foramen 
uding cavities by membranes, and are often exter- 
nally visible, as those at the ends of the femora of most 
insects; their form is then useful in classification. See 
cut under llyutcnoptera. 
2. In bot., an opening of any kind ; specifically, 
the orifice of tlie coats of the ovule. Anteor- 
bital, atlantal, auricular, etc., foramen. See the ad- 
jectives. Carotid foramen. (<i) The lower aperture of 
the carotid canal. ((<) The carotid canal itself. Condy- 
loid foramen. () Anti-riur, u hole in the occipital bone 
for the passage of the hypoglossal nerve. See cut under 
craniofucial. (b) Posterior, for the passage of a vein. Co- 
racos'oapular foramen, in some unimals, a hole formed 
by thi; articulation of the coracoid bone with the scapula. 
Cordlform foramen. See cordiform. Cotyloid fora- 
men, a notch in the acetabulum or socket of the thigh- 
bone, converted into a hole by a ligament, for the passage 
of vessels and nerves. See cut under innominate. Den- 
tal foramen, the termination of the dental canal of the 
lower jaw, through which vessels and nerves emerge from 
the interior of the bone upon the face. Diaphragmat- 
ic foramina, several holes through the diaphragm, for 
the passage of the esophagus, the aorta, the pneumogas- 
tric nerves, the vena cava inferior, and other structures. 
Epitrochlear foramen, foramen epitrochleare, the su- 
pracomlyloid foramen upon the inner condyle of the hu- 
merus of many animals, sometimes present, or represented 
by a groove, in man. Ethmoidal foramina, anterior 
and ptatrriiir, openings in the orbit, in the articulation 
between the ethmoid and the frontal bone, for the passage 
of vessels and nerves. External carotid foramen, the 
external orifice of the carotid canal. Foramen csecum. 
(a) Of the frontal bone, a depression lodging a process of 
the dura mater, and either impervious or transmitting a 
vein. (0) Of the medulla oblongata, a cul-de-sac forming 
the termination of the anterior median fissure behind the 
pons. Also called foramen caecum of Vicq d'Azyr. (c) 
Of the tongue, a depression about the large middle cir- 
cumvallate papilla. Foramen commune anterius. 
Same M/brmun of Monro. Foramen intercarpl, the 
foramen of the intercarpus, an opening between or among 
certain bones of the carpus of batrachians. Foramen 
lacerum anterius, the sphenoidal fissure between the 
greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, transmitting 
the third, fourth, first division of the flfth, and the sixth 
cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic vein. See cut under 
sphenoid. Foramen lacerum medium, the interval 
between the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone and the sphenoid and occipital bones, in relation with 
the inner opening of the carotid canal. See cut under 
skull. Foramen lacariim posterius, the jugular fora- 
men, a fissure between the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone and the occipital bone, giving passage to the 
internal jugular vein, and to the glossopharyngeal, pneu- 
mogastric, and spinal accessory nerves. See cut under 
skull. Foramen magnum, the great hole in the occipi- 
tal bone for the passage of the medulla oblongata and its 
membranes, the spinal accessory nerve, and the vertebral 
arteries ; the passage from the cranial cavity to the spinal 
canal. Foramen of Monro, the communication between 
tlie lateral ventricles of the brain and the third ventricle, 
transmitting the choroid plexus. See cut under encspha- 
Ion. Foramen of Soemmerlng, a deceptive appear- 
ance, as of an opening, presented by the retina of tlie eye 
at tlie yellow-spot. See retina. Foramen of Stenson. 
Same as canalit ineuiaat. See en nalis. Foramen Of 
WinslOW, the communication between the greater and 
lesser cavities of the peritoneum. Foramen ovale. (a) 
Of the heart, the communication, in tlie fetus, between 
the right and tlie left auricle, closed soon after birth : 
when persistent it gives rise to cyanosis. (6) Of the sphe- 
noid bone, a hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid, or 
between this and the temporal bone, for the passage of 
the third division of the flfth cranial nerve. See cut un- 
der sphenoid. Foramen Panizzse, tlie foramen of Pa- 
nizza, the communication between the right and the left 
aortic arches of reptiles. Foramen rotundum, a round 
hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid, for the passage 
of the second division of the fifth cranial nerve. See cut 
under sphenoid. Foramen spinosum, a hole in the 
greater wing of the sphenoid, transmitting the princi- 
pal meniugeal artery. Foramen trans versarium, a 
hole in the transverse process of a cervical vertebra, as 
in birds and mammals, formed by ankylosia of a cervical 
rib with the transverse process proper ; the vertebrarte- 
rial foramen. Qegenliaur. Foramen Vesalil, a minute 
inconstant hole in the sphenoid bone, transmitting a 
vein. Foramina Thebesii, orifices of small veins which 
empty into the right auricle of the heart. Inferior den- 
til foramen, the inlet of the inferior dental canal In the 
lower jaw-bone. Infraorbital foramen, a hole in the 
superior maxillary bone, near the lower border of the or- 
bit, for the exit of so much of the second division of the 
flfth nerve as appears upon the face. See cut under orbit. 
Internal auditory foramen, the meatus auditorius 
interims, for the passage from the cranial cavity into the 
temporal bone of the auditory and facial nerve. See cuts 
under craniofacial and ear. Internal carotid fora- 
men, the internal orifice of the carotid canal. Interor- 
bital foramen, a vacuity in the bony plate separating 
the orbits in birds, etc. Intervertebral foramina, 
holes formed between any two contiguous vertebra for 
the exit of spinal nerves. Jugular foramen. See fora- 
men lacerum posterius. Malar foramina, holes in the 
malar bone for the passage of nerves and vessels. Mas- 
toid foramen, a hole in or near the mastoid portion of 
the temporal bone, for the passage of a vein. Medulla- 
ry foramen, the hole in any bone giving entrance to the 
proper nutrient artery of the l>one. Also called nutrient 
foramen. Mental foramen, the outlet upon the chin 
of the Inferior dental canal of the lower jaw-ltone, giving 
exit to so much of the third division of the flfth cranial 
nerve as appears upon the chin. Nutrient foramen. 
See medullary foramen. Obturator foramen, the thy- 
roid foramen, a large opening or fenestra in the innomi- 
nate bone, representing an interval between the pubis and 
ischium, mostly closed by the obturator membrane, and 
transmitting the obturator vessels and nerve: sometimes 
in lower animals a notch. See cut under innominate. 
Occipital foramen, in entom., the opening by which the 
cavity of the head communicates with that of the neck. 
See cut under U ynunoptera. Olfactory foramina, the 
2316 
numerous holes In the cribriform plat* of the ethmoid 
bone, transmitting the olfactory nerves. Optic fora- 
men, the round hole in the sphenoid bone transmitting 
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. Sec cuts under 
orbit and sphenoid. Palatine foramina, anterior and 
posterior, holes in the bony palate for the passage of ves- 
sels and nerves : small in man. in some mammals constitut- 
ing great vacuities. Also called palatine foejtce. Ptery- 
gopalatine foramen, an opening between tlie pterygoid 
and the palatine bones. Sacral foramina, Intarrerte- 
liral foramina in the sacral region. Sacrosciatic fora- 
men, a notch ill the posterior border of the haunch-bone, 
converted by ligament into a hole, through which passes 
the pyriformis muscle, the sciatic nerve, and other struc- 
tures. Sphenopalatine foramen, a notch or hole in the 
palatine bone, by which the sphenomaxillary fossa com- 
municates with the nasal cavity. Stylomastold fora- 
men, a hole in the temporal bone, near the root of the 
styloid process, giving exit to the facial nerve, and entrance 
to thestylomastoid artery. See cut under slmll. Thyroid 
foramen, see obturator foramen. Vertebral or verte- 
brarterial foramen, a hole in the transverse processes 
of cervical vertebrae, transmitting the vertebral artery. 
See cut under ctrrical. Vidian foramen, the Vidian ca- 
nal. Seecanali. 
foraminate, foraminated (fo-ram'i-nat, -na- 
ted), a. [\ LL. foraminatus, having holes, < 
L. foramen, a hole: see foramen. ~\ Furnished 
with foramina ; cribrate ; ethmoid. 
foraminifer (fo-ra-min'i-fer), n. [< NL. fora- 
minifer: see foraminiferous.] One of the Fo- 
raminifera. 
Foraminifera (fo-ram-i-nif'e-ra), n. pi. [NL., 
neut. pi. of foraminifer : see 'foraminiferous.] 
An order of Rhizopoda, belonging to the sub- 
kingdom Protozoa, furnished with a shell or 
test, simple or complex, usually perforated by 
pores (foramina), whence the name. The shell 
may be composed of horny matter, or of carbonate of 
lime secreted from the water in which they live, or may 
be fabricated by sticking together extraneous matters, 
such as particles of sand. Owing to the resemblance of 
their convoluted chambered shells to those of the nau- 
tilus, they were at first reckoned among the most highly 
organized mollusks. In reality they are among the sim- 
plest of the Protozoa. The l>ody of a foraminifer is com- 
posed of granular, gelatinous, highly elastic sarcode, 
Diagrams of Forumini/era. 
A, monothalamian : S, C, polythalamian ; D, horizontal, and , ! . 
vertical sections of the helicoid forms. 
which nnt only nils the shell, but passes through the per- 
forations to the exterior, there giving off long thread-like 
processes, called pseudopodia, interlacing one another so 
as to form a net like a spider's web. Internally the sar- 
code-body exhibits no structure or definite organs of any 
kind. A nucleus, which at one time was believed to be ab- 
sent, has been discovered in these organisms. A remark- 
able formation known as nummulitic limestone receives 
its name from the presence of large coin-shaped foramini- 
fers, generally about as large as an English shilling. The 
name is based on the French foramintferes of A. d'Or- 
bigny, who regarded these organisms as cephalopodous 
mollusks, and named them from the foramina by means 
of which the cells communicate. He divided them into 
Ilelicostegueg (with the subdivisions //. naittiloideg, am- 
monoides, and turbinoidet), Stichosteffues, Enallogtegues, 
Agathisteguei, and Entomonteguei, terms corresponding 
to Helicoiteya, Stichostega, Enallostega, Agathittei/a, and 
Entomostega. The most approved recent classification of 
the Foraminifera is by H. B. Brady, who divides the or- 
der Into the families Oromiida, tUliolidtr, Aitrorhizidcr, 
Lituolida, Textulariidte, Chiloxtomellidce, Lagenidix, Olo- 
bigerinidce. Retaliate, and Numinulinidoe. The prob- 
lematic fossil of the taurentian rocks of Canada, named 
Eozoon canadensf, has been referred to the order, but Its 
foraminiferal nature has been denied by most recent nat- 
uralists. By some authors the Foraminifera, under the 
name Keticularia, are regarded as a class of protozoans, 
and divided into 10 orders, corresponding with the above- 
named families. Thalamophora is a third name of these 
organisms. 
foraminiferal (fo-ram-i-nif'e-ral), a. 1. Con- 
sisting of or containing Foraminifera: as, fora- 
miniferal mud ; foraminiferal deposits. 
There can be no doubt that the foraminiferal shower 
falls over the area occupied by the grey ooze and the red 
clay just as persistently as elsewhere. 
Huxley, Physiography, p. 269. 
2. Pertaining to or having the characters of the 
Foraminifera : as, foraminiferal life. Huxley. 
foraminiferous (fo-ram-i-nif 'e-rus), a. [< NL. 
foraminifer, < L. 'foramen (foramin-), a hole, 
+ ferre = E. bear 1 ."] 1. Having perforations 
or pores (foramina). 2. Consisting of or con- 
taining Foraminifera : same s foraminiferal, 1. 
The bottom composed of foraminfferou* ooze and coarse 
sand. Science, III. 591. 
foraminous (fo-ram'i-nus), a. [< LL. forami- 
nosus, full of lioles, < L. foramen, a hole : see 
forbear 
foramen.'] Full of holes or foramina; perfo- 
rated in many places; porous. [Bare.] 
Soft and foraminoui bodies, in the first creation of the 
sound, will dead it. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 215. 
foraminule (fo-ram'i-uul), n. [< NL. forami- 
n nl a in, dim. of L. foramen, a hole : see foramen.] 
1. A small foramen. 2. In certain fungi, the 
ostiolum or orifice through which the spores are 
discharged. Imp. Diet. [Not in use.] 
foraminulose (fo-ra-min'u-los), a. [< forami- 
/uili' + -ose.~] Pierced with small holes. 
foraminulous (fo-ra-min'u-lus), a. Same as 
forantinulose. 
fbrane (fo-ran'), a. [< F. forain = Sp. fordneo 
= It. foraneo, < ML. foraneuf, < L. foras, out of 
doors, abroad. It is thus a doublet to foreign, 
q. v.] Pertaining to places or things remote: 
specifically used in the Roman Catholic Church, 
in the title ticar forane. Se* vicar. 
foranentt, prep. See foreanen t. 
forasmuch (fdr'az-much'), con/. [< ME. foras- 
much, forasmyche, etc., also, separately, for as 
niiieh : see for, as 1 , mucli.'] In view of the fact 
that; in consideration that; seeing that; since: 
with as: as, forasmuch as the time is short. 
Forasmuch ai the knowingis of these things is a inaner 
pocion or medicine to thee, al be it so that I haue little 
time to done it, yet neuerthelesse I would enforcen me to 
shewen somewhat of It. Chaucer, Boe thins, iv. 
Foratmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought 
not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, 
or stone. Acts xvii. 29. 
foray (for'a), n. [Formerly also forray, ferray ; 
< WE. f array, forrey, f array e; a northern form 
of forage, q. v!] The act of foraging ; a preda- 
tory excursion. 
Feire oncle, yef ye will suffre me to go on forrey in to a 
londe that I knowe, I shall bringe yow vitaile plente, for 
the coutre Is full of all goode. Jhrlin (E. E. T. S.), U. 253. 
When time hangs heavy in the hall, 
And snow conies thick at Christmas-tide, 
And we can neither hunt, nor ride 
A foray on the Scottish side. 
Scott, Mai mion, L 22. 
= Syn. Incursion, Raid, etc. See ineasion. 
foray (for'a), v. [Formerly also forray; < ME. 
"forrayen, forreyen ; from the noun. Cf. forage, 
v."] I. trans. To ravage; pillage. 
The Abbot and his community having retreated beyond 
the Forth, their lands were severely forayed. 
Scott, Monastery, ii. 
II. intrans. To engage in a foray ; pillage. 
Ofte tymes he taught with the saisnes [Saxons] whan 
that he herde telle that the! come to. forrey. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), II. 179. 
The people of Granada resumed all at once their ancient 
activity, foraying into the Christian territories. 
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 16. 
forayer (for'a-er), n. [< ME. foreyour; < foray 
+ -eri. Cf. forager."] One who takes part in a 
foray; a marauder. Formerly also forrayer. 
Kynde [Nature] huyrde tho Conscience and cam out of the 
planetes, 
And sente forth hisforeyourt feuers and fluxes, 
Couhes, and cardiacles, crampes, and toth aches. 
Piers Plowman (C), xxiii. 81. 
They might not choose the lowland road, 
For the Meree forayers were abroad. 
Scott, Marmion, ill. 1. 
forbadt. An obsolete preterit of forbid. 
forbade (f6r-bad' or -bad'). Preterit of forbid. 
forbart, v.'t. [< ME. forbarren (= MHG. ver- 
barren); </or-l + bar'-, .] 1. To bar in; shut 
up. 
Whl lete je foulli sour tonfor-barre 3011 her-mne, 
& do sou alle the duresse that tbei deuise konne. 
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3333. 
2. To bar ; fend off ; ward off. 
The! with fyn force for-barred his strokes, 
<t wounded him wikkedly & wonne him of his stede. 
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1217. 
3. To exclude ; deny. 
As well be domes as by statutes many tymes they [citi- 
zens] haue been lettyd, and of some of her fraunches/or- 
barred. 
Charter of London (Rich. II.), in Arnold's Chronicle, p. 28. 
forbathet(fOr-baTH'),rJ. [</or-i+6o<7i.] To 
bathe abundantly. 
And Priam eke with iron murdred thus, 
And Troyetown consumed all with flame, 
Whose shores hath ben mottforbathed in blood. 
Surrey, JEnelA, ii. 
forbear 1 (for-bar'), v. ; pret. forbore, pp. for- 
borne, ppr. forbearing. [< ME. forberen, tr. re- 
frain from, intr. (by omission of refl.) refrain, 
abstain, tr. spare, excuse, < AS. forberan (pret. 
forbter (whence the obs. E. pret. forbore), pp. 
forboren), tr. restrain, abstain from, bear witn, 
suffer, endure (= OHG. 'farberan, ferberen, 
MHG. verbern = Gtoth.frabairan, endure), <for- 
