gingivitis 
gingivitis (jin-ji-vi'tis), ii. [NL., < L. gingirn; 
the gums, + -itis.] In ixttkol., inflammation 
of the gums. 
gingko (ging'ko), . [< Jap. ginko, gingko, < 
Chinese yin-hing, 'silver apricot,' < i/iii, silver, 
+ hing, apricot.] 1. The Japanese name (also 
current in western countries) of the maiden- 
hair-tree, adopted by Linnneus (1771) as its ge- 
neric name ; the Salisburia adiantifolia of Sir J. 
E. Smith (1796). Also written gingo and ginkgo. 
2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of gymnospermous 
trees, allied to the yew (Taxus), with difficious 
flowers, a drupaceous one-seeded fruit, and 
peculiar fan-shaped deciduous leaves. The only 
species, G. biloba (also known as Salisburia adiantifolia), 
is a large tree, and is a native of China and Japan, where 
Gingko biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia. 
a, b, branchlets with male and female flowers, respectively ; c, 
naked seed, immature ; ft, same, mature ; e, same, deprived of the 
outer fleshy testa. 
it is very commonly cultivated for ornament. The fruit 
is peculiar in not developing the embryo of the seed until 
after ripening. It is resinous and astringent, but edible 
when roasted, and is sold for food in Chinese markets. 
In its habit and foliage the tree is unlike all other Coni- 
fer&, and in cultivation in Europe and America it is known 
as the maidenhair-tree, from the resemblance of its leaves 
in shape to those of some species of Adiantum, and also 
as the gingko or the gingko-tree. 
gingko-tree (ging'ko-tre), n. See gingko. 
In the Meaozoic we have great numbers of beautiful 
trees, with those elegant fan-shaped leaves characteristic 
of but one living species, the Salisburia, or gingko-tree of 
China. Daivson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 180. 
ginglet, ginglert, etc. Obsolete spellings of 
jingle, etc. 
ginglest (jing'gl z )> [Var. of shingles.'] The 
same as shingles, a disease of the skin. Dames. 
It is observed of the gingles, or St. Anthony his flre, 
that it is mortall if it come once to clip and encompasse 
the whole body. Fuller, Ch. Hist., IX. i. 60. 
ginglyform (jing'- or ging'gli-fdrm), a. [Short 
for *ginglymiform, < Or. yiyytofiof, a hinge-joint 
(see ginglymus), 4- L. forma, shape.] Like or 
likened to a hinge ; ginglymoid: applied to 
joints. 
ginglymi, n. Plural of gingli/mus. 
Ginglymodi (jing- or ging-gli-mo'di), re. pi. 
[NL., irreg. pi., <Gr. y/yy/l^of, a hinge, + <tof, 
form.] An order of fishes, of the subclass 
Ganoidea. They are characterized by a bony skeleton, 
opisthocoslous vertebra, a precoracoid arch and coronoid 
bone, heterocercal tail, the basilar fin-bones rudimentary, 
the fins with imbricated fulcra, the ventrals between the 
pectorals and anal, and the body closely covered with 
rhomboid scales. The order comprehends the existing 
family Lepidosteidx, containing the fishes known in the 
United States as gars, garpikes, garfishes, alligator-gars, 
bitt-fohes, etc., and several extinct ones. E.D.Cope. Also 
called lihombftganoulei. 
ginglymodian (jing- or ging-gli-mo'di-an), a. 
and n. I. a. Pertaining to or having the char- 
acters of the Ginglymodi. 
II. n. One of the Ginglymodi. 
ginglymoid (jing'- or ging'gli-moid), a. [< Gir. 
yijyhifioti^, < yi-yyhvfiof, a hinge-joint, + eWof, 
form.] Hinge-like ; of or pertaining to a gin- 
glymus. 
ginglymoidal (jing- orging-gli-moi'dal), a. [< 
gmglymold + -at.] Same as ginglymoid. 
Ginglymostoma (jing- or ging-gli-mos'to-ma), 
n. [NL., < Gr. yiyy/lvpof, a hinge, + or6/ia, 
mouth.] A genus of sharks, typical of the fam- 
ily GinglymostomidtE : so called because the lip- 
folds appear to be hinged to each other. 
Ginglymostomatidae (jing- or ging-gli-mos-to- 
mat'i-de), H. ]>l. [< Ginglymostoia(t-) + -idee.] 
Same as Ginglymostomid<e. 
2517 
ginglymostomid (jing-orging-gli-mos'to-mid), 
n. A shark of the family Ginglymostomidai. 
Ginglvmostomida (jing'- or ging"gli-mos- 
tom'i-de), . i>l. [NL.,< Ginglymostoma + -idai.] 
A family of anarthrous selachians, typified by 
the genus Ginglymostoma, related to the Seyl- 
liidte. They have the first dorsal flu above or behind the 
ventrals, tile caudal bent upward and provided with a 
hasal lube, and the nostrils confluent with the mouth. 
Tin: principal genera are Ginglymostoma and Xebrius. 
Also Ginglynioxtomatidce. 
Ginglymostominae (jing- or ging-gli-mos-to- 
mi'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ginglymostoma + -inw.] 
A subfamily of Scylliidw, typified by the genus 
Ginglymostoma: same as the family Ginglymo- 
stomiilii'. 
ginglymostomoid (jing- or ging-gli-mos'to- 
moid), a. and n. I. a. Of or relating to the 
G in (/lymostomida;. 
ll. n. A ginglymostomid. 
ginglymus (jing'- or ging'gli-mus), n. ; pi. gin- 
glymi (-mi). [NL.,< Gr. ylyyf.vfj.of, a hinge-joint, 
a joint in a coat of mail, perhaps redupl. from 
y/LvQeiv, carve, cut out with a knife : see gtyph.~\ 
In anat., a hinge-joint or ginglymoid articula- 
tion ; a diarthrodial joint permitting movement 
in one plane only, the result being simple flexion 
and extension. In man the elbow is strictly a gingly- 
mns ; the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes 
are also ginglymoid ; the knee is nearly a ginglymus, and 
the ankle less strictly one. Ginglymus lateralis, the 
lateral ginglymus, a pivot-joint, as the atlo-axoid and ra- 
dio-ulnar articulations. Also called diarthrosie rotatori- 
us. See diarthrosis and cyclarthrosis. 
gingo (ging'go), n. See gingko, 1. 
gingras (jing'gras), n. [LL. "gingras, gingrina, 
< Gr. yiyypaf, a small Phenician flute or fife of 
high pitch and plaintive tone. LL. gingrire, 
cackle or gaggle, as a goose, can hardly be re- 
lated.} In anc. music, a small direct flute, 
probably of Phenician origin. Also gingrina. 
gin-horse (jin'hors), n. A mill-horse ; a horse 
used for working a gin. 
Men ... so crushed under manhood's burdens that 
they . . . submit to be driven like gin-horses. 
J. C. Shairp, Culture and Religion, p. 27. 
gin-house (jin'hous), n. A building where cot- 
ton is ginned. 
The crops of two years were piled up under its capa- 
cious roof, . . . his stately gin-house. 
Hartford Courant, Supp., June 9, 1887. 
ginkgo (gingk'go), n. See gingko, 1. 
ginkin (jing'kiu), n. A local Irish name of the 
parr or young salmon. 
gin-mill (jin'mil), n. A low tavern or saloon 
where spirit is retailed. [Slang, U. S.] 
[They] could . . . choose only between the gutter and a 
gin-mill. Christian Union, June 16, 1887. 
ginn, n. See jinn. 
ginnet, v. A Middle English form of gin 1 . 
ginner (gin ' er), n. [Also ginnle : see under 
gill 1 .] A gill (of a fish). [Scotch.] 
ginnett (jin'et), n. An obsolete form of jennet 1 . 
ginniet, " An obsolete spelling of guinea. 
ginnie-cockt, ginnie-hent, Obsolete spell- 
ings of guinea-cock, guinea-hen. 
ginning' t (gin'ing), n. [ME. ginnyng, gynnyng; 
verbal n. of gin 1 , v. Cf . beginning.] Beginning. 
Certayn I am ful like indeede 
To hym that caste in erthe his seede, 
And hath joye of the newe spryng 
Whan it greneth in the gynnyng. 
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4332. 
In myself restyth my reyneynge, 
It hath no gynnyng ne non ende. 
Coventry Play, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, 
[p. 229. 
ginning 2 (jin'ing), n. [Verbal n. of gin&, v.] 
The operation of separating the seeds from cot- 
ton by means of a gin. 
ginninglesst (gin'ing-les), a. [ME. gynnyngles; 
< ginning 1 + -less.] Without beginning. 
Lorde, Alpha and w, 
endlesse ende, () gynnyngle* gynning. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 178. 
ginnle (gin'l), n. Same as ginner. [Scotch.] 
ginnourt, ginourt, n.. [ME., also ginnur, < OF. 
Giottesque 
ginnyt (jin'i), <i. [< </' 4 + -y 1 -] Crafty; tend- 
ing to entrap. 
These fellowes with their ginny phreeses and Italionate 
discourses so set attre the braving thoughts of our young 
gentlewomen. Nixon, Scourge of Corruption (1615). 
ginny-carriage (jiii'l-kar'aj), . [< ginny 
(appar. for jinny, jenny) + carriage.'] A small 
strong carriage used in Great Britain for con- 
veying materials on a railway. 
ginourt, . See ginnour. 
gin-palace (jiu'pal'as), . [< gm& + palace.'] 
A gaudily decorated gin-shop. [Great Brit- 
ain.] 
The theatres and places of amusement are brilliant with 
gas. and it is gas which makes the splendour of the yin- 
palace. W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 01. 
gin-ring (jin'ring), n. [< gin^ + ring 1 .'] The 
circle round which a horse moves in working a 
gin or horse-whim. 
ginseng (jin'seng), n. [= F. Sp. It. ginseng = 
Pg. ginsao = D. G. ginseng, etc., < Chinese jin- 
tsan orjin-shen, ginseng: a name said by Grosier 
to signify 'the resemblance of a man, 'or man's 
thigh, in allusion to the frequently forked root 
(cf. Iroquois garentoquen, ginseng, lit. 'legs and 
thighs separated'). By others the Chinese name 
is said to mean 'first of plants.' The resem- 
blance to a man found in the forked root of the 
mandrake (the fancy being assisted by the form 
of the name) has led to similar superstitious 
beliefs about that plant: see mandrake.'] A 
plant of the genus Aralia (Panax); also, the 
root of this plant, which is highly valued as a 
Branch and Root of Ginseng (Araliet Ginseng',. 
gineor, by apheresis from engineer, enginer : see 
enginer.~] A contriver; an engineer. 
" Floriz," he sede, "lene man, 
The beste red that ihc the can, 
Wend tomorese to the Tur 
Also thu were a gud ninnur." 
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 60. 
ginnouslyt, adv. [< ME. "ginnous (< OF. ginus, 
by apheresis from enginos, etc., ingenious: see 
enginous) + -ly 2 .] By ingenuity or stratagem. 
jit, if men sc hem, thei wol come vpon him gynnouely, 
that he ne be take and slayn. 
Quoted in William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), Notes, p. xxix. 
tonic and stimulant by the Chinese, who ascribe 
to it almost miraculous powers. The Manchurian 
is most esteemed, and sells for several taels per liang, or 
Chinese ounce (640 grains). The true ginseng, A . Ginseng, 
is a native of northern China and Corea. A. qiiinqvefolia 
is a very closely allied species of the eastern United States, 
and its roots have been largely exported to China as a 
substitute for the true ginseng. The only medicinal effect 
in either case is that of a mild aromatic stimulant, Dwarf 
ginseng, the Aralia trifolia,, a low species of the United 
States, with a globose pungent root. 
gin-shop (jin'shop), n. A shop or house where 
gin is retailed ; a dram-shop. 
The low black houses were as inanimate as so many 
rows of coal-scuttles, save where at frequent corners, from 
a gin-shop, there was a flare of light more brntal still than 
the darkness. The Century, XXXVII. 220. 
gin-sling (jin'sling'), n. A cold beverage com- 
posed of gin and plain or aerated water, with 
sugar, and lemon or other flavoring material. 
gin-tackle (jin'tak"!), n. A system of pulleys 
consisting of a double and a triple block, the 
standing end of the fall being made fast to the 
double block, which is movable. It increases 
the power fivefold. Brande. 
gin-Wheel (jin'hwel), . 1. The saw or the 
brush-wheel of a cotton-gin. 2. The lifting- 
pulley sometimes used with a gin or with any 
shaft-sinking apparatus. 
giobertite (jo-bert'It), n. [After the Italian 
chemist G. A. Gioberti (1761-1834).] Magne- 
sium carbonate ; the mineral magnesite. 
giocoso (jo-ko'so), a. [It., < li.jocosus, play- 
ful : see jocose.] In music, humorous ; sportive ; 
playful : noting passages to be so rendered. 
Giottesque (jot-tesk'), a. and n. [< Giotto (see 
def.) + -esque.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
the Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect 
Giotto (born about 1276, died 1336), a central 
figure in the development of the arts in Italy, 
or to his work or manner. 
A mixture of Giottesque influences. 
Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 110. 
2. Characteristic or suggestive of Giotto ; hav- 
ing some resemblance to Giotto's style or work : 
as, Giottesque drawing ; a Giottesque picture. 
