granulation 
3. In med. patltol., the formation of small grain- 
like bodies or tubercles in the substance of an 
organ, as in tubercular phthisis. 4. In zool. 
and bot. : (a) A roughening of a surface with 
little tubercles like grains, or a surface so stud- 
ded. (6) One of the little elevations in a gran- 
ulated surface Granulation corpuscles. Same 
as granulf-cells. Granulations of tne eyelids, mi- 
nute outgrowths of lymphoid tissue on the inner surface 
of the eyelids. Granulation tissue, such tissue as grows 
in wounds, repairing the loss of substance, and formed 
from connective tissue or emigrated white blood-corpus- 
cles. It consists of numerous cells, with more or less in- 
tercellular substance permeated by numerous thin-walled 
blood-vessels. 
grannlative (gran'u-la-tiv), . [< granulate + 
-ive.] Granulated or granulating: as, granula- 
tive growths. 
granulator (gran'u-la-tor), n. One who or that 
which granulates; specifically, a granulating- 
machine. 
A small stream of water enters the granulator; the 
movement of the machine rolling the damp grains con- 
stantly among the dry meal powder. 
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 145. 
This gentleman saw white sugar come out of spouts, 
and heard a granulator revolving at the rate of 800 rota- 
tions per minute. The Engineer, LXVI. 273. 
granule (gran'ul), . [= F. granule, < LL. gra- 
it tiltim, NL. also granula, dim. of L. granum, 
grain: see grain 1 .] A little grain; a nne par- 
ticle. Specifically (a) In cryptogamic bot., a sporule 
found in some algse and in all cryptogamic plants. (6) In 
a a Hi., a corpuscle or particle: a term applied to little 
bodies in the blood, in fat, in protoplasm, etc., but not 
specific in any sense, (c) In entom., specifically, a very 
minute elevation : said of the sculpture of insects, (a) 
In zool. , same as granula, 2 (&). Episternal granules. 
See episternal. 
granule-cells (gran'ul-selz), n. jil. Bound cells 
densely crowded with fat-globules, found in 
areas of softening in the brain. Also called 
granule-corpuscles, Gluge's corpuscles, compound 
granular corpuscles, and granulation corpuscles. 
granuliferous (gran-u-lif'e-rus), a. [< LL. 
graiiuliim, a little grain, + L./er/'e = E. bear 1 .] 
Bearing or producing granules or granulations. 
granuliform (gran'u-li-form), a. [< LL. gra- 
niilum, a little grain, + I,, forma, shape.] 1. In 
mineral., having a granular structure. 2. In 
bot., granular. 
granulite (gran'u-lit), n. [< granule + -ite?.] 
A rock often having a parallel or foliated struc- 
ture like that of gneiss, and consisting mainly 
of quartz and feldspar, together with red gar- 
nets, which are usually of very diminutive size. 
The feldspar appears to be a mixture of orthoclase and oli- 
goclase, the latter more generally predominating. Granu- 
lite is a rock of especial importance in Saxony. It is near- 
ly the equivalent of the French eurite, and is sometimes 
called in German Wetesstein. See granite, 1. 
granulitic (gran-u-lit'ik), . [< granulite + 
-ic.] Pertaining to granulite ; of the nature of 
granulite: as, granulitic rock. 
The rocks may be classed under three heads : (1) . . . 
(2) the light-banded granulitic gneisses or Wiltshire type. 
The Engineer, LXV. 379. 
granuloma (grau-u-16'ma), n. ; pi. granulomata 
(-ma-ta). [NL., < LL. granidum, a small grain, 
+ -OIM.1 In pa tliol., a growth resembling gran- 
ulative tissue, produced in certain infectious 
diseases, as in tuberculosis, syphilis, or leprosy. 
granulomatous (gran-u-lom'a-tus), a. [< gra- 
nuloma( t-) + -oiis.] Pertaining to, of the nature 
of, or affected with granuloma. 
In most of the granulomatous disorders we may have 
not merely a diffusion of the disease throughout the indi- 
vidual organism, but also a transference of it from one in- 
dividual to another. 
Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. $ 117. 
granulose (gran'u-los), a. and . [< granule + 
-osc.] I. a. Same as granular. 
II. K. One of the essential constituents of 
the starch-grain, which gives a characteristic 
blue color with iodine, and is converted into 
sugar by the ferment of saliva. It is distin- 
guished from the other constituent, cellulose, 
by these two characteristics. 
Some species which contain no chlorophyll form a sub- 
stance in their protoplasm, which, from its behaviour with 
reagents and the physiological relationships observed in 
certain cases, must be considered to be more or less like 
starch, or more correctly granulose. 
De Barij, Fungi (trans.), p. 455. 
granulous (gran'u-lus), . [< granule + -ous.] 
Same as granular. 
granza (gran'za), n. [Sp., usually in pi. gran- 
ra,s, sittings, refuse of corn, dross of metals.] 
In the quicksilver-mines of California, the sec- 
ond-class ore obtained in small lumps, and in- 
ferior in yield to the grueso. 
grape 1 (grap), . [< ME. grape, sometimes 
ijraap, a grape, also collectively in the sing., as 
2600 
in the pi., grapes, the bunches of grapes (= MD. 
grappe ami krappr, a bunch of grapes), < OF. 
i/ra/ii; grappc, rrtipe, a bunch or cluster, esp. of 
grapes (cf. It. dim. grappoln, a bunch of grapes); 
a particular use of yrttpi; i/rtippe, also grafe, 
graffe, a hook, grappling-iron, = Pr. Sp. grnpn 
= It. grappa, a cramp-iron (cf. E. griippli; 
i/mpiiei), < OHG. cltrtipho, MHG. krapfc, G. 
I'm/lien, a hook, = D. krap, a clasp ; connected 
with OHG. chramplto, chrampha, a hook, a na- 
salized form of the same word, = E. </ //<: 
see cramp 1 .'] 1. The fruit of the vine, from 
which wine is made; a pulpy edible fruit or 
berry growing in clusters on vines of the ge- 
nus f'itix. 
There ben vynes that beren so grete grapes that a strong 
man scholde have ynow to done for to bere o [one] clus- 
tre with alle the grapes. MandeMle, Travels, p. 265. 
The heathen philosopher, when he had a desire to eat a 
grape, would open his lips when he put it into his mouth ; 
meaning thereby, that grapes were made to eat, and lips 
to open. Shalt., As you Like it, v. 1. 
2. The vine which produces this fruit; the 
grape-vine. The cultivated grape of Europe, whether 
it be for wine or for table use, is the Vitis vinifera, of 
which there are said to be 1,500 varieties. The more com- 
mon native species of the United States are the chicken, 
frost^ or winter grape, V. corttifolia, the fruit of which 
is small, very sour, and worthless ; the riverside grape, V. 
riparia; the northern fox or plum grape, V. Labm-va ; 
the southern fox, bullace, muscadine, or Bcuppernong 
grape, V. vulpina or rotundi/ulia ; and the summer grape, 
V. eutiealit. The numerous cultivated table-grapes of 
the eastern United States are either varieties of these (as 
the Concord, Catawba, Isabella, Hartford Prolific, etc., 
derived from V. Labrunca, and the Clinton, from V. ripa- 
/<'</), or hybrids of these with each other or with varie- 
ties of V. vini/era(<a the Delaware, Niagara, Taylor, etc.). 
The most successful wine-grapes are for the most part 
varieties of V. cestiealis. All the purely American varie- 
ties are remarkable for their power of resisting the attacks 
of the phylloxera or grape-louse, which has proved so fatal 
to the European vine, and on this account they have been 
of late years extensively introduced into the vineyards of 
Europe. V. riparia has been very largely used for this 
purpose, either taking the place of V. vinifera entirely or 
furnishing stocks upon which that species may be safely 
grafted. See cut under ntis. 
3. The knob at the butt of a cannon. 4. pi. 
In farriery, a mangy tumor on the leg of a 
horse. 5. Milit., grape-shot Black mountain 
grape, of Jamaica, the Guettarda. loiiyiflora. False 
grape, the Virginia creeper, Ampelopsis quinmtefolia. 
Grape-berry moth, the common name of Eudemix or 
Lobesia botrana, a tortricid moth which lays its eggs in 
June on berries of the grape, which soon become dis- 
colored from the working of the larva inside. The larva 
Grape-berry Moth {EueUmit botrana) (cross shows natural size), 
and Larva of same, natural size. 
eats the pulp and parts of the seeds of sometimes three 
or four berries, and transforms to a pupa in a cocoon 
made under a flap of leaf cut for this purpose ; the moth 
appears in autumn as the grapes ripen. Mountain 
grape, of Jamaica, the Coccoloba tenuifolia. Sea-grape. 
(at) The Kphedra distachya of southern Uussia. (o) The 
SargoMsum bacciferum, a seaweed with large bladders in 
grape-like clusters. Seaside grape, a name given to 
several species of Coccoloba growing upon the sea-shore, 
especially to C. um/rrn. Sour grapes, things decried 
as worthless only because they are beyond one's reach : 
in allusion to the fable of the fox which, having tried in 
vain to reach some grapes which grew on a high vine, 
went away disgusted, saying, "I don't care ; they are sour, 
anyway." 
grape 2 (grap), .; pret. and pp. groped, ppr. 
groping. A dialectal (Scotch) form of grope. 
They steek their een, an' grape an' wale 
For muckle anes, an' straught anes. 
Burns, Halloween. 
grape-cure (grap'kur), . A system of medical 
treatment in vogue in certain parts of France, 
Switzerland, Germany, and Tyrol, consisting 
in a more or less exclusive diet of grapes. 
grape-fem (grap'fern), n. A fern-like plant of 
the genus liotrychium : so called because the 
fructification somewhat resembles a cluster of 
grapes. 
grape-flower (grap'flou"er), n. An old name 
for the grape-hyacinth, Muscari botryoides. 
grape-fruit (grap'frut), n. The pomelo, a large 
variety of the shaddock, Citrus Auriintiiuii <l< - 
rumaHa : so called in the markets of the north- 
ern cities of the United States, probably from 
its grape-like flavor. It is now successfully 
cultivated in Florida. See pomelo, shaddock. 
grape-hyacinth (grap'hi"a-sinth), n. See liya- 
vi >i tit. 
graph 
grapeless (grap'les), a. [< grapcl + -less.] 
\Viinting grapes; made without grapes, as fac- 
titious wine: as, ' grupeli-xn wines," Jeni/ii.-.. 
grapelet (grap'let),')!. [< yrape^ + -let.] A lit- 
tle grape. Ikiries. 
grape-louse (grap'lous), H. The vine-pest or 
phylloxera. 
grape-mildew (grap'mil"du), n. A fungous 
disease of the grape. The American or downy mil- 
dew is Peronospura viticola, which appears in white, 
downy patches, chiefly on the under surface of the leaves, 
producing brown spots on the opposite surface. It also 
occurs on young stems and fruit. The fructification of the 
fungus consists of conidia borne upon sparingly branched 
pinnate conidiophores, and oospores embedded in the 
leaf. (See cut under cnidium.) It has been very destruc- 
tive in North America, and more recently in southern 
Europe. The old European grape-mildew is Oidium 
Tuckeri, in which only the conidial fructification isknown, 
the conidia being borne in a single chain on simple co- 
nidiophores. The powdery grape-mildew of America is 
Uncimila spiralis, one of the Erysipheoe in which the my- 
celium is spread over the whole upper surface of the leaf, 
but does not enter its tissues, and the fructification con 
sists of minute cleistocarpous conceptacles containing 
asci and spores. 
grapert (gra'per), ii. [Appar. < OF. grape, a 
hook, grappling-iron: see grape 1 .] 1. In the 
fifteenth century, the roughened or studded 
gripe of the lance. 2. The ring or hollow cyl- 
inder of iron through which the shaft of a lance 
passes and by which it is seized. Compare 
bur 1 , 6. 
grape-root (grap'rot), n. A root of the grape. 
- Grape-root borer. See borer. 
grape-rot (grap'rot), n. Any disease of grapes 
which results in the decay of the berry. The 
black-rot fungus is Phoma uvicola, which causes the 
grapes to shrivel and turn blackish. It forms numerous 
pustules ]ust beneath the surface, which are conceptacles 
containing spores. In America this is the most destruc- 
tive rot. The white rot is caused by Coniothyrium dipto- 
diella. When Ptronospora viticola attacks the berries, the 
resulting decay has been called brown rot. A recently 
discovered fungus (Qrecneria fuliginea) is said to produce 
bitter rot. 
grapery (gra'per-i), .; pi. graperies (-iz). [< 
grape 1 + -ery.~\ A building or other iuclosure 
where grapes are grown, usually a glass-house, 
whether hot or cold. 
She led the way to a little conservatory, and a little 
pinery, and a little grapery. 
Miss Edgeworth, Absentee, vl. 
grape-shot (grap'shot), n. A projectile dis- 
charged from a cannon, having much of the 
destructive spread of case-shot 
with somewhat of the range and 
penetrative force of solid shot. A 
round of grape-shot consists usually of nine 
cast-iron balls, in three tiers, arranged be- 
tween parallel iron disks connected by a 
central iron pin. In quilted grape-shot 
the balls are placed on a circular iron 
stand round an upright iron spindle, and 
are secured by a stout canvas covering 
fastened to the bottom plate and quilted 
over the balls by marlins, the upper edge 
of the canvas being tied round the spindle. 
I therefore fired a four-pounder, charged with grape, 
shot, wide of them : this had a better effect. 
Coot, Voyages, I. ii. 5. 
grape-stone (grap'ston), . The stone or seed 
of the grape. 
And when obedient Nature knows his Will, 
A Fly, a Grape-stone, or a Hair can kill. 
Prior, Ode to George Villiers. 
grape-SUgar (grap'shug"ar), n. Same as dex- 
trose. 
grape-tree (grap'tre). n. A tree of the genus 
Coccoloba, as the checkered grape-tree, C. direr- 
sifolia, the mangrove grape-tree or sea-grape, 
(,'. urifera, and the small grape-tree, C. tenui- 
folia. The name is derived from its character- 
istic grape-like berry. [West Indian.] 
grape-Vine (grap'vin), . and a. I. n. The 
vine that bears grapes. See fine, ntis Grape- 
vine thrips. See Icafhopper and Erythroneura. 
Grape-vine twist, a dance-figure originated at the 
merry-makings of negroes, and characterized by contor- 
tions in the steps and complicated turns. [U. S.] 
II. <i. Suited for grape-vines: an epithet 
applied to the poorer soil of Kentucky and 
Tennessee. Bartlett; De fere. 
grapewortt (grap'wert), n. The baneberry, 
Act(ea spicata. 
graph (graf), . [< Gr. ypmtf, a writing, < -jpn- 
<t>eiv, write.] A diagrammatic representation 
of a system of connections by means of a num- 
ber of spots, which may be all distinguished 
from one another, some pairs of these spots 
being connected by lines all of which are of 
one kind. In this way any system of relationship may 
be represented. Graphs are commonly used in chemistry, 
and have been applied in algebra and in logic. Clifford's 
graph?, a system of graphs used for the study of invari- 
ants. These graphs were invented by J. J. Sylvester, but 
were further studied by \V. K. Clifford, 
Grape-shot. 
