gnarled 
gnarled (narld), a. [< gnarll + -ed?.] 1. Full 
of gnarls or rough knots ; gnarly. 
With thy sharp and sulphurous bolt 
Splitt'st the unwedgeable and gnarled oak. 
Shak., M. for M., ii. 2. 
The gnarled, veteran boles still send forth vigorous and 
blossoming boughs. 
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 42. 
Hence 2. Cross-grained; perverse. 
gnarling (nar'ling), H. [Verbal n. of gnarl 1 , r.] 
Koughened ridging or milling on the edge of 
a set-screw or other part of a machine. It is 
made with a gnarling-tool for the purpose 
of affording a firm hold. Also called gnarled 
2553 
gnarling-tool (nar'ling-tol), . A tool for mak- 
ing gnarled work like that on the edge of a 
thumbscrew. Also knarling-tool. 
gnarly (nar'li), a, [Prop. Marly; < gnarl 1 , 
knarfl, + -y 1 .] Having rough or distorted 
knots. 
Till, by degrees, the tough and gnarl]/ trunk 
Be riv'd in sunder. Mareton, Antonio's Revenge. 
gnarryt, a- See knarry. 
gnash (nash), . [Early mod. E. guasshe (of. 
ME. gnacchen, gnachen, mod. E. as if "gnatch, in 
part appar. a var. of jcnacken, mod. E. knack) ; 
a var. of earlier gnast : see gnasfi.'] I. trans. 
To snap, grate, or grind (the teeth) together, 
as in anger or pain. 
The one in hand an yron whip did strayne, 
The other brandished a bloody knife ; 
And both did gnash their teeth, and both did threten life. 
Spenser, F. Q., II. vU. 21. 
All thine enemies have opened their mouth against 
thee : they hiss and gnash the teeth. Lam. ii. 16. 
His locks and beard he tears, he beats his breast, 
His teeth he gnashes, and his bands he wrings. 
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 188. 
II. intrans. To snap or grate the teeth to- 
gether, as in rage or pain. [Rare.] 
The Macedon perceiuing hurt gan gnash, 
But yet his mynde he bent in any wise 
Him to forbear. Death of Zoroas. 
There they him laid 
Gnashing for anguish, and despite, and shame. 
Miltm, F. L., vi. 840. 
gnash (nash), n. [< gnash, .] A snap ; a sud- 
den bite. [Rare.] 
A beast in the hills that went biting every living thing, 
he appeared, . . . made his gnash, and was gone. 
Geo. MacDonald, Warlock o' Glenwarlock, p. 28. 
gnashing (nash'ing), n. [Verbal n. of gnash, 
v.~\ The act of snapping, grating, or grind- 
ing together (the teeth), as in anguish or de- 
spair. 
There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. 
Mat. viii. 12. 
gnashingly (nash'ing-li), adv. In a gnashing 
manner ; with gnashing. 
gnaspt, v. t. [Appar. a var. of gnasfi, with sense 
of snap.'] To snatch at with the teeth. Pals- 
grave. 
gnast 1 !, [ME., also knast; < AS. gnast (in 
comp. fyr-gndst, 'fire-spark') = OHG. *ga- 
neista (spelled ganehaista), gneista, cneista, f., 
"ganeisto, gneisto, gnanisto, m., MHG. ganeiste, 
ganeist, geneist, gnaneiste, gnaneist, f. and m., 
also OHG. ganeistra, ganastra, ganistra, MHG. 
ganeister, geneister, ganester, ganster, ganster, 
gneister, f., G. dial, ganster = Icel. gneisti, neisti 
= Sw. gnista = Dan. gnist, a spark, sparkle. 
The OHG. MHG. forms in gan-, gen-, appar. 
indicate an orig. prefix ga-, ge- (= AS. ge-, etc. : 
see t- 1 ), to which in later use the accent re- 
ceded, whence the later forms ganster, ganster, 
and prob. the mod. dial, reduced form gan, a 
spark, in which, however, some etymologists 
have sought the root of the word. From the G. 
forms is derived the E. term ganister, q. v.] A 
spark; a dying spark; a dead spark, as of a 
candle snuffed. 
The root of hem as a gnast shal be. W ydif, Isa. v. 24. 
And soure strengthe shal ben as a deed sparke [var. deed 
sparcle, in earlier version gnast} of a flax top [as tow, A. V. ] 
and goure werk as a sparcle. Wyclif, Isa. i. 31. 
Knast or gnastc of a kandel, emunctura. 
Prompt. Pan., p. 278. 
gnast 2 !, v. t. and . [< ME. gnasten, gnaisten = 
East Fries, gndstern, knastern = LG. knastern, 
more commonly gnastern, also gnaspern = G. 
knasteln, knastern, gnash, = Icel. gnesta (strong 
verb, pret. gnast), crack ( > gnaston, a gnashing), 
= Dan. knaske, crush with the teeth, gtmske, eat 
noisily (cf. knase, crush with the teeth). Cf. 
MLG. gnisteren, knistern = G. knistern = Icel. 
gnistan, gnash the teeth, snarl as a dog, = D. 
knarsen, knersen = G. knirschen, gnash, etc.: 
words regarded as imitative, and hence varia- 
ble in form.] Same as gnash. 
Good son, thy tethe be not pikynge, grisynge, ne gnast. 
ynge. Babees Book (E. B. T. S.), p. 136. 
The synnere shal waite the rigtwis, and gnaste upon 
hym with his teth. Wyclif, Ps. xxxvi. [xxxvii.] 12 (Oxf.). 
gnastingt, . [< ME. gnastyng, gnaisting, ver- 
bal n. of gnasten, gnash: see gnasfi.'] Same 
as gnashing. 
Ther endeles gnaisting is of toth. 
Cursor Mundi (Fairfax MS.), 1. 26760. 
gnat 1 (nat), n. [< ME. gnat (pi. gnattes), < AS. 
gncet (pi. gncettas), a gnat (L. culex, cynips). 
Appar. connected with ME. gnit: seegnit.] 1. 
A small two-winged fly, Culex pipiens, of the 
Gnat (Cultx pipiens}. (Small figure shows natural sue. } 
family Culicidte, suborder Nemocera, and order 
Diptera, called in America mosquito. The male 
has plumose antenna; and does not bite, though having a 
kind of rostrum or beak. The female bites with a sting- 
ing proboscis, and her antennae are filiform and but slight- 
ly pilose. The larvee and pupae are aquatic. According 
to Westwood the term gnat should be restricted to insects 
of the family Culicid&, and midge should be applied to the 
ChironomidfX. 
After thy text, ne after thy rubriche 
I wol not wirche as mochel as a gnat. 
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 347. 
How hath she [nature] bestowed all the five senses in a 
gnat! Hottand, tr. of Pliny, xi. 2. 
Gnats are unnoted wheresoe'er they fly, 
But eagles gaz'd upon with every eye. 
Shak., Lucrece, L 1014. 
2. Any other insect of the family Culicidce. 
3. A nemocerous dipterous insect; a midge. 
There are several families. The Mycetophilidce are known 
as fungus-gnats or agaric-gjiats. The Cecidomyiida; in- 
clude the gall-gnats. The buffalo-gnat is a species of Si- 
mulium, family SimuliidcK (see cut under Simulium) ; oth- 
er simuliids are known as Hack-gnats and turkey-gnats. 
Species of Bibionidae and Chironomidoe are also called 
gnats. See the compounds and technical words. 
gnat 2 (nat), n. A bird: same as knot 2 . 
gnatcatcher (nafkach^er), n. A bird of the 
genus Polioptila, of which there are about 12 
American species. The blue-gray gnatcatcher, Poli- 
optila coerulea, is a very common migratory insectivorous 
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila corrulca). 
bird inhabiting woodlands of the United States. It is 4{ 
inches long, bluish-gray above and white below, with 
black wings and tail edged with white, the male with a 
black frontlet. t 
gnat-flower (nat'flou'er), n. Same as bee-or- 
chis. 
gnathal (na'thal), a. [< Gr. yvaBo^, jaw, + -al.~\ 
Same as gnathic. 
Of these three primary segments (macrosomites) of the 
primitive body, the first corresponds to the sum of the jaw- 
bearing (gnathophorous) metaineres gnathal macroso- 
mites ; the second, the sum of the limb-bearing metameres 
thoracic macrosomites; and finally the third to the ab- 
domen abdominal macrosomites. 
Amer. Naturalist, XXII. 941. 
Gnathaptera (na-thap'te-ra), n.pl. [NL.. < Gr. 
, jaw, + NL. Aptera, q. v.] In Latreille's 
gnathonic 
system of classification, one of nine orders of 
Insecta, including a majority of the Linnean 
Aptera, divested of the crustaceans. 
guathapterOUS (na-thap'te-rus), a. [< NL. gna- 
thapterus, < Gr. yvdSor, jaw, -f- Krep6v, wing.] Of 
or pertaining to the Gnathaptera. 
gnat-hawk (nat'hak), TO. The night-jar or goat- 
sucker, Caprimulgus europceus : so called from 
its hawking for gnats on the wing. [Hamp- 
shire, Eng.] 
Gnathia (na'thi-a). n. [NL. (Leach, 1813), < 
Gr. vvaBof, jaw.] "The typical genus of isopods 
of the family Gnathiidee. G. cerina is a New Eng- 
land species. This generic name covers both Anceus and 
Praniza, the latter being the female of the former. 
gnathic (nath ik), a. [< Gr. yvdSof, jaw, + -tc.] 
Of or pertaining to the jaws; specifically, in 
craniom., pertaining to the alveolus of the 
jaws; alveolar: as, the gnathic or alveolar in- 
dex (which see, under craniometry). Also 
gnathal. 
The mean gnathic index of the two skulls, 1,065, is there- 
fore much higher than that of the Andamanese. 
Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XVIII. 8. 
gnathidium (na-thid'i-um), n. ; pi. gnathidia 
(-a). [NL., < Gr. yvaSof, jaw, + dim. -5w.] 
The mandibular ramus of a bird's bill ; either 
prong_ or fork of the lower mandible. 
gnathiid (nath'i-id), n. An isopod of the fam- 
ily Gnathiidte. 
Griathiidae (na-thi'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < G-nathia 
+ -idle.'] A family of isopod crustaceans, hav- 
ing apparently but 5 thoracic somites and 5 
pairs of legs of normal form, and notable for 
the great difference between the sexes. The 
family is also called Anceidte. 
gnathite (nath'it), . [< Gr. yvdffof, the jaw, + 
-ite 2 .] In zool., one of the appendages of the 
mouth of an arthropod or articulate animal, as 
amandible,maxilla,maxilliped,gnathopod,etc. 
Such appendages are modified limbs, as is well seen in 
crustaceans, in which there are appendages partaking of the 
characters both of jaws and of legs between the true man- 
dibles and the ambulatory limbs. See gnathopodite, and 
cut under Scolopendra. 
In the Arachnida and the I Yripat idea the gnathites are 
completely pedifonn. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 225. 
The mandibles, . . . the maxillae, and the maxillipedes 
[of the crawfish] thus constitute six pairs of gnathites. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 265. 
gnathitis (na-thi'tis), n. [< Gr. yvdBof, jaw, + 
-jti.] In pathol., inflammation of the jaw. 
Gnatho (na'tho), . [NL., < Gr. yvdduv, full- 
mouth (in later comedy, as a proper name of a 
parasite), ( yvdBof, jaw.] 1. A genus of tiger- 
beetles or Cicindelinai : same as Megacephala. 
Illiger, 1807. 2. A genus of wasps, of the fam- 
ily Crabronid(E. Klug,18W. 3. A genus of hy- 
menopterous parasites, of the family Chalcidi- 
dce. Curtis, 1829. 
Onathocrinites (nath'o-kri-ni'tez), n. [NL., 
< Gr. yvadof, jaw, 4- Kpivov, lily: see crinite 2 
and encrinite, Encrinites.'] A genus of fossil 
crinoids. 
Gnathocrinoidea (nath'o-kri-noi'de-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < Gr. yvdOof, jaw, + NL. Crinoidea, q. v.] 
A group of encrinites, taking name from the 
genus Gnathocrinites. 
Gnathodon (nath'o-don), n. [NL., < Gr. yva- 
6of, jaw, + iSoiif (biavr-) = E. tooth.'] 1. A 
genus of bivalve 
mollusks : same as 
Rangia. G. cuneatus 
is the cuneate clam of 
Louisiana, etc. Bang, 
1834. 2. A genus of 
tooth-billed pigeons: 
same as Diaunciilus. 
Sir W. Jardine, 1845. 
See cut under Didun- 
culus. 
Gnathodontinae 
(nath " o - don - ti ' ne), 
n. pi. [NL., < Gnathodus (-odont-) + -ince.'} A 
subfamily of tooth-billed pigeons : same as Di- 
duncwlince. H. E. Strickland, 1848. 
GnathodUS (nath'o-dus), n. [NL. (cf. Gnatho- 
don), < Gr. yvdflof, jaw, + 6<5ot>f (OOOVT-) = E. 
tooth.] 1. A genus of fishes. 2. A genus of 
hemipterous insects, of the family Cicadellidce. 
Fieber, 1866. 
gnathonict, gnathonicalt (na-thon'ik, -i-kal), 
a. [< L. Gnatho(n-), Gr. Tvaduv, in comedy, the 
name of a parasite (as in Terence's play "Eu- 
nuchus"), < yvdduv, full-mouth, < yvadof, jaw.] 
Flattering ; parasitical. 
Admirably well spoken ; angelicall tongue ! 
Gnathonicall coxcombe ! 
Martton, What you Will, ii. 1. 
Right Valve of Gnathodon cunea- 
tus. 
