gizzard 
pi. (jigcria, the cooked entrails of poultry.] 1. 
The second stomach of a bird, not counting the 
crop or craw as the first j the bulbous or muscu- 
lar stomach (ventriculus bulbosus), succeeding 
the proventriculus aud succeeded by the duode- 
num; the gigerium. In most birds, especially those 
which feed upon grain or hard seeds, it is very thick and 
muscular, and lined with tough leathery (or even bony) 
epithelium, the organ thus forming a powerful grinding- 
mill in which the food is triturated after being mixed with 
the gastric juice of the preceding glandular stomach. 
2. The proveutriculus or first true stomach of 
insects, generally armed inside with horny 
teeth. See cut under Illattidte. 3. The stom- 
ach of some mollusks, as Bullidoe, when mus- 
cular and hardened. 4. Figuratively, temper: 
now only in the phrase to fret one's gizzard. 
But that which does them greatest harm, 
Their sp'ritual gizzards are too warm. 
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. 668. 
To fret one's gizzard, to harass one's self ; vex one's self, 
or be vexed. [ Vulgar. 1 To stick In one's gizzard, to 
prove hard of digestion ; be distasteful or offensive ; vex 
one. [Vulgar.] 
gizzard-fallen (giz'ard-fa"ln), a. Affected, as 
a bird, with falling of the anus (prolapsus ani) : 
a term used by pigeon-fanciers. 
gizzard-shad (giz'iird-shad), n. A popular 
name of the isospondylous fishes of the fam- 
ily Dorosomida;, related to the anchovies, her- 
rings, etc. There are a dozen species, chiefly of the 
genus Doromma (or Chatormius), inhabiting fresh and 
brackish waters of the Atlantic coast of America and the 
eastern coasts of Asia and Australia. They are sluggish 
Gizzard-shad (Derosoma cefedianum), 
fishes, feeding on mud, and having a muscular gizzard 
whence the name. The common gizzard-shad of the United 
States is Dorogomacepedianuin. Also called hickory-shad, 
mud-shad, white-eyed shaft, and thread-herring. 
gizzard-trout (giz'ard-trout), n. Same as gil- 
laroo. 
gizzen (giz'n), a. [So., < Icel. gisinn = Sw. gis- 
tera = Dan. <7isseB, leaky: see gizzen, v.] Leaky. 
To gang gizzen, to crack, gape, or split for want of 
moisture: said of tubs, barrels, etc., and, figuratively, of 
topers deprived of drink. 
Ne'er let's gang gizzen, fy for shame, 
Wi' drouthy tusk. Tarras, Poems, p. 134. 
gizzen (giz'n), . i. [Sc., also written geizen, 
geisin, geyze; < Icel. gisna (= Sw. gistna = Dan. 
gisne), become leaky, < gisinn, leaky: see giz- 
zen, a.] 1. To become leaky from shrinkage, 
owing to want of moisture, as a tub or barrel. 
2. To fade ; wither. 
Grl. A chemical symbol of glucinum, 
glabella 1 (gla-bel'a), n. ; pi. glabella; (-e). [NL., 
fern.: see glabellum.] In anat. and zool., same 
as glabellum. 
glabella 2 , . Plural of glabellum. 
-glabellar (gla-bel'ar), a. [< glabellum + -ar'*.] 
In anat. and :ool., of or pertaining to the gla- 
bellum. 
The glabellar region is flat and smooth. 
11. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 262. 
glabellous (gla-bel'us), a. [< LL. glabellw, 
without hair, smooth, dim. of L. glaber, smooth : 
see glabrous.] Same as glabellar. 
glabellum (gla-bel'um), n. ; pi. glabella (-a). 
[NL., dim., < L. glaber, smooth: see glabrous.] 
1. In human anat., a small space on the fore- 
head immediately above and between the eye- 
brows. 2. In trilobites, the median convex 
portion of the cephalic shield, being the cepha- 
lic continuation of the thoracic axis or tergum. 
See cut under Trilobita. 
The glabellum, or central raised ridge of the cephalic 
shield, is a continuation of the thoracic axis. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 226. 
The lateral region of the head (of trilobites]. the median 
part of which specially projects as the glabellum. 
Claus, Zoology (trans.), I. 484. 
Also glabella. 
glabrate (gla'brat), a. [< L. glabratus, pp. of 
glabrare, deprive of hair and bristles, lit. make 
smooth, < glaber, smooth : see glabrous.] 1. In 
zool., smooth; bald; glabrous; having no hair 
or other appendages. 2. In bot., becoming 
glabrous from age; somewhat glabrous, 
glabreatet, glabriatet (gla'bre-at, -bri-at), v. t. 
[Improp. for "glabrate, v. t. : see glabrate, a.] 
To make smooth. Cockeram. 
2524 
glabrirqstral (gla-bri-ros'tral), . [< NL. <jla- 
Mrottrft. < L. glaber, smooth, + rostrum, a 
beak.] In ornith., smooth-billed; having few 
and slight, if any, bristles along the gape; want- 
ing rictal vibrissffi : opposed to setirostral, and 
wiid of certain birds of the family Caprimulgi- 
da', most members of this family being setiros- 
tral. P. L. Sdatcr. 
Glabrirostres (gla-bri-ros'trez), n. pi. [NL., 
pi. of glabrirostris, smooth-billed: see yluliri- 
rostral.] A group of caprimulgine birds with- 
out rictal vibrissce, as the night-hawks. P. L. 
Sclater. 
glabrityt (glab'ri-ti), . [< L. glabrita(t-)s, 
smoothness, baldness, < glaber, smooth : see 
glabrous.] Smoothness; baldness. Bailey. 
glabrous (gla'brus), a. [< L. glaber (glabr-), 
smooth, without hair, = OHG. MHG. glat, Q. 
glatt = D. glad, smooth, sleek, = E. glad: see 
glail.] Smooth; having a surface devoid of 
hair or pubescence: used chiefly in zoology and 
botany. 
glace (gla-sa'), a. [P., iced, glazed ; pp. of gla- 
cer, freeze, < glace, ice, < L. glades, ice.] Iced ; 
glossed; glossy; lustrous: as, glace fruit; glace 
silk. 
A large quantity of thread is now polished, and Is known 
in the trade as glace. Encyc. Brit., VI. 602, 
Glace silk, a thin and plain silk material wttli a great 
deal of luster or gloss. Mohair glace. See mohair. 
glaciable (gla'shia-bl), a. [< L. glacia-re, turn 
into ice (see glaciate), + E. -ble.] Capable of 
being converted into ice. [Rare.] 
From mere aqueous aud glaciable substances condens- 
ing them [precious stones] by frosts into solidities. 
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1. 
glacial (gla'shial), a. [= P. glacial = Sp. Pg. 
glacial = It. glaciale, < L. glacialis, icy, frozen, 
full of ice, < glades, ice.] 1. Icy; consisting 
of ice ; frozen ; hence, resembling ice ; figura- 
tively, having a cold, glassy look or manner. 
I thought it not amiss to call our consistent self-shining 
substance the icy or glacial noctiluca (and lor variety 
phosphorous). Boyle, Works, IV. 467. 
His manner more glacial and sepulchral than ever. 
Motley, United Netherlands, II. 203. 
It stands at the front of all experiments in a field re- 
mote as the northern heavens and almost as glacial and 
clear. Stcdman, Viet Poets, p. 94. 
2. In geol., referring to ice ; associated with 
the geological agency of ice Glacial acetic acid. 
See acetic acid, under acetic. Glacial drift, in geol. See 
drift, 6. Glacial phosphoric acid, pure monobasic or 
metaphosphoric acid, HPO 3 . It in a white, brittle, deli- 
quescent solid. The glacial epoch, a period of the 
earth's history when, as maintained by many geologists, 
an ice-sheet extended from the Scandinavian range in all 
directions, encroaching on Finland, northern Germany, 
and even a part of Great Britain ; the glaciers of the Alps, 
Caucasus, and Pyrenees being also at that time consider- 
ably larger than they are now. Traces of former glacia- 
tiou are observed in abundance over wide areas in north- 
eastern North America, and are ascribed by most geolo- 
gists to the former presence of an ice-sheet covering that 
region. The difficulty of accounting for the presence and 
movement of such a sheet on the American side of the 
Atlantic is much greater than is the case on the European 
side. Since in New England and the region of the great 
lakes much of the superficial detritus has been moved 
southward from the place of its origin for agreateror less 
distance, and since this fact was frequently observed and 
much commented on before ice became a recognized fac- 
tor in geology, the phenomena now usually designated as 
glacial in Europe have been in America associated with 
the word drift; the loose material on the surface being 
called by that name, and the epoch of its accumulation, 
the drift epoch. 
glacialist (gla'shial-ist), n. [< glacial + -*.] 
1. One who explains geological phenomena by 
reference to the former presence of ice. The 
word is little used in this sense except with some other 
word limiting or qualifying it: as, an advanced glacial- 
int ; an ultra-tjlacialist (one who is prone to magnify the 
importance of ice as a geological agent). 
By a cursory glance the glacialist is led to believe that 
the markings must be referred to the streams of inland ice. 
Nature, XXX. 203. 
We have certainly no evidence that, during even the 
severest part of the glacial epoch, an ice-cap, like that 
advocated by Agassiz and other extreme glacialists, ever 
existed at the North Pole. 
J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 78. 
2. One who makes a specialty of glacial ge- 
ology. 
Nor is it only the effects of land-ice which the glacialiit 
sees marked upon the rocks of Britain. 
Huxley, Physiography, p. 166. 
Also gladologist. 
glacially (gla'shial-i), adv. By means of gla- 
ciers or of glaciation : as, glacially formed hol- 
lows. 
glaciarium (gla-shi-a'ri-um), n. ; pi. glaciaria 
(-a). [NL., < L. glades, ice. Cf. glacier.] A 
place, as a building, provided with a smooth 
level flooring of artificial ice or of cement, for 
skating, especially in summer; a skating-rink. 
glacier 
Summer skating has been occasionally provided in "gla- 
ciariums" by means of artificially produced ice. 
Eiicyc. Li-il., A XII. 105. 
glaciate (gla'shi-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. glaci- 
ated, ppr. glaciating. [< L. glaciutus, pp. of ijlu- 
ciare, turn into ice, freeze, < glades, ice.] I. 
trans. If. To convert into ice. 
To measure by the differing weight and density of the 
same portion of water what change was produced in it be- 
twixt the hottest time of summer, and first a glaciating 
degree of cold, and then the highest we could produce by 
art Boyle, Works, II. 622. 
2. To cover with ice. 
The formerly glaciated hemisphere has . . . become 
the warm one, and the warm hemisphere the ijlaciateil. 
Quoted in J. Croll's Climate and Time, p. 77. 
3. To give an ice-like or frosted appearance 
to. [A trade use.] 
[Iron] chimneys, ovens, etc., and melted, not enameled, 
glaciated, or tinned. U. S. Cons. Hep. , No. 73J (1SS7), p. 215. 
II. i>i tratis. To be converted into ice. John- 
son. 
glaciated (gla'shi-a-ted), p. a. Covered with 
ice ; also, acted upon by ice ; showing the effects 
of glacial action. 
Rocky substances which have once been glaciated, if I 
may thus express the peculiar action of Ice upon rocks, 
viz. the planing, polishing, scratching, grooving, ami fur- 
rowing of their surfaces, can never be mistaken for any- 
thing else. C. P. Hall, Polar Expedition, p. 601. 
On almost every glaciated surface In Maine may be found 
Isolated drift scratches aberrant both in direction and out- 
line. Atner. Jour. Set., 3d ser., XXX. 146. 
glaciation (gla-shi-a'shon), n. [< glaciate + 
-ion.] 1. The act of freezing. 
The water or other liquor usually beginning to freeze at 
the top, and it being the nature of glaciation to distend 
the water and aqueous liquors it hardens, it Is usually and 
naturally consequent, that when the upper-crust of ice is 
grown thick, and by reason of the expansion of the frozen 
liquor bears hard with its edges against the sides of the 
glass contiguous to it, the included liquor (that is by de- 
grees successively turned into lee), requiring more room 
than before, and forcibly endeavoring to expand itself ev- 
ery way, finds it less difficult to burst the glass than lift up 
the ice. Boyle, Hist. Cold, v. 
2. The result of freezing; ice. [Rare.] 
It [ice] is plain upon the surface of the water, hut round 
in hayl, which is also & glaciation. 
Sir T. Broime, Vulg. Err., ii. 1. 
3. In geol., the present or former existence of 
a mass of ice, glacier, or ice-sheet, covering a 
certain region ; subjection to the action of ice. 
Thus, it is said that the surface of the country in Sweden 
exhibits the effects of a former glaciation that is, that 
the surfaces of the rocks in many places are smoothed or 
striated, as they are under or near actual glaciers in the 
Alps or elsewhere. Such surfaces are said to be glaciated. 
4. A consequence of or phenomenon caused by 
such a process or covering, as the striation and 
smoothing of rock-surfaces. 
glacier (gTa'shier or glas'i-er), . [< F. glacier 
(orig. Swiss, > G. gletscher), < glace, ice, < L. 
glades, ice.] The form in which the snow, 
falling on the higher parts of those mountain- 
ranges which are above the snow-line, finds its 
way down into the valleys. Under suitable cli- 
matic conditions, the snow which thus falls does not all 
disappear by evaporation, or melt at once and run off in 
the form of water, but becomes gradually converted into 
ice, and moves slowly down the mountain-slope in the 
depressions or valleys until it reaches a point where the 
mean temperature has so far risen that evaporation and 
melting counterbalance the supply from above. Here 
the glacier ends, and a stream of water begins, which 
is often the head of some large river, as the Gangootri 
glacier of the Ganges, or the Rhone glacier of the river 
of that name. The snow of the glacier is not transformed 
into ice at once, but passes through the intermediate stage 
of nvd (German firn). (See neve.) Several subordinate 
glaciers often combine to form one large one, a result 
dependent on the topography of that part of the moun- 
tain-range in which the glacier takes Its rise. The great 
glaciers, those of the first order, as the (Jorner and the 
Aletsch glaciers in Switzerland, begin in large amphithe- 
aters (drawn), where a considerable number of affluents 
are forced by the topographical conditions to unite in form- 
ing one great glacier. The ice-stream of the longest gla- 
cier in the Swiss Alps, the Gross Aletsch, was in 1880 10} 
miles in length; some in the Himalayas are four times as 
long. From the cliffs which overhang the glacier is always 
being detached, by frost and aerial erosion, more or less 
detritus, which is carried downward on the ice as it moves, 
and finally dumped at the terminus of the ice-mass. Such 
accumulations of debris are called moraine*, and are 
very conspicuous on many glaciers. (See moraine.) The 
former greater extension of glaciers over certain regions 
has been, and still is. a subject of much discussion among 
geologists. See the glacial epoch (under glacial) and ice. 
Glacier tables, large stones found on glacier* supported 
by pedestals of ice. The stones attain this peculiar po- 
sition by the melting away of the ice around them, and 
the depression of its general surface by the action of the 
sun and rain. The block, like an umbrella, protects the 
ice below it from both; and accordingly its elevation 
measures the level of the glacievat a former period. After 
a time the stone table becomes too heavy for the column 
of ice on which it rests, or its equilibrium becomes un- 
stable, whereupon it topples over, and, falling on the sur- 
face of the glacier, defends a new space of ice, and begins 
to mount afresh. J. D. Forbes. 
