jesters, gladiators, tumblers, and jugglers 
at, lest the people should do worse than 
gladiator 
iti.u to a common interi>retation, the downward gesture 
of the arm with fingers closed and thumb extended was 
the death-sentence, as shown in Gerome'a well-known 
painting "Pollice Verso." Gladiatorial shows were main- 
tained for nearly seven hundred years, till the fifth cen- 
tury A. D. 
They drew into the sand freemen, knights, senatours 
yea. histories affirm that Commodus the Emperour did 
himself play the ylrnlialin- in person. 
Hakewill, Apology, iv. S s. 
The combatants were either professional gladiators. 
slaves, criminals, or military captive's. 
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 301. 
2. A combatant in general; a boxer or prize- 
fighter ; a wrestler ; also, a disputant. 
Plays, masks, jt 
are to be winked 
attend them. 
Bin-ton, quoted in Strati's Sports and Pastimes, p. 20. 
Then, whilst his foe eacli gladiator foils, 
The atheist, looking on, enjoys the spoils. 
N'Y J. Denhaiti. 
gladiatorial (gladi-a-to'ri-al), a. [< gladiatory 
+ -al.} 1. Of or pertaining to gladiators or to 
their combats for the entertainment of the Ro- 
man people ; performed by gladiators. 
It is uncertain whether gladiatorial fights or combats of 
wild beasts formed any part of the amusements of the 
arena in those days [of the ancient Etruscans], though 
boxing, wrestling, and contcata of that description certain- 
ly did. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 326. 
Hence 2. Pertaining to combatants in gen- 
eral, as prize-fighters, disputants, etc. 
gladiatorian (glad'i-a-to'ri-an), a. [< gladia- 
tory + -an.} Same as gladiatorial. [Rare.] 
The gladiatorian and other sanguinary sports which we 
allow our people discover sufficiently our national taste. 
Shaftesliury, Advice to an Author, ii. t 3. 
gladiatprism (glad'i-a-tor-izm), n. [< gladia- 
tor + -ism. ] The act or practice of gladiators ; 
specifically, prize-fighting. Imp. Diet. 
gladiatorship (glad'i-a-tor-ship), n. [< gladia- 
tor + -ship.] The conduct, state, or occupation 
of a gladiator. Imp. Diet. 
gladiatory (glad'i-a-to-ri), a. [= F. gladiatoire 
= Sp. Pg. It. gladiatorio, < L. gladiatorius, < 
gladiator, a gladiator : see gladiator.} Of or re- 
lating to gladiators. [Rare.] 
Their [the Romans'] gladiator// fights and bloody spec- 
tacles. Bp. He/molds, The Passions, xxvii. 
At Rome there were usually those gladiatory aporta, 
bloody, sword-killing sports: they killed men in sport. 
Westfteld, Sermons (1646), p. 77. 
gladiaturet (glad'i-a-tur), . [= It. gladiatura, 
< L. gladiatura, < gladius, a sword : see gladia- 
tor.} Sword-play; fencing. 
In their amphitheatrical;;(adi(ur> the lives of captives 
lay at the mercy of the vulgar. 
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 271. 
gladify (glad'i-fi), v. i. ; pret. and pp. gladified, 
ppr. gladifuing. [Irreg. < glad + -i-fy.} To be 
etar 1 """ 
2526 
glair 
bright), < glced, glad: seeglad.] 1. With glad- Gladstone (glad'ston), . 1. A roomy four- 
wheeled pleasure-carriage with two inside 
seats, calash-top, and seats for driver and foot- 
man. 2. Same as Gladstone bag Gladstone 
bag, an English traveling-bag or portmanteau of leather 
stretched on a light iron tranie. It is from '2'1 to 24 inches 
long, in two or more compartments, so aa to contain a 
dress-suit without crushing or creasing the garments : so 
named in compliment to William E. Gladstone. 
Gladstonian (glad-sto'ni-an), a. and n. [< 
(lliidstone (see def.) + -/.]" I. a. Pertaining 
to the English statesman William E. Gladstone 
(born 1809), or to the wing of the Liberal party 
in Great Britain following his lead. 
II. . A follower or an admirer of Gladstone; 
specifically, in British politics, a member of 
that wing of the Liberal party which in 1886 
and succeeding years supported Gladstone's 
efforts in behalf of home rule for Ireland. 
Same as 
ness or pleasure; joyfully; cheerfully. 
Thei drynken gladlytit mannes Blood, the whiche thei 
clepen Dieu. Mitmlrrille, Travels, p. 195. 
For I haue seyn hym in sylke and somme tyme in russet, 
Bothe in grey and in grys and in gulte herneys, 
And as 'iladlich he it gaf to gomes that it neded. 
Piers Plowman (B), xv. 216. 
The common people heard him gladly. Mark xii. 37. 
2t. By preference ; by choice. 
Al this was gladly in the evetyde. 
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 770. 
gladness (glad'nes), . [< ME. gladnesse, gled- 
itrxKc, < AS. glcednes, gladness, < glued, glad: see 
glad.} The state of being glad; a pleased or 
joyful condition of mind ; cheerfulness ; a feel- 
ing of joy and exhilaration, usually of a strong 
yet quiet and temperate character. 
Andheghaf reynea fro heuene and tymea berynge f ruy t, gladwint, gladwynt (glad'win), n. 
and ful fullide ghoure hertis with mete and gladnesse. gladden 3 
Wyclif, Actsxiv. I7(0xf.). fa^ (glag'ol), . [OBulg. Russ. glagolu, a 
word, = Bohem. hlahol, a sound, speech; cf. 
OBulg. glagolati, speak; regarded as ult. a re- 
dupl. of the root seen in Skt. y gar, swallow.] 
An ancient Slavic alphabet, principally used in 
several Roman Catholic dioceses of Istria and 
Dalmatia in the psalms, liturgies, and offices of 
the church. The alphabet bears traces of having exist- 
ed prior to the introduction of Christianity, and aeems 
to have been originally cut on sticks in the runic fashion. 
The earliest Slavic manuscripts are written in Glagol. 
Whan the lorde herde this he be-gan to make soche ioye 
and gfadnesse that ther myght be seyn noon gretter. 
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.\ iii. 6*5. 
They . . . did eat their meat with gladness and single 
nesa of heart. Acta ii. 46. 
I grew in gladness till I found 
My spirits in the golden age. 
Tennyson, To E. L., on his Travels in Greece. 
= 8yiL Gladness, Joy, Pleasure, Delight, Triumph. Glad- 
ness is leas often used of a weak feeling than glad ; it gen- 
erally stands for a feeling that is strong but tranquil, and 
showing ^iuelf chiefly in the face. "Hence :lt is often'liaed (Jlagolitic (glag-o-lit'ikj, a. [< Glagol+'-itic.) 
poetically of certain aspects of nature. Joy is more vivid i\e . m i r>i !<- 
This distinction between nladness '. f or pertaining to Glagol : as, the GlagollUc 
and demonstrative. 
and joy is abundantly illustrated in the Bible. Pleasure 
is the most general of these words, representing all degrees 
of feeling, and vicious or harmful indulgence as well as 
harmless enjoyment. In its primary sense it indicates a 
feeling less distinctively cheerful than gladness and less 
profound or demonstrative than joy, but with much of 
glow. Delight is a high degree of pleasure; formerly the 
word was much used for low pleasure (see quotation from 
Milton under delight\ but it has been redeemed so that it glaik (glak), n. 
is now rarely used for anything but an ecstatic pleasure 01 
joy. Triumph is often used for joy over success, especially 
joy ill victory. All these words may express malign feel- 
ings, as joy in the adversitiea of a rival, except gladness, 
which generally expresses a pure and worthy feeling. 
See animation, mirth, hilarity, happiness. 
With 
A sober gladness the old year takes up 
His bright inheritance of golden fruits. 
Longfellow, Autumn. 
Joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth. 
Luke xv. 7. 
Love not Pleasure ; love God. 
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, ii. 9. 
There is a pleasure sure 
In being mad, which none but madmen know. 
alphabet. 
The Glagolitic waa the liturgical alphabet of the Slove- 
nians, Illyrlana, Croatiana, and the other western Slaves 
who acknowledged the Roman obedience, just as the Cy- 
rillic became the script of the northern races . . . who 
adhered to the Orthodox communion. 
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 199. 
[Sc., = gleek, q. v.] 1. A de- 
ception; a delusion; a trick. 2. A transient 
gleam or glance. 
I could see by a glaik of light from a neighbour's win- 
dow, that there was a man with a cocked hat at the door. 
Gait, The Provost, p. 167. 
To fling the glaiks In folk's een, to throw dust in 
people's eyes. 
It Is indeed but a fashion of integrity that ye will find 
ainang them, . . . a fashion of wisdom and fashion of car- 
nal learning gazing glancing-glasscs they are, tit only to 
fling the glaiks in folk's een, wi' their pawky policy and 
earthly ingine. Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xii. 
To give the glaiks, to befool and then leave in the 
lurch; jilt. 
Miifc iii.iuiiidi niiun. _ . .7 , ! , . 
Dryden, Spanish Friar, ii. 1. glaikit, glaiket (gla'kit, -ket), a. [Sc., < 
gladii, H. 
To lyven in delite was al his wone, 
For he waa Epicurus owne sone. 
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 335. 
The thought of our past years in me doth breed 
Perpetual benediction : not, indeed, 
For that which is most worthy to be blest 
Delight and liberty, the simple creed 
Of childhood. Wordsworth, Immortality, ix. 
Hail to the chief who in triumph advances. 
Scott, L. of the L., II 19. glaikltnOSS (gla kit-nes), n. 
+ -it, -et, = E. -ed*.} Unsteady ; light ; giddy ; 
frolicsome; foolish; silly. 
Hear me, ye venerable core, 
Aa counsel for poor mortals, 
That frequent pass douce Wisdom's door, 
For glaikit Folly's portals. 
Burns, To the Unco Guid. 
The lassie is glaikit wi' pride. J. Baillie. 
The state of being 
vain or silly folly ; levity. [Scotch.] 
glad; rejoicer [Rare.] 
Have you Mr. Twining still ? oh that he would come and 
mortify upon our bread and cheese, while he would glad- 
ify upon our pleasure in his sight. 
Mine. D'Arblay, Diary, VI. 193. 
Plural of gladius. 
n. [< L. gladiolus, sword- gladshlpt(glad'ship),H. [<UE.gladshipe,-schipe, 
'lily : see gladiolus.} A gladiolus. Water-gladl- - sc 'P e ; <AS. *gla;dscipe, gledscipe, ONorth. gleed- 
Ole, the flowering rush, Biitoinus umbellatus. scip, joy, < glaid, glad, + -SCipt, -ship.] Glad- 
gladiolus (gla-di'o-lus), n. [L., a small sword, ness ; joy. 
a sword-lily (so called from the shape of the Suche is the gladshippe of enuie - .. --.-.-. 
leaves), dim. of gladius, a sword: see qlave Cf In worldes thing. Gamer, Conf. Amant.,li. slime. Cf. englatm.j A viscous substance, as 
gladdens .] 1. PI. gladioli (-11). A plant of the gladsome (glad'sum), a. [<ME.gtad#um,glad- g lu e, birdlime, etc. Obsolete or Scotch.] 
genus Gladiolus; a sword-lily. 2. [cap.} A som (= ODan. gladsom); < glad + -some.} 1+ 
genus of very beautiful iridaceous plants, with Open ; clear. 
,er have done wi' her glaiJcitness for a wee, and let's 
hear plain sense for ance. 
J. G. Lockhart, Reginald Dalton, III. 171. 
glaim (glam), H. [ME. gleym, glayme, lime, 
corms or bulb-like rhizomes, and erect leafy 
stems bearing a spike of large and very various- 
ly colored flowers. There are about 90 species, a few 
of which are natives of the Mediterranean region, but 
most are found in South Africa. Of the European species, 
G. communis and G. Byzantinus are occasionally seen in 
gardens, but the African species are far more handsome 
and more generally cultivated. The many favorite garden 
varieties and hybrids have originated mainly from the 
Cape species, G. floribu.nd.iis, G. cardinal!*, G. psittacinus, 
and G. blanrtttx. 
3. In anat., the intermediate segments of the 
sternum, between the manubrium and the xi- 
phoid or ensiform appendage, i In the human sub- 
ject there are four such segments or sternebers, common- 
ly fused in the adult in one piece, the gladiolus. 
The second piece of the sternum, or gladiolus. 
II. Gray, Anat. 
gladius (gla'di-us), _. ; pi. gladii (-1). [L., a 
[Anise] in gladsom ayer 
And comyn sowe hem now ther is theire leire. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 114. 
2. Glad; joyful; cheerful. 
The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend, 
And with unweary'd eyes behold their friend. 
Dnfdeii. 
It [charity] beholdeth him to prosper and flourish, to 
grow in wealth and repute, not only without envious re- 
pining, but with gladsome content. 
Barrow, Works, I. xxii. 
3. Making glad; causing joy, pleasure, orcheer- 
f illness; pleasing. 
Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day. 
Prior, Solomon, ii. 
gladsomely (glad'sum-li), adv. [< ME. glad- 
with joy ; with pleasure. Wyclif. 
Gleyme of knyttynge or bymlunge togedyr, limus, glu- 
ten. Prompt. Pan., p. 198. 
glaim (glam), v. t. [ME. gleymcn, smear with 
birdlime, cloy; from the noun: see glaim, n.} 
To smear with glaim. [Obsolete or Scotch.] 
glaimous (gla'mus), a. [Formerly also glay- 
mons; < ME. gleymous, viscous; < glaim + -ow.] 
Viscous; clammy. 
It woll aryse in the heed, and make the heed to swell, 
and the eyen all glaymoun and derk. 
Jul. Berners, On Hawking. 
glain-neidr, n. [W., < glain, bead, gem, + 
neidr, snake.] An oval glass bead, such as 
are found in Wales and the west of England, 
and are supposed to have been of some sacred 
significance to the druids. See adder-stone. 
[Also glare ; early i 
sword: seesaw.]" The pen,calamary'sepiost; ?i * "> joy ; with pleasure JTyclif. 
or cuttlebone of the squid; the homy endo- gladsomeness (glad sum-nes), n. [< ME. glad- 
skeleton of a cuttlefish; See cut under cala- * u " less ? > < gladsome + -ness.} The state of 
maru. 
gladly (glad'li), adr. [< ME. gladly, -liche (cf. 
Icel. gledhiligr = ODan. gladelig, Dan. glasdelig, 
a., joyful), < AS. glcedlice, gladly (cf. gla-dlie, 
being gladsome ; joy; pleasure. 
My pastime past, my youthlike yeres are gone ; 
My monthes of mirth, my glistring days of gladsome ness. 
My times of triumph turned into mone. 
Vncertaine Auctors, The Loner Complaineth, etc. 
an egg (= Pr. clara, glara, f., clar, m., = It. 
cltitira = Sp. Pg. clara, the white of an egg), 
prop, claire, fern, of clair, < L. clara, fern, of 
elarus, clear : see clear, clarity.} 1. The white 
of an egg, used as varnish to preserve paint- 
ing, and as a size to retain gold in bookbind- 
ing and in gilding. 
