising only the aardvarks, fam- 
ily Orycteropodida!. 
foe (f 6), w. [< ME. fo, foo, fa, faa, pi. fos, foos, 
faes, faas, also fan, fone, fan, fane, a foe, an 
2298 
From the testimony of friends as well as of foft, ... it is 
plain that these teachers of virtue hud sill the vk-es of their 
neighbours. Mm'niilini, Lonl llacou. 
2. An enemy in war; one of a nation or peo- 
ple at war with another, whether personally in- 
imical or not ; a hostile or opposing army ; an 
adversary. 
He fought great batteils with his salvage fone. 
Spenser, F. CJ., II. x. 10. 
Choose thee either three years' famine, or three months 
to be destroyed before thy/o&f. 1 Chron. xxi. 11, 12. 
Shall victor exult, or in death be laid low, 
With his back to the field, and his feet to the/o I 
Campbell, Lochiel's Warning. 
3. An opponent; a malevolent or hostile agent 
or principle : as, a foe to all measures of reform ; 
intemperance is a, foe to thrift. 
Time-pleasers, flatterers, foes to nobleness. 
Shak., Cor., iii. 1. 
Some/o to his upright intent 
Finds out his weaker part. 
Cmeper, Human Frailty. 
4. One who or that which injures, harasses, or 
hinders anything : as, the climate is a foe to 
grape-culture. 
To plant and tree an opon foo is she [the goose]. 
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 26. 
Mirth and opium, ratafia and tears, 
The daily anodyne, and nightly draught, 
To kill those foes to fair ones, time and thought. 
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 112. 
= Syn. Antagonist, Opponent, etc. See adversary. 
fcedera (fe'de-ra), n. pi. [L., pi. of foedus 
(feeder-), a league, treaty: see federal.] Inter- 
national transactions or facts, and the records 
relating to them. 
The celebrated/o?dem with Carthage, so much discussed 
of late. Encyc. Brit,, XIII. 131. 
foederalt, foaderallyt. Obsolete spellings of 
federal, federally. 
foedifragoust, a. See fedifragovs. 
foedityt. . Seefedity. 
foehn, fohn (fen), . [G. John or />', a storm, 
< MHG. (not found), < OHG. fonna, I.,f0nno, 
m. , a rain- wind, whirlwind ; possibly ult. due to 
L. Favonius, the west wind: see/arowian.] A 
warm, dry wind which descends from the upper 
Alps into the valleys on the north side of the 
chain of the Alps, from Geneva to Salzburg. 
Its direction is from the south, less often from the south- 
west, and it is felt most in the valleys having a general 
north-and-south trend. It is most common in the autumn 
and winter, and exerts an important influence upon the 
meteorological condition of the places subject to it : for 
example, by rapidly removing the snow in spring, ripening 
the grapes in autumn, etc. A similar warm, dry wind is 
recognized in other parts of the world, as on the west coast 
of Greenland and in New Zealand. The Chinook wind of 
the northwestern United States is a similar phenomenon. 
Of local winds the most remarkable are the Fohn, in the 
Alps, distinguished for its warmth and dryness, etc. 
Encyc. Brit., VIII. 690. 
We have had a bit of the Greenland foehn. The barom- 
eter rose a quarter of an inch during the day. 
A. W. Grrely, Arctic Service, II. 10. 
foehqqdt (fo'hud), n. [_<foe* + -hood.] Enmity; 
hostility. 
Have you forgotten S. Hierome's and Ruffinus's deadlie 
foe-hood which was wrung over the world ? 
Bp. Bedell, Of Certain Letters, ii. 325. 
foeman(fo'man), .; pLfoemen (-men). [<ME. 
foman, famon, < AS. fdhman, fdhmon, foeman, 
<fdh, hostile, + man, man.] An active enemy ; 
one who is in open enmity with or engaged in 
hostilities against another or others. 
Unto his lemman Dalida he tolde, 
That in his heres all his strengthe lay, 
And falsly to his/oonwn she him solde. 
Chaucer, Monk's Tale, 1. 75. 
Give me this man ; he presents no mark to the enemy ; 
the foeman may with as great aim level at the edge of a 
penknife. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 
So this great brand the king 
Took, and by this will beat his foemen down. 
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 
Foeniculum (fe-nik'u-lum), n. [L. : see fennel.] 
A small genus of umbelliferous plants, natives 
(never as a noun, for which ae-fah or fall-man, 
but usually feond: see fiend), = OHG. ai-feh, 
MHG. ge-vech, hostile; prob. connected with 
Goth, faih, n., fraud, deception, bi-faihon, over- 
reach, defraud; ult. from the same root as fiend, 
AS. feond, an enemy: see fiend. Hence ult. 
feud*, orig. the abstract noun of the orig. adj. 
form of /oe.] 1. An enemy; one who enter- 
tains hatred, grudge, or malice against another. 
I lone hem nougt, thei am my fone, 
Ne wolde I neuer sene hem none. 
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 9. 
Heat not a furnace for your/oe so hot 
That it do singe yourself. Shak., Hen. VIII., 1. 1. 
principal species is the fennel, F. vulgare. See 
fennel. 
foenugreekt, n. See fenugreek. 
foesmpt, [<ME./o*cfeip; <foe + -ship.] En- 
mity. 
Thefreke sayde, " no fogchiponre fader hatz theschewed." 
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 918. 
foetal, fcetation, etc. See fetal, etc. 
foetid, fcetor. See fetid, fetor. 
fog 1 (fog), n. [< Dan. fog, spray, shower, drift, 
storm, in comp. sne-fog, a snow-storm, blinding 
fall of snow, = Icel. fok, spray, any light thing 
tossed by the wind, asuow-drift; cf.j5fc,asnow- 
fog 
storm, (.fjuka (pret.f/nik, pp.fokinn), be dri\ in 
on, be tossed by thp wind (of spray, snow, dust, 
etc.), = Sw.fyka (Cleasby) = Da'u. fyge, drift, 
colloq. rush, dial, fiige, rain fine and blow.] 1. 
The aggregation of a vast number of minute 
globules of water in the air near the earth's sur- 
face, usually produced by the cooling of the air 
below the dew-point, whereby a portion of its 
vapor is condensed. The cooling may be the result 
of radiation, conduction, mixture with colder air, or ascen- 
sion. Over surfaces of water wanner than the air the fog 
produced by cooling is increased by the continued evapo- 
ration of the water into the already saturated air. Solid 
particles in the air constitute nuclei for condensation, and 
are thereby great promoters of the formation of fog. In a 
ship's log-book, abbreviated/. 
Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain, 
As in revenge, have suck'd up from the sea 
Contagious fogs. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2. 
Beyond the difference in the place of origin there is 
really little or no distinction to be drawn between a fog 
and a cloud. A fog is a cloud resting on the earth ; a 
cloud is a/of; floating high in the air. 
Huxley, Physiography, p. 44. 
Hence 2. A state of mental obscurity or con- 
fusion: as, to be in a fog of doubt. 
One fighting with death in the fog of a typhoid fever. 
0. W. Holmet, Old Vol. of Life, p. 50. 
3. In photog., a uniform coating covering a de- 
veloped plate, more or less destructive to the 
picture in proportion to its opacity. It results 
from chemical impurities, from exposure of the sensitized 
film to light, from errors in manipulation, etc. 
On the deepest shades should be a pure photographic 
deposit, and not fog. Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 273. 
Green fog, in photog., a coating or discoloration of the 
same nature as red fog, but greenish in eolor. Red fog, 
in photog., a more or less opaque reddish discoloration in 
those parts of dry-plate negatives which should be clear. 
It may result from over-development, from impurities in 
the developing solutions, from their non-accordance chem- 
ically with the brand of plate used, or from imperfection 
in the manufacture of the plate. = Syn. 1. Mill, Haze, etc. 
See rain, n. 
fog 1 (fog), v. ; pret. and pp. fogged, ppr. fog- 
ging. [<.fog*, n.] I. trans. 1. To envelop with 
or as with fog; shroud in mist or gloom; ob- 
scure; befog. [Rare.] 
That the light of divine truth may shine clear in them, 
and not be fogged and misled with filthy vapours. 
Leighton, Commentary on Peter, i. 
2. To cloud or coat with a uniform coating or 
discoloration, as in photography: as, an over- 
alkaline developer will/o^r the plate. Bee fog*, 
n., 3. 
To prevent the mishap of fogged plates [in photography ] 
from scattering and extraneous light. Science, I. 94. 
H. in trans. 1. To become covered or filled 
with fog. 2. In photog., to become clouded or 
coated with a uniform coating or discoloration : 
said of a negative in course of development. 
See fog*, n.,3. 
A peculiar change of colour in the high lights of the 
picture . . . takes place just before fogging commences. 
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 254. 
fog 2 (fog), . [E. dial, also f eg; < ME. fogge, 
grass (see extract) ; perhaps of Celtic origin, 
W. ffwg, dry grass.] 1. Aftergrass; a second 
growth of grass ; aftermath ; also, long grass 
that remains on land through the winter ; fog- 
gage. [Eng.] 
He fares forth on alle faure, fogge watz his mete [compare 
l)an. iv. 33). Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1683. 
One with another they would lie and play, 
And in the deep/o<7 batten all the day. 
Drayton, Moon Calf, p. 512. 
2. Moss. [Scotch.] 
A rowing [rolling] stane gathers uae fog. 
Scotch Proverbs (Ramsay, p. 15X 
fog 2 (fog), v. ; pret. and ^.Jogged, ppr. fogging. 
[v/ofl 12 , ] I. trans. 1. To feed off the fog or 
pasture in winter: as, to fog cattle. 2. To eat 
off the fog from: as, to fog a field. [Eng. in 
both senses.] 
II. intrant. To become covered with fog or 
moss. [Scotch.] 
About this town [Peebles] both fruit and forest trees 
have a smoother skin than elsewhere, and are seldom seen 
either to fog or be bark-bound. 
Pennecuik, Tweeddale, p. 31. 
fog 3 t (tog), v. i. [Developed from/o^fircr 1 , q. v.] 
To seek gain by base or servile practices 
(whence pettifogger). 
As for the fogging proctorage of money, with such an 
eyeasstrookeGehezi with Leprosy, and Simon Magus with 
a curse, so does she [Excommunication] looke, and so 
threaten her flry whip. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii. 
Wer't not for us, thou swad (quoth he), 
Where wouldst tliou/ojr to get a fee? Drydcn. 
fog 4 (fog), a. [E. dial., formerly alsofoggy; ori- 
gin obscure; of.faggy*.'] Gross; fat; clumsy. 
A fowle fog monster, great swad, depriued of eyesight. 
Slanihmgt, /Eneid, iii. 672. 
