Grallae 
are an extensive and varied series of about 20 families. 
The plovers, Charadriidtx, and the snipes, Srolopacida, 
are the largest of these families ; and more or less nearly 
related to these schizorhinal charadrioinorphs are the CAt- 
onididas, or sheathbills ; the Thiiiocorida?, or lark-plovers ; 
the Glareolidtf, or pratincoles ; the DromatlidcF, or crab- 
plovers ; the Hcematopodidtr, or oyster-catchers ; the Ja- 
canidif or Parritltv, the jacanas ; the Recurpintgtridfe, or 
avosets and stilts ; and the I'halaropodidce, or phalaropes. 
A pair of holorhinal families of Orallce are the (Sdtene- 
micUe, or thick-knees, and the Otutidw, or bustards. The 
remarkable gralline genera Eurypyga, Rhiuocketux, and 
Mentes are types respectively of three families. The re- 
maining preecocial gralline families are the Oruidas and 
Rallidce, or cranes and rails, with which are now asso- 
ciated the Aramidte, Pgopiidce, and Cariamidce. See the 
family names. 
Grallaria (gra-la'ri-a), n. [NL., < L. gralla; 
stilts (see Grallix), + -aria.~\ A genus of for- 
micarian passerine birds, a leading group of 
South American ant-thrushes, represented by 
such species as G. varia and G. rex ; so named 
from the great relative length of the legs. Vieil- 
lot, 1816. 
Grallator (gra-la'tor), n. [NL., < L. grallator, 
one who walks on stilts, < gralla;, stilts: see 
Gralla;.} A genus of gigantic animals, former- 
ly supposed to be birds, now believed to be 
dinosaurian reptiles, known by their footprints 
in the Triassic formation of the Connecticut 
valley. Hitchcock, 1858. 
Qrallatores (gral-a-to'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
Grallator.} 1. An order or other large group 
of wading birds, synonymous with Gralla! in 
any of its senses. [Little used.] 2. In Bona- 
parte's dichotomous physiological classification 
of birds, a subclass of Ares (the other subclass 
being called Insesnores), containing those birds 
the young of which are hatched clothed and 
able to run about. As the term had before been used 
in a very different sense, it was afterward changed by its 
author to Pratcoces, and contrasted with Altrice*. It cor- 
responds with Sundevall's Ptiioptede*. 
grallatorial (gral-a-to'ri-al), a. [< yrallatory 
+ -a/.] Pertaining to the Grallatores or wad- 
ine birds; wading; long-legged, like a wader. 
grallatory (gral'a-to-ri), a. [< L. grallator, one 
who walks on stilts: see Grallator.} Same as 
grallatorial. [Rare.] 
grallic (gral'ik), a. [< Gralla'. + -ic.} Of or 
pertaining to the Gralla;; gralline. [Rare.] 
Gtrallina (gra-li'na), n. [NL. (Vieillot, 1816), 
< li. gralla;, stilts: see Gralla;.} 1. A genus of 
oscine passerine birds, variously located in the 
ornithological system, lately placed in a family 
called Prionopidat. The pied grallina, 0. picata, in- 
habits Australia. It is entirely black and white, and 11 
inches long. A second species, G. bruijni, is found in the 
Arfak mountains of New Guinea. Also called Tanypux 
and Qrallipes. 
2. [I. c.} A species of this genus : as, the pied 
grallina. 
gralline (gral'in),-o. [< Gralla; + -inc.} Of or 
pertaining to the Grallce ; grallatorial. 
The large order of the Charadriornithes has split into 
aquatic and gralline types. Xature, XXXIX. 180. 
Grallipes (gral'i-pez), n. Same as Grallina, 1. 
Siindevall, 1873. 
gralloch, grallqck (gral'ok), . [Origin ob- 
scure.] The offal of a deer. 
gralloch, grallock (gral'ok), v. t. [< gralloch, 
grallock, n.} To remove the offal from, as deer. 
In the stomach of a stag which was shot in the Duke of 
Portland's forest at Langwell, Caithness-shire, there were 
found when gralloched the brass ends of thirteen car- 
tridges. St. James s Gazette, 1888. 
gram 1 1, . [ME. gram, groin, < AS. gram, grom, 
angry, fierce, = D. gram- (in comp.) = OS. gram 
= OHG. MHO. G. gram = Icel. gramr = Sw. 
Dan. gram(ct. Sw. gramme, hostile) (hence, from 
OHG., OF. gram, graim = Pr. gram = It. gramo, 
sad, woeful) ; akin to grim, q. v. In mod. E. 
this adj. is represented by grum, q. v.] Angry ; 
fierce. 
gram 1 , grame, . [ME., also grome, < AS. 
grama, anger (= MHG. gram, gloom, sadness, 
2594 
= G. gram (> OF. grame, gramme), grief, sad- 
ness; cf. Icel. grniiiir. ijriini. pi.. fiends, demons; 
ODan. gram, devil), < gram, angry: see gram' 1 , 
a.} It. Anger; scorn; bitterness; repugnance. 
Ac the admiral was so wroth and wod 
He quakede for gramt ther he stud. 
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 71. 
Woot heighe Ood that is altove, 
If it I jealousy] be liker love, or hate, or gramr. 
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 102J. 
2. Grief; misery. [Obsolete or archaic. ] 
That Ihesu schelde hem tram grame, 
Fro dedly synne <t fro schame. 
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 99. 
A mannes mirthe it wol turne unto grame. 
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 392. 
Whether it geyne to gode or grame, wot i neuer. 
rOtal of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3107. 
God's strength shall be my trust, 
Fall it to good or grawe, 
Tis in his name. 
D. G. llometti, The Staff and Scrip. 
gram 1 !, gramet', f. [< ME. gramen, gramien, 
gromien, < AS. gramian, also gremian = Goth. 
gramjan, vex, anger, = G. gramen = Sw. grama 
= p&n.gratmme, refl., grieve, repine; from the 
adj.] I. trans. To vex; make angry or sorry. 
Orete lewe's thus weore grained, 
And dyede for heore werkes wyled. 
Holy Hood (E. E. T. S.), p. 132. 
Many a man hit gramys, 
When they begyn to sayle. 
Pilgrim'! Sea-Voyage (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 3. 
H. intrans. To grieve; be sorry. 
I wolde be gladde that his goat mygte glade be my wordls, 
And grame if it greued him. 
Richard the ItedcltM (E. E. T. S.), Prol., L 41. 
gram' 2 , gramme (gram), . [= D. Dan. Sw. gram 
= G. gramm = Pg. It. gramma, < F. gramme, a 
unit of mass (see def.), < LL. gramma, < LGr. 
ypdfi/ia, a small weight (the weight of two obo- 
ji), a particular use of Gr. yp6.fi/ia, that which 
is drawn or written, a line, letter, writing, etc., 
< ypaifieiv, write: see graphic, grave 1 .} In the 
metric system, a unit of mass. It is defined as the 
thousandth part of the mass of a certain piece of plati- 
num preserved at Paris and called the Kilogramme del 
Archives. The intention was that the mass of a cubic 
centimeter of water at its maximum density should be 
one gram, and this is very nearly true. A gram Is equal 
to 15.482+ troy grains. Abbreviation (by an International 
convention) gr. 
gram 3 (gram), n. [Auglo-Ind. , prob. < Pg. grao = 
Sp. grano, < L. granum, a grain, seed : see grain* . 
The Hind, name for chick-pea is chana.} In the 
East Indies, the chick-pea, Cicerarietinum, there 
used extensively as fodder for horses and cat- 
tle, and also in cakes, curries, etc. 
He carries a horse-cloth, a telescope, a bag of gram 
(part for himself and part for his horse), and odds and 
ends useful on a march. 
II'. //. Kuisell, Diary in India, II. 345. 
Green gram, the Phateolus Mungo, largely cultivated In 
India as a food-crop. Horse-gram, the Dolicho* biflo- 
/"*, an East Indian food-plant, Mozambique gram, 
the Bambarra groundnut, Voandzeia iubtenranea, resent 
bling the common peanut, and imported from Mozam- 
bique into western India. 
gram. An abbreviation of grammar. 
-gram. [= D. Dan. Sw. -gram = G. -gramm = 
f, -gramme = Sp. -grama = Pg. It. -gramma, < 
L. -gramma, < Gr. -ypa/t/ia, ypa/iua, what is writ- 
ten, a writing : see granft.} A terminal element 
in nouns of Greek origin, denoting 'that which 
is written or marked,' as in diagram, epigram, 
program, monogram, telegram, etc. Formerly and 
in programme still often written -gramme, after the 
French form. In the metric terms decagram, hectogram, 
etc., it is merely the word grams in composition. 
grama-grass (gra'ma-gras), n. [Sp. grama, 
creeping cynodon (Cynodon Daetylon, Pers.), 
also creeping wheat-grass, dog's-grass (Triti- 
cum repens, L.).] A common name for several 
low grasses which are frequent upon the plains 
east of the Rocky Mountains and from western 
Texas to Arizona. The most abundant species is Bvu- 
teloua oligostachya, also called mesquite-gras* and buffalo- 
gram. The name is also given to species of Muhlenbergia 
and Fe/ituca, common in the same region. 
gramary (gram'a-ri), n. [Also, more archai- 
cally, gramarye; < ME. gramary, gramery, gra- 
mory, the same as gramere, gramer, grammar, 
often used as equiv. to 'learning, erudition,' 
and hence 'magic, enchantment,' as in OF. 
gramare, grimaire, F. grimoire, a book of con- 
juring or magic, hence jargon, gibberish, an- 
other form of gramaire, F. grammaire, gram- 
mar, and therefore identical with gramary. The 
word, in the spelling gramarye, was revived and 
used in the second sense by Sir Walter Scott, 
whence, like glamour, a word also revived by 
him, and ult. also identical with gramary and 
grammar, though not hitherto recognized as 
graminifolious 
such, it has spread into some archaic literary 
use.] If. Grammar; hence, learning in gen- 
eral; erudition. 
Cowthe ye by youre gramery reche us a drink, I should 
be more rnery. Towneley Mysteries, p. 90. 
2. Magic ; enchantment. [Obsolete except as 
a literary archaism.] 
Whate'er he did of gramarye 
Was always done maliciously. 
Sco, L. of L. M., iii. 11. 
All white from head to foot, as if bleached by some 
strange gramarye. The Century, XXVII. 203. 
All learning fell under suspicion, till at length the very 
grammar itself (the last volume in the world, one would 
say, to conjure with) gave to English the word gramai-y 
(enchantment), and in French became a book of magic, 
under the alias of grimoire. 
Loir.'/! : Among my Hooks, 1st ser., p. 96. 
gram-centimeter (gram'sen"ti-me-ter), n. A 
unit used in measuring mechanical work, it is 
equal to the work done against gravity in raising a mass 
of one gram through a vertical height of one centimeter, 
and is equivalent to g ergs (g being the acceleration of 
gravity) that is, to about 980 ergs. 
gram-degree (gram'de-gre"), n. In physics, a 
calory. Also called gram-water-degree. 
gramet, and t'. See gram 1 . 
gramercy (gra-mer'si), interj. [< ME. gramercy, 
earlier grant mercy, graunt mercy, < OF. gram- 
merci, grant merci, grand merci, lit. 'great 
thanks': see grand and mercy. Sometimes 
falsely explained as if grant were a verb in the 
imperative, grant mercy, have mercy !] Great 
thanks ; many thanks : used interjectionally to 
express thankfulness, sometimes mingled with 
surprise. [Obsolete except as a literary ar- 
chaism.] 
He saith nought ones graunt mercy 
To Ood, which alle grace sendeth. 
Gower, Conf. Amant., I. 106. 
Qraunt mercy, quod the preest, and was ful glad. 
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 145. 
For many of them they bring home sometimes, paying 
very little for them, yea most commonly getting them for 
gramercy. Sir T. More, Utopia, II. 8. 
" Oramercy, Mammon " (said the gentle knight), 
" For so great grace and oflred high estate." 
Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 60. 
There Is many a fool can turn his nose up at good drink 
without ever having been out of the smoke of Old Eng- 
land ; and so ever gramercy mine own fire-side. 
Scott, Kenilworth, I. 
Graminaceae (gram-i-na'se-e), n. pi. [NL.] 
Same as Graminea;. 
graminaceous (gram-i-na'shius), a. [< NL. 
grtiminaceus, < L. gramen (gramin-), grass. 
There is no proof of a connection with E. 
grass, q. v.] Same as gramineous. 
Gramineae (gra-min'e-e), n. pi. [NL., fern. 
pi. of L. gramineus, of or pertaining to grass : 
see gramineous.} In hot., the largest order 
among endogenous plants except the orchids, 
and the most important in the entire vegetable 
kingdom, everywhere distributed throughout 
the globe, and 
comprising 
300 genera 
andover3,000 
species. The 
stems are usu- 
ally terete and 
hollow between 
the nodes, and 
the linear leaves 
are sheathing at 
the base and 
two-ranked. The 
flowers are glu- 
maceous and for 
the most part 
bisexual, In 
spikelets which 
are variously ar- 
ranged In spikes 
. Grass, 
nified. { In left-hand figure the glu 
moved. ) 
lumes are re- 
or panicles, each flower having a one-celled and one- 
ovuled ovary, which at maturity becomes the peculiar 
fruit known as a caryopsis. The species are generally 
herbaceous, some of the bamboos only becoming arbores- 
cent. Besides the grasses which supply food for nearly 
all graminivorous animals, both wild and domesticated, 
this order includes all the various cereals upon which man 
largely depends, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, rice, oats, 
spelt, guinea-corn, and millet, as well as the sugar-cane, 
sorghum, and bamboo. Some species are fragrant and 
yield fragrant oils, and others furnish valuable material 
for paper. Also called Graminacece. 
gramineal (gra-mm'e-al), . [< gramine-ous + 
-a/.] Same as gramineous. 
gramineous (gra-min'e-us). a. [< L. gramineus, 
of or pertaining to grass, < gramen (gramin-), 
grass.] Grass-like ; belonging or pertaining to 
the order Gramineai. Also graminaceous, gra- 
minc/il. 
graminifolious (gram"i-ni-f6'li-us), a. [< L. 
gramen (gramin-), grass, + folium, a leaf.] In 
lot., having leaves resembling those of grass. 
