funebrial 
One of these cnnins or garlands is most artificially 
wrought in fillagree work with gold and silver wire, in 
resemblance "t myrtle (with which plants the funebrial 
garlands of the am -ii -UK uere composed). 
NiV T. Knnme, Misc. Tracts, p. 29. 
funebrioust (fu-ne'bri-us), a. 
lirial, 
funeral (fu'ne-ral), a. and n. [I. a. < ME. /- 
iii-ral, < OF. fum-ral, fitiit-rail = Sp. Pg. funeral 
= It. funeralc, < ML. funeralis, belonging to a 
burial (the L. adj. was fuiicbrin), < L. fining 
(fioier-), a funeral procession, funeral rites, 
burial, funeral ; usually with reference to the 
burning of the body (whereas exsequia:, E. exc- 
</nifs, had reference to the procession), and so 
prob. from the same root &s fumus, smoke: see 
fume. II. n. < ME. funeral = F. funerailles, pi., 
= Pr. funerarias = Sp. funeral, also pi. fune- 
ralias, funerarias = Pg. funeral = It. funerale, 
n., < ML. pi. funeralia, funeral rites, funeral, 
iieut. pi. of funeralis: see I.] I. a. Pertaining 
2410 
funereal (fu-ne're-al), a. [As Sp. funereo = Pg. 
It.funereo: < L. fiuicnuts, of or belonging to a 
funeral (<funus (funer-), a funeral: see /(/- 
al), + -a/.] Characteristic of or suitable for a 
Same as fune- funeral; hence, mournful; dismal; lugubrious; 
gloomy. 
Fungicolae 
to burial or sepulture : used, spoken, etc., at the 
d: as, a, funeral torch; fu- 
interment of the dea. r>, ajniKiut wri-ii; _/- 
neral rites; a funeral train or procession ; & fu- 
neral oration. 
The fyr of funeral servise. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 2084. 
igs of i 
Horneck's fierce eye, and Ronnie 'afuneivul frown. 
Pope, ilunciad, iii. 152. 
Dark, funereal barges like my own had flitted by, and 
the gondoliers had warned each other at every turning 
with hoarse, lugubrious cries, llmr,-!!*. \ enetian Life, ii. 
funereally (fu-ne're-al-i), adr. In a funereal 
manner; mournfully ;' dismally. 
funest (fu-nesf), a. [= F. funeste = Sp. Pg. 
It.fuiicsto, < "L.funestus, causing death, destruc- 
tion, or calamity, deadly, destructive, calami- 
tous, < funm (funer-), a funeral, a dead body, 
death, etc.: see funeral.'] Causing or boding 
death; ill-boding; hence, lamentable ; mourn- 
ful: as, "funest&ud direful deaths," Coleridge. 
[Obsolete or archaic.] 
Frequent mischiefs and fuiiest accidents they [mush- 
rooms) have produc'd, not only to particular persons, but 
to whole families. Kr,-l>m, Acetaria, xxxix. 
I perfectly apprehend the funest and calamitous issue 
which a few days may produce. 
Evelyn, To Sir William Coventry. 
The very term funeral feast is, indeed, a kind of para- 
dox ; yet funeral feasts haveexisted among all nations. 
Keanj, Prim. Belief, p. 384. 
Funeral pile, a heap of wood and other combustible 
material upon which a dead body Is laid to be burned to 
ashes ; a pyre. 
Its principal use [that of asbestos), according to Pliny, 
was for the making of shrouds for royal funerals, to wrap 
up the corps so as the ashes might be preserved distinct 
from that of the wood whereof the funeral-pile was com- 
posed. Cambridge, The Scribleriad, iv. 
II. n. 1. The ceremony of burying a dead 
-aceous."] Pertaining or relating to fungi, 
fungal (fung'gal), a. and n. [< NL. fungalis, < 
fungus, fungus: see fungus.'] I. a. In hot., per- 
taining to or characteristic of a fungus or fun- 
gi ; consisting of the Fungi or fungous plants : 
AS, fungal growth; Lindley's fungal alliance. 
Assuming the filaments to be of undoubted .fungal ori- 
gin- Quain, Med. Diet., p. 523. 
These filiform fungal elements are called hyphte. 
Qoebel, Outline Class, and Special Morph., p. 81. 
A fungus. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 2006. 
Before he had seen performed his Father's Funerals 
which was not till the 27th of ( Ictober following, he entred 
into a Treaty of his own Nuptials. 
Baker, Chronicles, p. 105. 
Thefunerals of a deceased friend are not only performed 
at his first interring, but in the monthly minds and anni- 
versary commemorations. 
Jer. Tai/lor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 308. 
When they buried him, the little port 
Had seldom seen a costlier funeral. 
Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 
2. A procession of persons attending the burial 
of the dead; a funeral train. 
A funeral, with plumes and lights, 
And music, went to Camelot. 
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott. 
3f. A funeral sermon: usually in the plural. 
Davids. 
lu the absence of Dr. Humfreys, designed for that ser- 
vice, Mr. Giles Laurence preached bis funerals. 
Fuller, Ch. Hist., IX. iii. 2. 
I could learn little from the minister which preached 
Ms funeral. Fuller, Worthies, Hereford, I. 454. 
funeral-ale (fu'ne-ral-al), n. [Equiv. to Norw. 
grararol, grai-ol = Ban. gravol = Sw. grafol, 
lit. 'grave-ale.'] A funeral feast; awake: with 
reference to ancient Scandinavian customs. 
See ale, 2. 
It is far more likely, as Munch supposes, that the vow 
was made at his [Harold Harfagr's] father's funeral-ale, 
for it is expressly said that at Hafrsflrth his hair had 
been uncut for ten years, and that space of time had then 
passed since his father's death. Edinburgh Jtev. 
ppr.fungating. [< fungus + -ate?.]' fppatliol.', 
to grow up rapidly in forms suggesting some 
of the larger fungi : said of morbid growths, 
fungeti [< L. fungus, a mushroom, fungus, 
a soft-headed fellow, a dolt: see fungus.'] A 
blockhead ; a dolt. 
They are mad, empty vessels, funges, beside themselves 
derided. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 184. 
fung : hwang, fSng-hwang (fung'hwang'), n. 
[Chinese.] In Chinese myth., a fabulous bird 
of good omen said, to appear when a sage is 
about to ascend the throne, or when right prin- 
ciples are about to triumph throughout the em- 
pire. It is usually called the Chinese phenix, but seems, 
from the descriptions of it found In books, to resemble the 
Argus pheasant. It has not appeared since the days of 
Confucius. It is frequently represented on Chinese and 
Japanese porcelains and other works of art. Fumj is the 
name of the male bird, and Incang of the female. 
The fung-hwang of Chinese legends is a sort of pheas- 
ant, adorned with every color, and combining in its form 
and motions whatever is elegant and graceful^ as well as 
possessing such a benevolent disposition that it will not 
peck or injure living insects, nor tread on growing herbs. 
S. H'. Williams, Middle Kingdom, I. 266. 
Fungi (fun'ji), n.pl. [L., pi. of fungus, a mush- 
room: see /unfits.] One of the lowest of the 
great groups of cellular cryptogams. The Fungi 
are chiefly distinguished by the absence of chlorophyl, 
and therefore by the lack of power to assimilate inorganic 
substances, being thus dependent for their food upon liv- 
ing or dead organic matter obtained from other plauU or 
from animals. Consequently, also, they do not inhale car- 
bonic acid and give off oxygen as chlorophyllous plants 
do in assimilation, but do inhale oxygen and give off car- 
bonic acid as other -' *- J - -_* -. 
r ..pkytie or pantitte, according as that from which they 
Obtain their lood i.s a dead organic snltance ,,r a living 
organism. Some parasitic species are facultative xupro- 
phytes, and some saprophytic species an- facultative par- 
Among the saprophytic fungi are the coinnmn 
domestic molds and mildew.-., the drj-rut ' iuu-i, ihe 
i number of ascomycetous ami liasidiomycetous 
tun^i, which grow on dead wood, leaves, etc., or organic 
matter in the soil, also many tl i/plioiut/cctt-fi, and the MIIX- 
u,,iii,;-tr. Among the parasitic fungi are the I'rrdiiifir 
or rnsts and I's/itiiiiinm- or smuts, which grow upon 
wild and cultivated plants, also most Peruniapm, 
represented by the potato-rot and American grape-vine 
mildew. Among the Ascoitiycftex, the AY//>/y/A<vr (pow- 
dery mildews) ale all parasitic, as are also many other 
pyrwioiM|pMtsf anil a few Discomyeetet. Manv parasitic 
species, especially the rusts, smuts, and mildews, nose 
great destruction to cultivated crops. The lichens are 
now considered by many botanists to consist of fungi 
parasitic upon alga: (the gonidia). (See liclu-H.) A few 
fungi grow ujwn living animals and man. Several species 
of Asperuillii* cause a disease (otomycosis) of the human 
ear. other fungi produce the skill-diseases favns and 
ringworm. Bacteria are believed To cause most or all of 
the fevers and contagious diseases of man and the lower 
animals. Species of Sujn ../, ./,, cause epidemics among 
fishes, especially the salmon. The principal parasites 
upon Insects belong to the Sntomopkthorta and the ge- 
nus Cordi/ceps. (See cut under Oori/yrrjw.) Silkworms 
are attacked by a species of Botrytis, lot bacteria cause 
epidemics among silkworms and other insects. Both sex- 
ual and asexual reproduction occur in fungi; the lat- 
ter is present In all, and in many is the only kind that 
has been observed. The asexual spores (conidia) are most 
frequently produced upon the tips of uninclosed liyphe, 
as in Ili/pliunii/fetes, or on short hypha; produced in con- 
ceptacles, but sometimes by free cell-formation, as in 
.l/cc. The sexual organs are of three types. In the 
conjugating fungi, Mucor and its allies, reproduction 
takes place by the union of two similar cells to form a 
zygospore. In Permionpora and its allies obgonia and 
antheridia are formed; the antheriditim conies in direct 
contact with the oogonium, and a transfer of the proto- 
plasm into the oiisphere takes place. In the Axcomycetes, 
so far as known, a carpogonium takes the place of the 
oogonium, and the product of fertilization is usually a 
pcrithedum or ajiothecium containing asci and spores 
(See Hurotitiiii.) Modern classifications of fungi are of 
two kinds. That proposed by 1'. Colin in 1872 classes to- 
gether in primary groups fungi and alga; having similar 
modes of reproduction, employing the peculiar fungal 
characters in distinguishing the secondary groups ; but 
the usual method recognizes fungi as wholly distinct from 
algse, separated by physiological and morphological char- 
acters, in this respect agreeing with the old method. The 
artificial system formerly in use and still retained in some 
English books divides the fungi into the orders Ascomy- 
cetes, Physumycetes, llyphoinycetrs, Conimnycetes, Oastero- 
mycrte*, and llymenomycetes. De Bary in 1861 made four 
divisions : Phycomycetes, Smodermm, Basidiumyi-etes 
and Ascumycetes. Goebel (1882) does not include lly-ro- 
' way of 
Even crows were funeralli/ burnt. 
Sir T. Brmene, ITrn-burial, i. 
funerary (fu'ne-ra-ri), a. [= F. funeraire = 
Sp. funerario, < LL. funerarius, < L. funus (fu- 
ner-), a funeral : see funeral."] Relating or per- 
taining to a funeral or burial. 
The two [goblets] to the left are in blue glass, inscribed 
with shovt funerary legends. Harper's Mag., LXV. 201. 
funeratet (fu'ne-rat), r. t. [< L. funeratus, pp. 
of funerare, bury with funeral rites, < funus, 
(funer-), funeral rites : see funeral, a.] To bury 
with funeral rites, f'ockem in . 
fnnerationt (fu-ne-ra'shon), . [= OF. funr- 
ration, < LL. funeratio(n-), < L. funerare, bury 
with funeral rites : see funerale.] Solemniza- 
tion of funeral rites. 
In the rites of fuiieration they did use to anoint the 
dead body with aromatick spices and ointments before 
they buried them. And so was it the Jewish custom to 
perform their funerals. 
Knatchltull, Annot. on Xew Testament, p. 41. 
the hyphffi of a fungus taken collectively are called the 
mycelium. The hyphffi are usually septate and branched ; 
in some fungi, as Peronoxporea and their allies, there are no 
septa except those which divide off the propagative cells 
or organs. Exceptions to the hyphal plan of structure 
occur in several cases. In the yeast-fungi and yeast-like 
stages of certain other fungi the plant consists of a suc- 
cession of ellipsoid cells formed by 
budding; in the Chytridiece certain 
species have no mycelium, but con- 
sist of a spherical or ovoid cell ; in 
the bacteria the prevailing form is 
which multiply by fission ; in the 
vegetative stage of the Myxomycetes 
there is only a mass of protoplasm. 
or at most but loosely interwoven, as Common Mushroom 
in the common molds ; membranous (<4faricus camfts- 
when the hypha,' are so interwoven '"*' 
as to form a layer; fibrous when the ^, annulus ; c, corti- 
hyphaj form branching strands, the !Jvyceij' l im" 1 ^' lU n"ie' 1 /' 
latter being of ten of considerable size s, stipe; i; vo'lva. 
and indurated. In some groups, as 
the mushrooms, the interwoven hyphie form a compound 
fungus-body of definite and regular shape. Fungi are o- 
Jinperfecti of modern authors include a large number of 
forms, of which some are known, and most are suspected 
to be the asexual stages of Ascomycetes. The principal 
groups of Fungi Itnperfecti are the Sphceropsidece, Melan- 
conieas, and llyphomycetes. The number of known species 
of fungi is estimated at about 30,000. Most of the edible 
fungi are found among the mushrooms and pull balls; 
but the truffle and morel are ascomycetous. Most of the 
species recognized as poisonous are mushrooms; but the 
ergot-fungus is ascomycetous. Some smuts are poisonous 
to cattle. Some fungi produce poisonous substances as 
alcohol, by fermentation. Also i called Fungales. See cuts 
under ascus, baxidium, Clamria, ergot, exoperidivm, Fu- 
sicladium, and Pttccinia. 
Fungia (fun'ji-a), n. [NL., < ; L. fungus, a mush- 
room : seefunyits. ] The typical genus of mush- 
room-corals of the family Fungiidie. Lamarck, 
1801. See cut under coral. 
Fungia . . . is the largest of the solitary lime-secreting 
corals, and often reaches a diameter of from six to eight 
inches. It is disk-shaped, with a large number of radiat- 
ing partitions which extend from the center to a periphery 
not bounded by a vertical wall. The tentacles . . . are 
irregularly disposed over its whole upper surface. Funjia 
in its adult condition is not attached to the ground, but lies 
in the coral lagoons in rather sheltered places. 
Stand. Sat. llixt., I. 117. 
fungible (fun'ji-bl), a. and . [< ML. fungi- 
liiliK, < L. fungi, perform, discharge : see func- 
tion.] I. a. Capable of being replaced by an- 
other in respect of function, office, or use. 
The theologians based themselves on the glossators and 
legists, and the wordy strife about fungible and "con- 
sumptible " things continued for several centuries, until 
finally settled by Salmasius, Turgot, and Bentham. 
Science, VII. 376. 
U. n. In the ciril law, a thing of such a na- 
ture that it may be replaced by another of equal 
quantity and quality ; a movable which may be 
estimated by weight, number, or measure, as 
grain or money. 
fungic (fun'jik), a. [= F.fongiyue; as fungus + 
-!>.]_ Pertaining to or obtained from 'fungi. 
fungicide (fun'ji-sid), . [< L. fungu*, fungus, 
+ -i-itla, a killer, < cttilerr, kill.] That which 
destroys fungi ; specifically, a chemical applied 
to fungi or their germs for the purpose of de- 
stroying them ; a germicide. 
Fungicolae (fun-jik'o-le), . pi. [NL., pi. of 
fvnffioola: see fuiigifoloux.'] 1. In Latreille's 
system, the first family of Coleojitira trinn-ra. 
