ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abL ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg. algebra. 
Amer. American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist 
appar apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archteol archaeology. 
arith arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
:ist ron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
Dot botany. 
Braz Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
con] conjunction. 
contr. contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
difl different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
EL East. 
E. English (usuallymean- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exetnpli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect. electricity. 
embryo! embryology. 
Eng English. 
engin engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
I'tyiu etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
1., fern feminine. 
F. French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries. Friesic. 
fut future. 
G German(i%naii- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mcesogothic). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydranl hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (utualli/ 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth ichthyology. 
i. e. L. id ett, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
impf . imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp improperly. 
Ind Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indef. indefinite. 
Inf. infinitive. 
instr instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually tnean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG. Low German. 
lichenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
1. 1.. Late Latin. 
in., muse masculine. 
M Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
Mi: Middle English (other - 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
. metapb metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr. Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG. Middle High German. 
milit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer. North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modem 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
ML. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
DOm nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
O Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt. Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
oroith ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol. osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoi pathology. 
perfect. 
Persian. 
pers person. 
persp perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar pharmacy. 
Phen Phenician. 
philoL philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pL, plur. pluraL 
poet poetical. 
polit political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss possessive. 
pp. past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
ven<;al). 
pref. prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret preterit. 
prlv. privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psycho! psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
<nde, which see. 
red reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Boman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
8 South. 
s. Amer South American. 
sc L. scilicet, understand. 
So. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
snperl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
Sw. Swedish. 
8yn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
techno! technology. 
teleg. . . . -. telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet veterinary. 
v. L intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian.. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoology. 
zoot nxitomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
a as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
6 as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
6 as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
ix, *). 
u. as in pull, book, could. 
u German ii, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint hoy. 
on as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xl. 
Thus: 
4 as In prelate, courage, captain. 
$ as in ablegate, episcopal. 
9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
V as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short tj. sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant republican. 
$ as in prudent, difference. 
i as in charity, density, 
o as in valor, actor, idiot 
ii as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
ft as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonants t, d, 
, s, z Indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
4 as in arduous, education. 
s as in leisure. 
z. as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing u, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (rnoa- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked U at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
+ read and; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
V read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolete. 
