Garrulax 
uncertain affinities, referred to the Corvidif, or 
the Pyciioiiotultf, or the Timeliidce. Sixteen sp. , i. s 
range over India to the Himalayas, and extend into Ceylon, 
Formosa, Sumatra, and Java. G. leucolophusis the laugh- 
ing-crow of India. Also Garntlaxii. 
Garrulinae (gar-p-H'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Garrulus 
+ -ince.] A subfamily of Corvidce, containing 
the jays and pies ; the garruline birds. The dis- 
tinction from Corviiux is not obvious in all cases, but the 
Garrulinte are usually smaller birds, with shorter wings 
and longer tail, of greater activity aud more arboreal 
habits than crows, and when on the ground usually move 
by hopping instead of walking. There are many genera 
ami numerous species of these birds, of which blue is the 
characteristic color, and they are found in most parts of 
the world. 
garruline (gar'p-lin), a. Having the characters 
of the Garrulince ; like a jay or pie. 
garrulity (ga-ro'li-ti), n. [= F. garrulM = It. 
garrulita, < L. garrttlita(t-)s, < garrulus, garru- 
lous: see garrulous.'] The quality of being gar- 
rulous ; talkativeness ; loquacity. 
Mobility of tongue may rise into garrulity. 
Jar. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 664. 
Dwelling with fond garrulity on the virtuous days of 
the patriarchs. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 147. 
garrulous (gar'ij-lus), a. [= 8p. gdrrulo = Pg. 
It. garrulo, < L. garrulus, chattering, prattling, 
talkative, (garrire, chatter, prattle, talk. Cf. 
Gr. ytipmiv, Doric yapiitiv, speak, cry, Ir. gairim, 
I bawl, shout, E. call: see caH 1 .] Talkative; 
prating ; loquacious ; specifically, given to talk- 
ing much and with much minuteness and repe- 
tition of unimportant or trivial details. 
Age, we know, 
Is garrulous ; and solitude is apt 
To anticipate the privilege of Age. 
Wordsworth, Excursion, iii. 
His [Leigh Hunt's] style ... is well suited for light, 
garrulous, desultory ana. 
Jfacaulay, Comic Dramatists of the Restoration. 
= Syn. Loquacious, etc. (see talkative); prattling, babbling. 
garrulously (gar'<j-lus-li), adv. In a garrulous 
or talkative manner; chatteringly. 
To whom the little novice garrulously, 
" Yea, but I know : the land was full of signs 
And wonders ere the coming of the Queen." 
Tennyton, Guinevere. 
garrulousness (gar'ij-lus-nes), . Talkative- 
ness. 
Oarrulus (gar'tj-lus), n. [NL. (Brisson, 1760), 
< li. garrulun, chattering: see garrulous."] The 
typical genus of jays of the subfamily Garru- 
litUB. It was formerly coextensive with the subfamily, 
but is now restricted to the group of which the common 
crested jay of Europe, O. glandarius, is the best-known 
example. See cut under jay. 
garrupa (ga-ro'pa), w. [Appar. a native Span- 
ish-American name, of which grooper or grouper 
is an E. accommodation.] A grouper or groop- 
er: applied to several different fishes, as scor- 
psenids and serranids, particularly to Sebasttch- 
thys nebulosus and S. atrovirensot the California 
coast. 
Garrya (gar'i-a), . [NL., named after Garry, 
of the Hudson's Bay Company, who facilitated 
Douglas's botanical researches in northwestern 
America.] A genus of evergreen shrubs, of the 
order Cornacece (originally placed by itself in 
an order Garryacete), natives of North America 
from Oregon to Mexico and Texas, and of the 
West Indies. There are about a dozen species, with 
opposite leaves and dkecious flowers in catkin-like spikes. 
G. elliptica, from California, is cultivated in England for 
ornament. 
garter (giir'ter), n. [< ME. garter, gartere, < 
OF. gartier, gertier, assibilated jartier, F. jar- 
retiere (> Sp. jarretera = Pg. jarreteira = It. 
giarrettiera, gerrettiera), a garter, < OF. garret, 
assibilated jarret, F. jarret, the small of the 
leg behind the knee (> Sp. Pg. jarrete = It. 
garretto), dim. of OF. "garre = Pr. garra, the 
leg, = Sp. Pg. garra, a claw, talon, < Bret, gar, 
garr = W. and Corn, gar, the shank of the leg. 
Cf. W. gardys, gardas, Gael, garten, a garter.] 
1. A tie or fastening to keep the stocking in 
place on the leg; especially, a band passing 
round the leg, either above or below the knee. 
Thy garters fringed with the golde, 
And silver aglets hanging by. 
Greensleeees (Child's Ballads, IV. 242). 
Our Lombard country-girls along the coast 
Wear daggers in their garters. 
D. G. RoeteM, A Last Confession. 
2. The badge of the Order of the Garter (which 
see, below); hence, membership in the order; 
also [cap.'], the order itself: as, to confer or to 
receive the garter; a knight of the Garter. 
I vow'd, base knight, when I did meet thee next, 
To tear the garter from thy craven's leg 
(Which I have done), because unworthily 
Thou wast installed in that high degree. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 1. 
2460 
3. In her., same as bcudlct, 1: sometimes taken 
as occupying half the space of the bendlet, or 
quarter of the bend. 4. [c/>.] An abbrevia- 
tion of Garter tiiiy-at-iinns (which see, below). 
5. pi. In a circus, the tapes that are held up 
for a performer to leap over. 
[The clown] offered at the garters four times last night, 
and never done 'em once. Dickens. 
6. A semicircular key in a bench-vise. 7. In 
printing, an iron baud which prevented the 
splitting of the wooden box that resisted the 
impression-spindle of the old form of hand- 
press Carter klng-at-arms (often abbreviated to 
Garter), the chief herald of the Order of the Garter, who 
is also, under the authority of the earl marshal, the prin- 
cipal king-at-arras in England. Order of the Garter, 
the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, consist- 
ing of the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and twenty-four 
knights companions, and open, in addition, to such Eng- 
lish princes aud foreign sovereigns as may be chosen, and 
sometimes to extra companions chosen for special reasons, 
so that the whole order usually numbers about fifty. For- 
merly the knights companions were elected by the body 
itself, but since the reign of George III. appointments 
have been made by the sovereign. The order, at first (and 
still sometimes) called the Order of St. George, was insti- 
Order of the Garter. Star, Collar, and George. 
tuted by Edward III. some time between 1344 and 1350, 
the uncertainty arising from the early loss of all its origi- 
nal records. Its purpose has been supposed to have been 
at first only temporary. According to the common legend, 
probably fictitious, King Edward III. picked up a garter 
dropped by the Countess of Salisbury at a ball, and placed 
it on his own knee, with the words to his courtiers, in re- 
sponse to the notice taken of the incident, Hani tint mti 
mit! y pentte (shamed be he who thinks evil of it). To this 
incident the foundation, the name, and the motto of the 
order are usually ascribed. The insignia of the order are 
the garter, a blue ribbon of velvet edged with gold and 
having a gold buckle, worn on the left leg ; the badge, 
called the George or great George, a figure of St. George 
killing the dragon, pendent from the collar of gold, which 
has twenty-six pieces, each representing a coiled garter ; 
the lesser George, worn on a broad blue ribbon over the left 
shoulder ; and the star of eight points, of silver, having 
in the middle the cross of St. George encircled by the gar- 
ter. The vesture consists of a mantle of blue velvet lined 
with white taffeta, a hood and surcoat of crimson velvet, 
and a hat of black velvet with a plume of white ostrich- 
feathers, having in the center a tuft of black heron-fea- 
thers. When the sovereign is a woman, she wears the 
ribbon on the left arm. Prick the garter. See fait 
and loose, under /o*'. 
garter (gar'ter), v. t. [< ME. garteren, < gar- 
ter, n."] 1. To bind with a garter. 
With a linen stock on one leg, and a kersey boot-hose 
on the other, gartered with a red and blue list. 
Shak., 1. of the S., iii. 2. 
Nay, I have taken occasion to garter my Stockings be- 
fore him, as if unawares of him. 
Wycherley, Gentleman Dancing-Master, iv. 1. 
2. To invest with the garter, as a member of 
the Order of the Garter. 
Tis the rich banker wins the fair, 
The garter'd knight, or feather'd beau. 
Somenille, To Phyllis. 
garter-fish (gar'tfer-fish), . A name of the 
scabbard-fish (which see). 
Garter-king (giir'ter-king), n. See Garter king- 
at-arms, under garter. 
garter-plate (gar'ter-plat), n. A plate of gilt 
copper upon which the arms of a knight of the 
garter are engraved, and which is fixed in the 
back of the stall of the knight in St. George's 
Chapel, Windsor. See stall-plate, 
garter-ring (gar'ter-ring), n. A finger-ring 
made in imitation of a strap passing through a 
buckle and held by its tongue. Such rings dating 
from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and even ear- 
lier, are not uncommon. They have no relation to the Or- 
der of the Garter, but generally bear some religious motto. 
garter-snake (gar'ter-snak), . The common 
name in the United States of the grass-snakes 
or ribbon-snakes of the genus Eutaniia, harm- 
gas 
less and very pretty species of a greenish or 
brownish color with long yellow stripes. Two of 
the muM atmmlaiit and best known are E. sirtaliti and E. 
naurita ; there are many more. See cut under JSutirniti. 
garth 1 (giirth), . [< ME. garth, < Icel. gardln; 
a yard, court, garden, = AS. gcard, E. yard?: 
see yard 2 and garden, which are doublets of 
pOTM*.] 1. A close; a yard; a garden. 
Ferre fro thi garth, thyne orchard, and thi vynes. 
Palladius, Husboudrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 37. 
Caught at his hand, aud wrung it passionately, 
And past into the little garth beyond. 
Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 
2. A dam or weir for catching fish. 
All & haill the salmon flscheing and vther fische within 
the waiter of Annane comprehending the yarthis and 
pnllis vnder written, viz., the kirfgis ffarthis, blak pule, 
etc. Acts Jos. VI., 1609 (ed. 1814), p. 432. 
garth 2 (garth), i. [E. dial., < ME. gartli, an- 
other form of gertlt, > E. girth, q. v.J A hoop 
or band. 
garthman (garth'man), n. ; pi. garthmen (-men). 
The proprietor of an open weir for taking fish. 
No fisher, or garth-man, nor any other, of what estate or 
condition that he be, shall from henceforth put in the 
waters of Thamise. 
Quoted in Walton's Complete Angler, p. 62, note. 
garuba (ga-ro'ba), n. [S. Amer.] The uame 
of a Brazilian cuneate-tailed parrakeet of the 
genus Conurus, C. luteus, about 14J inches long, 
and mostly yellow in color. 
garum (ga'rum), . [L., < Gr. yapov, earlier 
yapos, a sauce made of brine and small fish, 
especially, among the Romans, the scomber.] 
A fish-sauce much prized by the ancients, made 
of small fish preserved in a certain kind of 
pickle ; also, a pickle prepared from the gills 
or the blood of the tunny. 
Yet is there one kind more of an exquisite and daintie 
liquor in manner of a dripping called garum, proceeding 
from the garbage of fishes, and such other offal as com- 
monly the cooke useth to cast away. ... In old times 
this sauce was made of that fish which the Greeks called 
garon. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxi. 7. 
garvie (gar'vi), n. [Sc., also garvock; < Gael. 
garbhag, a sprat, prob. < garbh, thick, coarse, 
rough.] A sprat; also, a pilchard. Also gar- 
rie-herring. 
garvock (gar'vok), n. Same as garvie. 
garzetta (giir-zet'a), n. [NL., < It. garzetta (< 
Sp. garceta = Pg. garyota), dim. of garza, < Sp. 
garza = Pg. garca, a white heron, an egret.] 
1. An old name of a small white heron or egret. 
2. [cap.] A genus of small white egrets. G. 
owy Heron { Gartftt, 
wireo is the common European species. G. can- 
didissima is the corresponding American form, 
gas (gas), n. [A word invented by the Bel- 
gian chemist Van Helmont (died 1644), who 
expressly says "Hunc spiritum, incognitum 
hactenus, novo nomine gag voco" (this vapor, 
hitherto unknown, I call by a new name, gas). 
The word came into general use : D. G. Dan . Sw. 
gas, F. PJJ. gaz, Sp. It. gas, Buss, gasu, Hind, gas, 
etc. Various guesses have been made at the 
word which might possibly have suggested the 
particular syllable gas, as D. geest (AS. gdst, E. 
ghost), spirit; G. gdscht, froth, foam; Sw. gasa, 
ferment, efferverscej F. gaze, gauze, etc.} 1. 
A substance possessing perfect molecular mo- 
bility and the property of indefinite expansion. 
The term was originally synonymous with air, but was 
afterward applied to substances supposed (but wrongly 
see below) to be incapable of reduction to a liquid or solid 
state. In accordance with this use a gas was defined to be a 
permanently elastic fluid or air differing from common air. 
According to the kinetic theory of gases, now accepted, the 
molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion in right 
lines, constantly colliding with one another and with the 
walls of any containing vessel, and hence exerting pressure 
against them. For example, in the case of air at ordinary 
temperatures it is calculated that the average velocity of 
the molecules is about that of a rifle-bullet as it leaves the 
gun. If a gas is compressed into less volume, the number 
of Impacts against the sides of the containing vessel is in- 
