gasteromycetous 
gasteromycetOUS (gas"te-ro-mi-se'tus), a. Be- 
longing to or having the characters of Gastero- 
myceten. 
Gasteropegmata (gas"te-rp-peg'ma-ta), . i>l. 
[NL., < Gr. yaariip, stomach, + Kijy/Ja, a thing 
fastened, a frame: see pegm.] A division or 
suborder of lyopomatous brachiopods, charac- 
terized by the attachment to foreign substances 
of the ventral valve, proposed for the family 
Cruiiiidce. 
Gasterophilus, Gastropbilus (gas-te-rof '-, gas- 
trof'i-lus), n. [NL., < Gr. yaari/p, stomach, + 
dx'Aof, loving.] A leading genus of dipterous 
insects, of the family (Estridai. or bot-flies, sev- 
eral species of which infest the horse and ass. 
G. equiii the common bot-fly of the horse, which lays its 
2464 
gasteropterid, gastropterid (gas-te-rop'-, gas- 
trop'te-rid), . A gastropod of the family <;</*- 
teropttrida: 
Gasteropteridae, Gastropteridae (gas*te-rop-, 
gas-trop-ter'i-de), H.pl. [NL. (Swainson, 1840). 
< Gasterop teron + -idee. ] A family of tectibran- 
chiate gastropods, typified by the genus Gas- 
terop teron. The animal has very wide expanded epipo- 
ilia or lateral swimming-lobes, a cephalic disk without ten- 
tacles, and the radula without central teeth, but with large 
pectinated lateral teeth and numerous aculeate marginal 
ones. The shell is internal, small, and nautiliform or 
patulous. Between 20 and 30 species are known. 
Gasteropteron, Gastropteron (gas-te-rop'-, 
gas-trop'te-ron), . [NL. (Meckel, 1813), < Gr. 
yaariip, stomach, + jrrepov, wing.] A notable 
* A--.AII u:~4.~ gastropods, typical of 
gastraeum 
Gasterotricha (gas-te-rot'ri-ka), n. pi. Same 
as Qastrotricka. 
Gasterozoa, Gastrozoa (gas"te-ro-, gas-tro- 
zo'a), n. pi. [NL. (Ficinus and Carus, 1826), 
< (3r. yaaTi/p, stomach, + Co", animal.] A 
classof animals: sameas^/oW*ca. [Notused.] 
gasterozooid, gastrozooid (gas"te-ro-, gas-tro- 
zo'oid), . [< Gr. yaarr/p, stomach, + zoiiid, 
q. v.] ATI alimentary or nutritive zooid of a 
polyp, as a hydrocoratline, having a mouth and 
a gastric cavity. H. N. Moseley, 1881. 
gastful, gastfulness. See ghastful, ghastfulness. 
gas-tight (gas'tit), a. Sufficiently tight to pre- 
vent the escape of gas: frequently applied to 
stoppers or other appliances for closing bottles, 
etc. 
, ._je animal in licking itself, there to hatch into the 
larva) or grubs known as bots, which are passed per anum 
and become mature flies in dung or earth. Also Gastrui. 
See cut under bot-fly. 
gasteropod, gastropod (gas'te-ro-pod, gas'tro- 
pod). n. and a. [< NL. gasteropus, gastropus 
(-pod-): see gasteropodous.] I. n. A gastropo- 
dous mollusk; any one of the Gasteropoda. 
II. a. Gastropodous. 
Also gasteropodan, gastropodan. 
[The form gastropod is more commonly used.] 
Gasteropoda, Gastropoda (gas-te-rop'o-da, 
gas-trop'o-dii), n. pi. [NL. (Cuvier, 1798), neut. 
pi. of gasteropus, gastropus (-pod-): see gaste- 
ropodous.'] A group of mollusks to which dif- 
ferent values and limits have been assigned. 
(o)Originally it was considered by some as a section and by 
others as an order of the raollusks, which were then ranked 
as a class. Later it was raised to a class and almost univer- 
sally accepted as such. (1) It has generally been custom- 
ial ganglia, with six vis- 
at first supposed to be a 
Gasteropterophora (gas-te-rop-te-rof'o-rii), n. 
pi. [NL., < Gr. yaari/p, stomach, + TrrepoV, 
wing, + -4opo(, < Qcpetv = E. bear 1 .] In J. E. 
Gray's classification (1821), the third class of 
mollusks, corresponding to the order Hetero- 
poda of LamarcK, or Nucleobranchiata of De 
Blainville ; the heteropods : regarded by others 
as an order of gastropods. 
Gasteropterygii, Gastropterygii (gas-te-rop-, 
gas-trop-te-rig'i-i), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. jaorfip, 
stomach, Hr- irrepvl; (vrepvy-), wing.] In ichth., 
an order of fishes, the same as Malacopterygii 
abdominales. Goldfuss, 1820. 
gasterosteid (gas-te-ros'te-id), n. A fish of the 
family Gasterosteidis ; a stickleback. 
gastly, gastness. The earlier and more proper 
spellings of ghastly and ghastness. 
Gastornis (gas-tor'nis), n. [NL., < Gast(on), 
the Christian name of M. Plant6, the discoverer, 
+ Gr. bpvif, a bird.] A genus of gigantic Eo- 
cene birds found in the conglomerate below the 
trasted with the classes Cephalopoda and Pteropoda. (2) 
By many it has been extended to include all having a 
head, thus embracing the Pteropoda and excluding only 
the Cephalopoda. (3) By others it has len restricted to 
those having a distinct head, abdominal foot, and a spiral, 
subspiral, or low oval or conic shell or naked body, thus 
excluding the Scaphopoda. (4) By others still it has been 
further confined to those having a spiral or subspiral shell 
or naked body, and a more or less asymmetrical arrange- 
ment of the internal organs, the Chitonida and some naked 
related types being consequently eliminated. Within even 
the narrowest limits assigned to it, the class is very diversi- 
fied. Generally a univalve shell is developed, but in many 
forms of several orders or suborders the shell is obsolete or 
entirely absent in the adult. Even in the naked forms, how- 
ever, the embryo or larva is generally provided with a 
shell. The shell is usually spiral, or rather of an elongated 
conic form wound round in a spiral coil, but varying from 
a very high turreted 
form to a discoid or 
even sunken spire, an 
intermediate stage 
being the most com- 
mon ; in various types 
it is of a broad conic 
or patelliform shape, 
and in others, espe- 
cially the terrestrial A Gastropod (Htlix desertorum} crawl- 
Slugs, it is reduced to '"* the extended foot or podium. 
a scale-like element 
concealed under the mantle. The shape of the shell gen- 
erally agrees with the structure of the soft parts, but 
sometimes differs so much that a gastropod can only be 
properly classified by examination of the anatomy of the 
animal. In most marine species, as well as in many ter- 
restrial ones, an operculum more or less closing the aper- 
ture of the shell is developed from the foot of the animal ; 
but in most of the land-shells (Pvlmonifera) it is wanting. 
One of the distinguishing characteristics of Qatteroiioda, 
broad, muscular, and disk-like, and attached to the ventral 
surface ; but in some it is obsolete, and in others, as the 
heteropods, compressed and adapted for swimming. The 
garden-snail may be regarded as a typical gastropod. The 
gastropod has a bivalve shell. Cochlidet is a synonym. 
(i>) In Lamarck's system of classification (1812-19), a sub- 
order or order of Cephaltea (Gaxterovodes of Cuvier), con- 
taining those gastropods in which the shell is reduced or 
wanting, thus including the nudibranchiates, limaciform 
pulmonates, and similar forms collectively contrasted with 
Trachelipoda. 
gasteropodan, gastropodan (gas-te-rop'-, gas- 
trop'o-dan), a. and n. Same as gasteropod. 
Gasteropodophora (gas-te-rop-o-dof'o-ra), re. 
pi. [NL. (Gray, 1821), < Gr. yamfip, stomach, 
-f- 7rot>f (Trod-), foot, + Qtpeiv = E. beari.] A 
class of mollusks, the same as Gasteropoda with- 
out the Heteropoda. 
gasteropodous, gastropodous (gas-te-rop'-, 
gas-trop'o-dus), a. [< NL. gasteropus, gastropus 
(-pod-), < Gr. yatrri/p, stomach, + Trot'f (Trod-) = 
E./ooJ.] Crawling on the belly; using the under 
surface of the body, technically called the podi- 
um or foot, as an organ of locomotion on which to 
creep along, as a snail, slug, or other univalve 
mollusk : specifically applied to the Gastero- 
< Gasterosteus ^ -idee.'] A family of hemi- 
branchiate fishes, with a more or less fusiform 
body, conic or moderately produced snout, sides 
naked or with a row of bony shields, and the ven- 
tral fins subthoraeic and composed of a large 
spine and one ray. About 20 species are known, 
which all share collectively the name stickleback, but 
exhibit differences Inducing naturalists to divide them 
into from 2 to 5 genera, the best known of which are 
Gaxterottms, including the largest fresh-water 2-spined 
species ; Pygosteut, containing the many-spined species, 
with 6 to 10 spines ; and Spinachia, represented by a ma- 
rine species, the longest and largest of the family, with 15 
spines, known as the sea-stickleback, etc. See stickleback. 
gasterosteiform (gas-te-ros'te-i-fdrm), a. [See 
Gasterosteiformes.] Having the characters of 
the Gasterosteidai ; pertaining to the Gasteros- 
teiformes. 
Gasterosteifonn.es (gas-te-ros'te-i-fdr'mez), n. 
pi. [NL., < Gasterosteus" + L. forma, shape.] 
In Gunther's system of classification, the 
twelfth division of Acanthopterygii, having the 
spinous dorsal fin, if present, composed of sep- 
arate spines, and the ventral fins subabdominal 
in consequence of the prolongation of the pu- 
bic bones, which are attached to the humeral 
arch. 
Gasterosteinae (gas-te-ros-te-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., 
< Gasterosteus + -inai.~\ The typical subfam- 
ily of Gasterosteidai, containing the 2-spined 
and 6- to 10-spined sticklebacks, with rounded 
snout, and the pelvic bones fonning^a triangu- 
lar area between the ventn ' 
is extended to include all 
family Gasterosteida!. 
gasterostepid (gas-te-ros'te-oid), a. and n. I. 
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the 
Gasterosteida! or Gasterosteoidea. 
II. n. A fish of the family Gasterosteidai; a 
gasterosteid or stickleback. 
Gasterosteoidea (gas-te-ros-te-oi'de-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < Gasterosteus + -oidea.~] A superfamily 
of hemibranchiate fishes, composed of the Gas- 
terosteidai and the Aulorhynchidai. 
Gasterosteus (gas-te-ros'te-us), n. [NL., < Gr. 
yaarr/p, stomach, + oareov, a bone.] The typical 
genus of the family Gasterosteidai, by some ex- 
tended to include all the species of that fami- 
ly, but by others restricted to the short species 
with pelvic bones forming a triangular plate, 
and two dorsal spines, as G. aculeatus : so called 
from the extension of the pubic bones along the 
ventral aspect of the fish, makingthe belly bony. 
a ratite or struthious bird, though referred to the Ana- 
tida by A. Milne-Edwards. The Diatryma gigantea of 
Cope, from the Eocene of New Mexico, is referred to the 
genus Gattornis by Coues. G. minor and G. edwardri are 
other species recently discovered at Rheims in France. 
The additional material shows a remarkable character in 
the permanence of the cranial sutures, usually obliterated 
in adult birds. 
Gastornithes (gas-tdr'ni-thez), n. pi. [NL., 
pi. of Gastornis, q. v.] A supposed order of 
birds, established for the reception of the fossil 
gastorrhea, gastorrhoea (gas-to-re'a), n. Con- 
tracted forms of gastrorrhea, gastrorrhaia. 
Gastracantha (gas-tra-kan'tha), n. [NL. (La- 
treille, 1833), as Gasteracantha, < Gr. yaorlip 
(yacrp-), stomach, + aKavBa, spine.] A genus 
of orbitelarian spiders, giving name to a family 
Gastracanthidai : so called from the enormous 
horns into which the sides of the abdomen are 
prolonged. Often merged in Epeiridat. See 
Acrosoma. 
gastracanthid (gas-tra-kan'thid), n. A spider 
of the family Gastracanthida;. 
(gas-tra-kan'thi-de), n. pi. 
Ma + -idai.~] A family of orbi- 
telarian spiders, named from the genus Gastra- 
gastraea (gas-tre'a), n.; pi. gastrasa: (-e). 
[NL., < Gr. yaaT-fip (yaarp-), stomach.] In 
biol., a hypothetical animal form assumed by 
Haeckel as the ancestor of all metazoic animals 
that is, of those which pass through or attain 
to the morphological form of a gastrula. See 
gastrula. It is a supposed primeval intestinal animal of 
the form-value of a gastrula (palingeuetic archigastiiila) 
or germ-cup, consisting of two germ-layers or blastodermic 
membranes, ectoderm and endoderm, the latter inclosing 
a visceral cavity or archenteron, and being itself inclosed 
in the ectoderm, and having a protostoma or primitive 
blastoporic communication with the exterior. In its sim- 
plest expression, a gastreea or gastrula represents a hollow 
sphere, or rather an hour-glass figure, with one half of it 
pushed into the other half, so that it makes a two-layered 
cup with a contracted opening. See emboly. 
. at the present day presents 
ture of the primitive gagtrcea, which must have developed 
from the Protozoa in the Laurentian period. 
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), I. 249. 
form gastropodous is more commonly used.] 
gasterotheca (gas*te-ro-the'ka), n. ; pi. gaste- 
rotliecai (-se). [NL.'j <'Gr. yaarfip, stomach, + 
#17/07, case: see theca.] In entom., the abdomen- 
case, or that part of the integument of a pupa 
which covers the abdomen. 
gasterothecal (gas*te-ro-the'kal), a. [As gas- 
terotheca + -a?.] Sheathing or casing the ab- 
domen, as the integument of a pupa. 
gastread (gas'tre-ad), n. [< NL. 
.] In Wof., an animal which does not 
rise in development beyond the form of a gas- 
trula, and which consequently has the form- 
value of the hypothetical gastreea. Haeckel. 
Gastraeadae (gas-tre'a-de), n. pi. [NL., < gas- 
traia + -adai.j A hypothetical group of primi- 
tive intestinal animals having the form of a 
gastrula, supposed by HaeckeY to have arisen 
in the primordial geologic period in the direct 
line of descent of the remote ancestors of the 
human race. See gastreea. 
Gastraeades (gas-tre'a-dez), . pi. [NL.; of. 
Gastra-adte.'] In Gegenbaur's classification, a 
primary group of Spongiai, consisting of the 
genera Haliphysema and Gastrophysema, which 
represent permanent gastrula stages through 
which other sponges pass. See cut under Bali- 
liliysema. 
gastraea-fonn (gas-tre'a-fdrm), . A gastread; 
a gastrula, or an animal resembling one. Gegen- 
baur (trans.). 
gastraeum (gas-tre'um), . [NL., < Gr. yaart/p 
(yao-Tp-), stomach. Cf. gastraia.~\ In ornitti., 
the whole ventral surface or under side of a 
bird; the stethseum and urseum together: op- 
